Biliary atresia: Recent progress

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 720-729

  Bassett, Mikelle D ^a   Murray, Karen F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biliary atresia; Chronic liver disease; Liver transplantation; Pediatrics; Portoenterostomy

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

BILE DUCT; BILE DUCT ATRESIA; BILE DUCT DISEASE; BILIARY TRACT SCINTISCANNING; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; INFANT; LIVER SCINTISCANNING; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PEDIATRICS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; VIRUS INFECTION; ANIMAL; CHOLESTASIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BILIARY ATRESIA; CHILD; CHOLESTASIS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; INFANT; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 54749127831     PISSN: 01920790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646730     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Gossey S, Otte JB, De Meyer R, et al. A histological study of extrahepatic biliary atresia. Acta Paediatr Belg. 1977;30:85-90.
2. Landing BH. Considerations of the pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia and choledochal cyst - the concept of infantile obstructive cholangiopathy. Prog Pediatr Surg. 1974;6:113-139.
3. Kahn E. Biliary atresia revisited. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004;7: 109-124.
4. Kobayashi H, Stringer MD. Biliary atresia. Semin Neonatol. 2003; 8:383-391.
5. Balistreri WF, Grand R, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Biliary atresia: current concepts and research directions. Summary of a symposium. Hepatology. 1996;23:1682-1692.
6. McKiernan PJ, Baker AJ, Kelly DA. The frequency and outcome of biliary atresia in the UK and Ireland. Lancet. 2000;355:25-29.
7. Ohi R. Surgery for biliary atresia. Liver. 2001;21:175-182.
8. Perlmutter DH, Shepherd RW. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: a disease or a phenotype? Hepatology. 2002;35:1297-1304.
9. Hart MH, Kaufman SS, Vanderhoof JA, et al. Neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia associated with cytomegalovirus infection in twins. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145:302-305.
10. Hyams JS, Glaser JH, Leichtner AM, et al. Discordance for biliary atresia in two sets of monozygotic twins. J Pediatr. 1985;107: 420-422.
11. Smith BM, Laberge JM, Schreiber R, et al. Familial biliary atresia in three siblings including twins. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26: 1331-1333.
12. Fischler B, Haglund B, Hjern A. A population-based study on the incidence and possible pre- and perinatal etiologic risk factors of biliary atresia. J Pediatr. 2002;141:217-222.
13. Chardot C, Carton M, Spire-Bendelac N, et al. Epidemiology of biliary atresia in France: a national study 1986-96. J Hepatol. 1999;31:1006-1013.
14. Sokol RJ, Mack C, Narkewicz MR, et al. Pathogenesis and outcome of biliary atresia: current concepts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:4-21.
15. Kobayashi H, Yamataka A, Lane GJ, et al. Levels of circulating antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and proinflammatory cytokines at different stages of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1038-1041.
16. Chardot C, Carton M, Spire-Bendelac N, et al. Prognosis of biliary atresia in the era of liver transplantation: French national study from 1986 to 1996. Hepatology. 1999;30:606-611.
17. Kasai M. Treatment of biliary atresia with special reference to hepatic porto-enterostomy and its modifications. Prog Pediatr Surg. 1974;6:5-52.
18. Howard ER, Mowat AP. Extrahepatic biliary atresia. Recent developments in management. Arch Dis Child. 1977;52:825-827.
19. Chandra RS. Biliary atresia and other structural anomalies in the congenital polysplenia syndrome. J Pediatr. 1974;85:649-655.
20. Silveira TR, Salzano FM, Howard ER, et al. Congenital structural abnormalities in biliary atresia: evidence for etiopathogenic heterogeneity and therapeutic implications. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991;80:1192-1199.
21. Silveira TR, Salzano FM, Donaldson PT, et al. Association between HLA and extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;16:114-117.
22. Carmi R, Magee CA, Neill CA, et al. Extrahepatic biliary atresia and associated anomalies: etiologic heterogeneity suggested by distinctive patterns of associations. Am J Med Gen. 1993;45: 683-693.
