Marx's critique of heaven and critique of earth

Monthly Review

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 22-42

  Clark, Brett ^a   York, Richard ^b  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54549083268     PISSN: 00270520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14452/mr-060-05-2008-09_3     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (New York International Publishers, 1975), vol. 1, 190, 493-96. Spiritual reason, Marx went on to observe here, was "classically expressed" by the early Church father, Tertullian, who claimed "it is true because it is absurd."
2. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 73.
3. Center for Renewal of Science and Culture, Discovery Institute, The Wedge Strategy [Document], 1999, http://www.antievolution.org/features/ wedge.html;
4. Benjamin Wiker and Jonathan Witt, A Meaningful World (Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2006), 15-16, 60.
5. Karl Marx, Early Writings (London: Penguin, 1974), 243-45.
6. David McLellan, Karl Marx (New York Harper and Row, 1973), 1-16;
7. Arend Th. van Leeuwen, Critique of Heaven (New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), 40-43, 78;
8. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 636-39;
9. Sidney Hook, From Hegel to Marx (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1962), 81.
10. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 10-21.
11. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 4, 126-28;
12. Arend Th. van Leeuwen, Critique of Earth (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), 14-16.
13. Francis Bacon, Philosophical Works (New York Freeport, 1905), 473;
14. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 201;
15. Charles Darwin, Notebooks, 1837-1844 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987), 637.
16. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), vol. 3, 184-87.
17. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 3, 419;
18. Frederick Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1941), 17, 21.
19. Charles H. Talbert, "Introduction," Hermann Samuel Reimarus, Reimarus: Fragments (Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1970), 1;
20. Julian Jaynes and William Woodward, "In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: I. Reimarus Against the Epicureans," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, vol. X, no. 1 (January 1974): 5-6.
21. The full German title of Reimarus's 1760 Drives of Animals was: Allgemeine Betrachtungen über die Triebe der Thiere, hauptsächlich über ihre Kunsttriebe, zur Erkenntnis des Zusammenhanges zwischen dem Schöpfer und uns selbst.
22. Hermann Samuel Reimarus, The Principal Truths of Natural Religion Defended and Illustrated, in Nine Dissertations: Wherein the Objections of Lucretius, Buffon, Maupertuis, Rousseau, La Mettrie, and Other Ancient and Modern Followers of Epciurus are Considered, and their Doctrines Refuted (London: B. Law, 1766), 117-20, 152, 220.
23. Reimarus, Principal Truths of Natural Religion, 76, 84, 242.
24. Reimarus, Principal Truths of Natural Religion, 156-57, 229-34, 250-51.
25. Jaynes and Woodward, "In the Shadow of the Enlightenment I. Reimarus Against the Epicureans," 4;
26. Julian Jaynes and William Woodward, "In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: II. Reimarus and His Theory of Drives," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, vol. X, no. 2 (April 1974), 154.
27. See Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (London: Penguin, 1976), 283-84;
28. Marx, Early Writings, 328-29;
29. van Leeuwen, Critique of Earth, 20, 53. The importance that Reimarus assumed among the Young Hegelians is evident in the work of Strauss, who wrote a major study on Reimarus's Apology, in which he declared "all positive religions without exception are works of deception."
30. David Strauss, "Hermann Samuel Reimarus and His Apology," in Reimarus, Reimarus: Fragments, 46.
31. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 4, 79.
32. See Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Ex Libris (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1967), 127;
33. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (New York: Manchester University Press, 1956), 166;
34. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 190.
35. Paul M. Schafer, "Introduction," in Schafer, ed., The First Writings of Karl Marx (Brooklyn, New York: Ig Publishing, 2006), 45;
36. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 43.
37. For a general discussion of Marx's relation to Epicurus see John Bellamy Foster, Marx's Ecology (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 32-65.
38. Frederick Engels, "Bruno Bauer and Early Christianity," in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Marx and Engels on Religion (New York: Schocken Books, 1964), 197.
