The gracilis muscle and its use in clinical reconstruction: An anatomical, embryological, and radiological study

Clinical Anatomy

Volumn 21, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 696-704

  Macchi, V ^a   Vigato, E ^a   Porzionato, A ^a   Tiengo, C ^a   Stecco, C ^a   Parenti, A ^a   Morra, A ^b   Bassetto, F ^a   Mazzoleni, F ^a   De Caro, Raffaele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b Euganea Medica Group   (Italy)

Author keywords

CT angiography; Gracilis muscle; Muscular flap; Vascular anatomy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GRACILIS MUSCLE; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; MALE; MUSCLE FLAP; PLASTIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANGIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FEMORAL ARTERY; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PUBIC BONE; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SURGICAL FLAPS; THIGH; TIBIA; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 54849413829     PISSN: 08973806     EISSN: 10982353     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ca.20685     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Arnez ZM, Pogorelec D, Planinsek F, Ahcan U. 2004. Breast reconstruction by the free transverse gracilis (TUG) flap. Br J Plast Surg 57:20-26.
2. Baker PA, Watson SB. 2007. Functional gracilis flap in thenar reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60:828-834.
3. Cavadas PC, Sanz-Gimenez-Rico JR, Landin L, Martinez-Soriano F. 2004. Segmental gracilis free flap based on secondary pedicles: Anatomical study and clinical series. Plast Recontr Surg 114:684-691.
4. Coquerel-Beghin D, Milliez PY, Auquit-Auckbur I, Lemierre G, Duparc F. 2006. The gracilis musculocutaneous flap: Vascular supply of the muscle and skin components. Surg Radiol Anat 28:588-595.
5. Dev VR, Gupta A. 2004. Plastic and reconstructive surgery approaches in the management of anal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 13:339-353.
6. Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology. 1998. Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme. p 90.
7. Fürst A, Schmidbauer C, Swol-Ben J, Iesalnieks I, Schwandner O, Agha A. 2008. Gracilis transposition for repair of recurrent anovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:349-353.
8. Giordano PA, Abbes M, Pequignot JP. 1990. Gracilis blood supply: Anatomical and clinical re-evalutation. Br J Plast Surg 43:266-272.
9. Hallan RI, Williams NS, Hutton MR, Scott M, Pilot MA, Swash M, Koeze TH, Watkins ES. 1990. Electrically stimulated sartorius neosphincter: Canine model of activation and skeletal muscle transformation. Br J Surg 77:208-213.
10. Hallock GG. 2003. The medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) local perforator flap - A local medial groin perforator flap. Ann Plast Surg 51:460-464.
11. Hasen KV, Gallegos ML, Dumanian GA. 2003. Extended approach to the vascular pedicle of the gracilis muscle flap: Anatomical and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:2203-2208.
12. Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. 1976. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microvascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 57:133-143.
13. Hussey AJ, Laing AJ, Regan PJ. 2007. An anatomical study of the gracilis muscle and its application in groin wounds. Ann Plast Surg 59:404-409.
14. Jacobs JJ. 1989. Shearer's Manual of Human Dissection. 7th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Juricic M, Vaysse P, Guitard J, Moscovici J, Becue J, Juskiewenski S. 1993. Anatomic basis for use of a gracilis muscle flap. Surg Radiol Anat 15:163-168.
16. Kappler UA, Constantinescu MA, Buchler U, Vogelin E. 2005. Anatomy of proximal cutaneous perforator vessels of the gracilis muscle. Br J Plast Surg 58:445-448.
17. Krimmer H, Hahn P, Lanz U. 1995. Free gracilis muscle transplantation for hand reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 314:13-18.
18. Lykoudis E, Spyropoulou GA, Vlastou CC. 2005. The anatomic basis of the gracilis perforator flap. Br J Plast Surg 58:1090-1094.
19. Macchi V, Porzionato A, Guidolin D, Parenti A, De Caro R. 2005a. Morphogenesis of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with three-dimensional reconstruction of the late embryonic vertebrobasilar system. Surg Radiol Anat 27:56-60.
20. Macchi V, Tiengo C, Porzionato A, Stecco C, Parenti A, Mazzoleni F, Ger R, De Caro R. 2005b. Correlation between the course of the medial plantar artery and the morphology of the abductor hallucis muscle. Clin Anat 18:580-588.
21. Mathes SJ, Nahai F. 1981. Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: Experimental and clinical correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 67:177-187.
22. Melenhorst J, Koch SM, Van Gemert WG, Baeten CG. 2007. The artificial bowel sphincter for faecal incontinence: A single centre study. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:107-111.
23. Morasch MD, Sam AD II, Kibbe MR, Hijjawi J, Dumanian GA. 2004. Early results with use of gracilis muscle flap coverage of infected groin wounds after vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 39:1277-1283.
24. Morris SF, Yang D. 1999. Gracilis muscle: Arterial and neural basis for subdivision. Ann Plast Surg 42:630-633.
25. Pickrell KL, Broadbent TR, Masters FW, Metzger JT. 1952. Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting the gracilis muscle: A report of four cases in children. Ann Surg 135:853-862.
26. Rius J, Nessim A, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. 2000. Gracilis transposition in complicated perianal fistula and unhealed perineal wounds in Crohn's disease. Eur J Surg 166:218-222.
27. Standring S, Ellis H, Healy J, Johnson D, Williams A. (eds.) 2005. Gray's Anatomy. 39th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p 1462-1464.
28. Sukkar SM, Daw JA, Chandler J, Dumanian GA. 2001. Gracilis muscle free flap transfer using a radial artery/venae comitantes composite vascular pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:156-161.
29. Taylor G, Cichovwitz A, Ang SG, Ashton M. 2002. Comparative anatomical study of the gracilis and coracobrachialis muscles: Implications for facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:20-30.
30. Tiengo C, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Bassetto F, Mazzoleni F, De Caro R. 2004. Anatomical study of perforator arteries in the distally based radial forearm fasciosubcutaneous flap. Clin Anat 17:636-642.
31. Tiengo C, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Stecco C, Parenti A, Bassetto F, De Caro R. 2007. The proximal radial artery perforator flap (PRAP-flap): An anatomical study for its use in elbow reconstruction. Surg Radiol Anat 29:245-251.
32. Whetzel TP, Lechtman A. 1997. The gracilis myofasciocutaneous flap: Vascular anatomy and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1642-1651.
33. Yousif NJ, Matloub HS, Kolachalam R, Grunert BK, Sanger JR. 1992. The transverse gracilis musculocutaneous flap. Ann Plast Surg 29:482-490.