23. Tanano H, Hasegawa T, Kawahara H, et al. Biliary atresia associated with congenital structural anomalies. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:1687-1690.
24. + T cells infiltrating into bile ducts in biliary atresia do not appear to function as cytotoxic T cells: a clinicopathological analysis. J Pathol. 2001;193:383-389.
25. Hancock WW, Wang L, Ye Q, et al. Chemokines and their receptors as markers of allograft rejection and targets for immunosuppression. Curr Opin Immunol. 2003;15:479-486.
26. Bezerra JA, Tiao G, Ryckman FC, et al. Genetic induction of proinflammatory immunity in children with biliary atresia. Lancet. 2002;360:1653-1659.
27. Davenport M, Gonde C, Redkar R, et al. Immunohistochemistry of the liver and biliary tree in extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:1017-1025.
28. + Th1 cell-mediated portal tract inflammation. Pediatr Res. 2004;56:79-87.
29. Kobayashi H, Puri P, O'Briain DS, et al. Hepatic overexpression of MHC class II antigens and macrophage-associated antigens (CD68) in patients with biliary atresia of poor prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:590-593.
30. Shinkai M, Shinkai T, Puri P, et al. Increased CXCR3 expression associated with CD3-positive lymphocytes in the liver and biliary remnant in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41: 950-954.
31. + T-cells in the target organ of patients with biliary atresia. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:278-287.
32. Al-Masri AN, Flemming P, Rodeck B, et al. Expression of the interferon-induced Mx proteins in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:1139-1143.
33. Minnick KE, Kreisberg R, Dillon PW. Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) in biliary atresia and its relationship to disease activity. J Surg Res. 1998;76:53-56.
34. Leifeld L, Ramakers J, Schneiders AM, et al. Intrahepatic MxA expression is correlated with interferon-alpha expression in chronic and fulminant hepatitis. J Pathol. 2001;194:478-483.
35. Sokol RJ, Mack C. Etiopathogenesis of biliary atresia. Semin Liver Dis. 2001;21:517-524.
36. Domiati-Saad R, Dawson DB, Margraf LR, et al. Cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6, but not human papillomavirus, are present in neonatal giant cell hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2000;3:367-373.
37. Fischler B, Ehrnst A, Forsgren M, et al. The viral association of neonatal cholestasis in Sweden: a possible link between cytomegalovirus infection and extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27:57-64.
38. Drut R, Drut RM, Gomez MA, et al. Presence of human papillomavirus in extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27:530-535.
39. Riepenhoff-Talty M, Gouvea V, Evans MJ, et al. Detection of group C rotavirus in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:8-15.
40. Tyler KL, Sokol RJ, Oberhaus SM, et al. Detection of reovirus RNA in hepatobiliary tissues from patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and choledochal cysts. Hepatology. 1998;27: 1475-1482.
41. A-Kader HH, Nowicki MJ, Kuramoto KI, et al. Evaluation of the role of hepatitis C virus in biliary atresia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:657-659.
42. Brown WR, Sokol RJ, Levin MJ, et al. Lack of correlation between infection with reovirus 3 and extrahepatic biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis. J Pediatr. 1988;113:670-676.
43. Bobo L, Ojeh C, Chiu D, et al. Lack of evidence for rotavirus by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay of hepatobiliary samples from children with biliary atresia. Pediatr Res. 1997;41: 229-234.
44. Steele MI, Marshall CM, Lloyd RE, et al. Reovirus 3 not detected by reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction analysis of preserved tissue from infants with cholestatic liver disease. Hepatology. 1995;21:697-702.
45. Parashar K, Tarlow MJ, McCrae MA. Experimental reovirus type 3-induced murine biliary tract disease. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27: 843-847.
46. Riepenhoff-Talty M, Schaekel K, Clark HF, et al. Group A rotaviruses produce extrahepatic biliary obstruction in orally inoculated newborn mice. Pediatr Res. 1993;33:394-399.