39. van Leeuwen, Critique of Heaven, 74.
40. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 29-31.
41. van Leeuwen, Critique of Heaven, 77.
42. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 51, 74-75, 91, 448, 508-09.
43. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 84.
44. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 102-05, 446-48, 509.
45. Quoted in Hook, From Hegel to Marx, 17.
46. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 4, 85;
47. van Leeuwen, Critique of Heaven, 195.
48. Ernst Bloch contended that "The First and Eleventh Theses on Feuerbach are already present in statu nascendi in the references to Epicurus" in Marx's dissertation.
49. See Bloch, Karl Marx (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), 156.
50. The relation of Marx to Feuerbach is more complex when one considers that Feuerbach in his History of Modern Philosophy had dealt in detail with Gassendi's resurrection of Epicurus, and that this had influenced Marx in the writing of his dissertation.
51. See Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 1, 94.
52. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Fiery Brook (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1972), 161, 172, 198;
53. Foster, Marx's Ecology, 68-71.
54. van Leeuwen, Critique of Heaven, 12.
55. Marx, Early Writings, 243-45.
56. Marx, Early Writings, 357.
57. Marx, Early Writings, 218.
58. Thomas Dean, Post-Theistic Thinking: The Marxist-Christian Dialogue in Radical Perspective; (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975), 69.
59. Marx quoted in Eleanor Marx, "Karl Marx: A Few Stray Notes," in Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, no date), 253.
60. Marx, Early Writings, 421-23.
61. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 5, 59.
62. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3 (London: Penguin, 1981), 448-49, 953-56;
63. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, 165.
64. Cornel West, The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought (New York Monthly Review Press, 1991);
65. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 6, 170, 173;
66. Epicurus, The Epicurus Reader (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1994), 35.
67. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, 766-77, 800.
68. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 3, 439.
69. Townsend quoted in Marx, Grundrisse (London: Penguin, 1973), 845.
70. Karl Marx, Grundrisse, 605.
71. Cobbett quoted in Kenneth Smith, The Malthusien Controversy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951).
72. Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), part 1, 299-300; part 3, 56-57.
73. See Foster, Marx's Ecology, 117-26;
74. Marx, Collected Works, vol. 5, 471-73.
75. Karl Liebknecht, "Reminiscences of Marx," in Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Reminiscences of Marx and Engels, 106;
76. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 41, 232, 246-47.
77. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, pp. 461, 493;
78. Darwin, The Origin of Species (London: Penguin, 1968), 187-88.
79. Thomas R. Trautmann, Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship (Berkely: University of California Press, 1987), 35, 200;
80. Foster, Marx's Ecology, 212-21.
81. Jacob W. Gruber, "Brixham Cave and the Antiquity of Man," in Melford E. Spiro, ed., Context and Meaning in Cultural Anthropology (New York Free Press, 1965), 373-402.
82. The significance of some of the early prehistoric human remains located in the nineteenth century (including those in the Neander Valley) was left in doubt at first due to the poor way in which these discoveries were excavated, deviating from the slow, careful process required by geological work, often failing to preserve the proper stratigraphic context, causing scientific observers to suspect that remains from distinct geological strata had been mingled with one another. In contrast, the excavation of the remains at Brixham cave were supervised by the Geological Society of London and hence for the first time definitively confirmed that human beings had existed on the earth in "great antiquity."
83. Trautmann, Lewis Henry Morgan, 32, 172-73.
84. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 5, 141-42;
85. Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 3, 179;
86. Foster, Marx's Ecology, 51-62;
87. Frederick Engels, "Letter to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, March 15, 1883," in Philip S. Foner, ed., Karl Marx Remembered (San Francisco: Synthesis Publications, 1983), 26;
88. István Mészáros, Marx's Theory of Alienation (London: Merlin Press, 1971), 162-89.