47. Czech-Schmidt G, Verhagen W, Szavay P, et al. Immunological gap in the infectious animal model for biliary atresia. J Surg Res. 2001;101:62-67.
48. Petersen C, Biermanns D, Kuske M, et al. New aspects in a murine model for extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32: 1190-1195.
49. Petersen C, Grasshoff S, Luciano L. Diverse morphology of biliary atresia in an animal model. J Hepatol. 1998;28:603-607.
50. Bezerra JA. The next challenge in pediatric cholestasis: deciphering the pathogenesis of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(suppl 1):S23-S29.
51. Petersen C, Bruns E, Kuske M, et al. Treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia with interferon-alpha in a murine infectious model. Pediatr Res. 1997;42:623-628.
52. + Th1 effector cells and activated macrophages participate in bile duct injury in murine biliary atresia. Clin Immunol. 2005;115:200-209.
53. Rudnick DA, Perlmutter DH. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a new paradigm for hepatocellular carcinoma in genetic liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;42:514-521.
54. Campbell KM, Arya G, Ryckman FC, et al. High prevalence of alpha-1-antitrypsin heterozygosity in children with chronic liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44:99-103.
55. Mazziotti MV, Willis LK, Heuckeroth RO, et al. Anomalous development of the hepatobiliary system in the Inv mouse. Hepatology. 1999;30:372-378.
56. Kohsaka T, Yuan ZR, Guo SX, et al. The significance of human jagged 1 mutations detected in severe cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia. Hepatology. 2002;36:904-912.
57. Gunasekaran TS, Hassall EG, Steinbrecher UP, et al. Recurrence of extrahepatic biliary atresia in two half sibs. Am J Med Genet. 1992;43:592-594.
58. Donaldson PT, Clare M, Constantini PK, et al. HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms in biliary atresia. Liver. 2002;22:213-219.
59. Dillon P, Belchis D, Tracy T, et al. Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in biliary atresia. Am J Pathol. 1994;145:263-267.
60. Schreiber RA, Kleinman RE, Barksdale JEM, et al. Rejection of murine congenic bile ducts: a model for immune-mediated bile duct disease. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:924-930.
61. Shneider BL, Brown MB, Haber B, et al. A multicenter study of the outcome of biliary atresia in the United States, 1997 to 2000. J Pediatr. 2006;148:467-474.
62. Hoofnagle JH, Sokol RJ. Neonatal screening for biliary atresia. Hepatology. 2006;43:646.
63. Moyer V, Freese DK, Whitington PF, et al. Guideline for the evaluation of cholestatic jaundice in infants: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39: 115-128.
64. Kanegawa K, Akasaka Y, Kitamura E, et al. Sonographic diagnosis of biliary atresia in pediatric patients using the "triangular cord" sign versus gallbladder length and contraction. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1387-1390.
65. Tan Kendrick AP, Phua KB, Ooi BC, et al. Making the diagnosis of biliary atresia using the triangular cord sign and gallbladder length. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30:69-73.
66. Howman-Giles R, Uren R, Bernard E, et al. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in infancy. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:311-319.
67. 99mTc-IDA scintigraphy in the evaluation of neonatal jaundice. Semin Nucl Med. 1981;11:194-204.
68. Nadel HR. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in children. Semin Nucl Med. 1996;26:25-42.
69. Gerhold JP, Klingensmith WC, Kuni CG, et al. Diagnosis of biliary atresia with radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging. Radiology. 1983;146:499-504.
70. Ben-Haim S, Seabold JE, Kao SC, et al. Utility of Tc-99m mebrofenin scintigraphy in the assessment of infantile jaundice. Clin Nucl Med. 1995;20:153-163.
71. Gilmour SM, Hershkop M, Reifen R, et al. Outcome of hepatobiliary scanning in neonatal hepatitis syndrome. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1279-1282.
72. Poddar U, Bhattacharya A, Thapa BR, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid-augmented hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the evaluation of neonatal jaundice. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1488-1492.
73. Sevilla A, Howman-Giles R, Saleh H, et al. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with SPECT in infancy. Clin Nucl Med. 2007; 32:16-23.
74. Lai MW, Chang MH, Hsu SC, et al. Differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis: a prospective study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18:121-127.
75. Landing BH, Wells TR, Ramicone E. Time course of the intrahepatic lesion of extrahepatic biliary atresia: a morphometric study. Pediatr Pathol. 1985;4:309-319.
76. Ohnuma N, Takahashi T, Tanabe M, et al. The role of ERCP in biliary atresia. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:365-370.
77. Han SJ, Kim MJ, Han A, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:599-604.
78. Jaw TS, Kuo YT, Liu GC, et al. MR cholangiography in the evaluation of neonatal cholestasis. Radiology. 1999;212: 249-256.
79. Norton KI, Glass RB, Kogan D, et al. MR cholangiography in the evaluation of neonatal cholestasis: initial results. Radiology. 2002;222:687-691.
80. Miyazaki T, Yamashita Y, Tang Y, et al. Single-shot MR cholangiopancreatography of neonates, infants, and young children. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:33-37.
81. Cleghorn G. Biliary atresia and its micromanagement: does it really matter? J Pediatr. 2005;147:142-143.
82. Utterson EC, Shepherd RW, Sokol RJ, et al. Biliary atresia: clinical profiles, risk factors, and outcomes of 755 patients listed for liver transplantation. J Pediatr. 2005;147:180-185.
83. Chardot C, Carton M, Spire-Bendelac N, et al. Is the Kasai operation still indicated in children older than 3 months diagnosed with biliary atresia? J Pediatr. 2001;138:224-228.
84. Laurent J, Gauthier F, Bernard O, et al. Long-term outcome after surgery for biliary atresia. Study of 40 patients surviving for more than 10 years. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:1793-1797.
85. Karrer FM, Price MR, Bensard DD, et al. Long-term results with the Kasai operation for biliary atresia. Arch Surg. 1996;131:493-496.
86. Chin SE, Shepherd RW, Thomas BJ, et al. Nutritional support in children with end-stage liver disease: a randomized crossover trial of a branched-chain amino acid supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:158-163.
87. Ganschow R, Schulz T, Meyer T, et al. Low-dose immunosuppression reduces the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver graft recipients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:198-203.
88. O'Grady JG, Burroughs A, Hardy P, et al. Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the ™C randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1119-1125.
89. Shepherd RW, Chin SE, Cleghorn GJ, et al. Malnutrition in children with chronic liver disease accepted for liver transplantation: clinical profile and effect on outcome. J Paediatr Child Health. 1991;27:295-299.
90. Shepherd RW. Pre- and postoperative nutritional care in liver transplantation in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;11: S7-S10.
91. Chin SE, Shepherd RW, Cleghorn GJ, et al. Pre-operative nutritional support in children with end-stage liver disease accepted for liver transplantation: an approach to management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1990;5:566-572.
92. Uchida Y, Kasahara M, Egawa H, et al. Long-term outcome of adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation for post-Kasai biliary atresia. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2443-2448.
93. Vajro P, Couturier M, Lemonnier F, et al. Effects of postoperative cholestyramine and phenobarbital administration on bile flow restoration in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21:362-365.
94. Ohi R. Biliary atresia. A surgical perspective. Clin Liver Dise. 2000;4:779-804.
95. Davenport M, Ure BM, Petersen C, et al. Surgery for biliary atresia- is there a European consensus? Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2007;17:180-183.
96. Chin SE, Shepherd RW, Cleghorn GJ, et al. Survival, growth and quality of life in children after orthotopic liver transplantation: a 5 year experience. J Paediatr Child Health. 1991;27:380-385.
97. Davenport M, De Ville de Goyet J, Stringer MD, et al. Seamless management of biliary atresia in England and Wales (1999-2002). Lancet. 2004;363:1354-1357.
98. Lykavieris P, Chardot C, Sokhn M, et al. Outcome in adulthood of biliary atresia: a study of 63 patients who survived for over 20 years with their native liver. Hepatology. 2005;41:366-371.
99. Okazaki T, Kobayashi H, Yamataka A, et al. Long-term postsurgical outcome of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34: 312-315.
100. Karrer FM, Lilly JR, Stewart BA, et al. Biliary atresia registry, 1976 to 1989. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:1076-1080; discussion 1081.
101. Altman RP, Lilly JR, Greenfeld J, et al. A multivariable risk factor analysis of the portoenterostomy (Kasai) procedure for biliary atresia: twenty-five years of experience from two centers. Ann Surg. 1997;226:348-353; discussion 353-355.
102. Ibrahim M, Miyano T, Ohi R, et al. Japanese Biliary Atresia Registry, 1989 to 1994. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1997;181:85-95.
103. Ohya T, Miyano T, Kimura K. Indication for portoenterostomy based on 103 patients with Suruga II modification. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:801-804.
104. Schweizer P, Schweizer M, Schellinger K, et al. Prognosis of extrahepatic bile-duct atresia after hepatoportoenterostomy. Pediatr Surg Int. 2000;16:351-355.
105. Tanano H, Hasegawa T, Kimura T, et al. Proposal of fibrosis index using image analyzer as a quantitative histological evaluation of liver fibrosis in biliary atresia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2003;19:52-56.
106. Vazquez-Estevez J, Stewart B, Shikes RH, et al. Biliary atresia: early determination of prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24:48-50; discussion 50-51.
107. Weerasooriya VS, White FV, Shepherd RW. Hepatic fibrosis and survival in biliary atresia. J Pediatr. 2004;144:123-125.
108. Wildhaber BE, Coran AG, Drongowski RA, et al. The Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: a review of a 27-year experience with 81 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1480-1485.
109. Karrer FM, Bensard DD. Neonatal cholestasis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2000;9:166-169.
110. Serinet MO, Broue P, Jacquemin E, et al. Management of patients with biliary atresia in France: results of a decentralized policy 1986-2002. Hepatology. 2006;44:75-84.
111. Baerg J, Zuppan C, Klooster M. Biliary atresia - a fifteen-year review of clinical and pathologic factors associated with liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:800-803.
112. Duche M, Fabre M, Kretzschmar B, et al. Prognostic value of portal pressure at the time of Kasai operation in patients with biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43:640-645.
113. Bowles BJ, Abdul-Ghani A, Zhang J, et al. Fifteen years' experience with an antirefluxing biliary drainage valve. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:1711-1714.
114. Davenport M, Kerkar N, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. Biliary atresia: the King's College Hospital experience (1974-1995). J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:479-485.
115. Ecoffey C, Rothman E, Bernard O, et al. Bacterial cholangitis after surgery for biliary atresia. J Pediatr. 1987;111:824-829.
116. Ernest van Heurn LW, Saing H, Tam PK. Cholangitis after hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. J Pediatr. 2003;142:566-571.
117. Ogasawara Y, Yamataka A, Tsukamoto K, et al. The intussusception antireflux valve is ineffective for preventing cholangitis in biliary atresia: a prospective study. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38: 1826-1829.
118. Barkin RM, Lilly JR. Biliary atresia and the Kasai operation: continuing care. J Pediatr. 1980;96:1015-1019.
119. Nio M, Ohi R, Hayashi Y, et al. Current status of 21 patients who have survived more than 20 years since undergoing surgery for biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:381-384.
120. Hirsig J, Kara O, Rickham PP. Experimental investigations into the etiology of cholangitis following operation for biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1978;13:55-57.
121. Hirsig J, Rickham PP, Briner J. The importance of hepatic lymph drainage in experimental biliary atresia. Effect of omentopexy on prevention of cholangitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1979;14:142-145.
122. Danks DM, Campbell PE, Clarke AM, et al. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: the frequency of potentially operable cases. Am J Dis Child. 1974;128:684-686.
123. Betz BW, Bisset GS III, Johnson ND, et al. MR imaging of biliary cysts in children with biliary atresia: clinical associations and pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:167-171.
124. Bu LN, Chen HL, Ni YH, et al. Multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts in children with biliary atresia. Journal in Pediatric Surgery. 2002;37:1183-1187.
125. Cameron R, Bunton GL. Congenital biliary atresia. Br Med J. 1960;2:1253-1257.
126. Nakama T, Kitamura T, Matsui A, et al. Ultrasonographic findings and management of intrahepatic biliary tract abnormalities after portoenterostomy. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:32-36.
127. Tainaka T, Kaneko K, Seo T, et al. Intrahepatic cystic lesions after hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia with bile lake and dilated bile ducts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44: 104-107.
128. Takahashi A, Tsuchida Y, Suzuki N, et al. Incidence of intrahepatic biliary cysts in biliary atresia after hepatic portoenterostomy and associated histopathologic findings in the liver and porta hepatis at diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:1364-1368.
129. Danks DM, Campbell PE. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: comments on the frequency of potentially operable cases. J Pediatr. 1966; 69:21-29.
130. Fain JS, Lewin KJ. Intrahepatic biliary cysts in congenital biliary atresia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989;113:1383-1386.
131. Fonkalsrud EW, Arima E. Bile lakes in congenital biliary atresia. Surgery. 1975;77:384-390.
132. Ishii K, Matsuo S, Hirayama Y, et al. Intrahepatic biliary cysts after hepatic portoenterostomy in four children with biliary atresia. Pediatr Radiol. 1989;19:471-473.
133. Ito T, Horisawa M, Ando H. Intrahepatic bile ducts in biliary atresia - a possible factor determining the prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1983;18:124-130.
134. Kimura K, Hashimoto S, Nishijima E, et al. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage after hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15:811-816.
135. Komuro H, Makino S, Momoya T, et al. Cholangitis associated with cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts after antireflux valve construction in biliary atresia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2001; 17:108-110.
136. Saito S, Nishina T, Tsuchida Y. Intrahepatic cysts in biliary atresia after successful hepatoportoenterostomy. Arch Dis Child. 1984; 59:274-275.
137. Takahashi A, Tsuchida Y, Hatakeyama S, et al. A peculiar form of multiple cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary system found in a patient with biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:1776-1779.
138. Tsuchida Y, Honna T, Kawarasaki H. Cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary system in biliary atresia after hepatic portoen-terostomy. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:630-634.
139. Werlin SL, Sty JR, Starshak RJ, et al. Intrahepatic biliary tract abnormalities in children with corrected extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985;4:537-541.
140. Tatekawa Y, Asonuma K, Uemoto S, et al. Liver transplantation for biliary atresia associated with malignant hepatic tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:436-439.
141. Brunati A, Feruzi Z, Sokal E, et al. Early occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in biliary atresia treated by liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:117-119.
142. Barshes NR, Lee TC, Balkrishnan R, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for biliary atresia: the U.S. experience. Liver Transplant. 2005;11:1193-1200.
143. Davenport M, Tizzard SA, Underhill J, et al. The biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome: a 28-year single-center retrospective study. J Pediatr. 2006;149:393-400.
144. Nio M, Ohi R, Miyano T, et al. Five- and 10-year survival rates after surgery for biliary atresia: a report from the Japanese Biliary Atresia Registry. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:997-1000.
145. Kimura T, Hasegawa T, Sasaki T, et al. Rapid progression of intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunting in polysplenia syndrome associated with biliary atresia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35:494-498.
146. Davenport M, Savage M, Mowat AP, et al. Biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome: an etiologic and prognostic subgroup. Surgery. 1993;113:662-668.
147. Varela-Fascinetto G, Castaldo P, Fox IJ, et al. Biliary atresia-polysplenia syndrome: surgical and clinical relevance in liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 1998;227:583-589.
148. Vazquez J, Lopez Gutierrez JC, Gamez M, et al. Biliary atresia and the polysplenia syndrome: its impact on final outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:485-487.