Black bear, Ursus americanus, denning chronology and den site selection in the northeastern Cascades of Washington

Canadian Field-Naturalist

Volumn 117, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 626-633

  Gaines, William L ^a  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Black Bear; Den site characteristics; Denning chronology; Northeastern Cascade Mountains; Ursus americanus

Indexed keywords

BEAR; DEN; SITE SELECTION; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

CASCADE RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

URSUS; URSUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 5444274557     PISSN: 00083550     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22621/cfn.v117i4.833     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Alldredge, J. R., D. L. Thomas, and L. L. McDonald. 1998. Survey and comparison of methods for study of resource selection. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 3: 237-253.
2. th Western Black Bear Workshop, Coos Bay, Oregon.
3. Alt, G. L. 1984. Black bear cub mortality due to flooding of natal dens. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 1432-1434.
4. Amstrup, S. C., and J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radio-collared Black Bears in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 340-348.
5. Aune, K. E. 1994. Comparative ecology of black and grizzly bears on the Rocky Mountain front, Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 365-374.
6. Beecham, J. J., D. G. Reynolds, and M. G. Hornocker. 1983. Black bear denning activities and den characteristics in west-central Idaho. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 79-86.
7. Boyd, D. K., and E. E. Heger. 2000. Predation of a denned Black Bear, Ursus americanus, by a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos. Canadian Field-Naturalist 114: 507-508.
8. Claar, J. J., N. Anderson, D. Boyd, M. Cherry, B. Conard, R. Hompesch, S. Miller, G. Ohlson, H. Ihisle Pac, J. Waller, T. Wittinger, and H. Youmans. 1999. Carnivores. Pages 7.10-7.63 in Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A Review for Montana. Coordinated by G. Joslin and H. Youmans, Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife. Montana Chapter of The Wildlife Society. 307 pages.
9. Clark, J. D., S. G. Hayes, and J. M. Pledger. 1998. A female Black Bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system. Ursus 10: 181-185.
10. Craighead, F. C., and J. J. Craighead. 1972. Grizzly bear prehibernation and denning activities as determined by radiotracking. Wildlife Monograph (32). 35 pages.
11. Ewer, R. F. 1973. The carnivores. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 494 pages.
12. Folk, F. E., M. A. Folk, and J. J. Minor. 1972. Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 2: 107-124.
13. Gaines, W. L., R. H. Naney, P. H. Morrison, J. R. Eby, G. F. Wooten, and J. A. Almack. 1994. Use of Landsat multi-spectral scanner imagery and geographic information systems to map vegetation in the North Cascades ecosystem. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 533-547.
14. Goodrich, J. M., and J. Berger. 1994. Winter recreation and hibernating Black Bears Ursus americanus. Biological Conservation 6: 105-110.
15. th International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Kalispell, Montana.
16. Hellgren, E. C., and M. R. Vaughan. 1989. Denning ecology of Black Bears in a southeastern wetland. Journal of Wildlife Management 53: 347-353.
17. Hillman, L. L., and D. L. Yow. 1986. Timber management for Black Bear. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Management and Research 8: 125-136.
18. Johnson, K. G., D. O. Johnson, and M. R. Pelton. 1978. Simulation of winter heat loss for a Black Bear in a closed tree den. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Management and Research 4: 155-166.
19. Johnson, K. G., and M. R. Pelton. 1980. Environmental relationships and the denning period of Black Bears in Tennessee. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 653-660.
20. Johnson, K. G., and M. R. Pelton. 1981. Selection and availability of dens for black bears in Tennessee. Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 111-119.
21. Jonkel, C. J., and I. M. Cowan. 1971. The Black Bear in the spruce-fir forest. Wildlife Monograph (27). 57 pages.
22. Kasworm, W., and T. Manley. 1988. Grizzly bear and Black Bear ecology in the Cabinet Mountains of northwest Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. 122 pages.
23. Koehler, G. M., P. Briggs Hall, M. H. Norton, and D. J. Pierce. 2001. Implant- versus Collar-transmitter use on Black Bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 600-605.
24. LeCount, A. L. 1983. Denning ecology of Black Bears in central Arizona. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 71-78.
25. Lindzey, F. G., and E. C. Meslow. 1976. Winter dormancy in Black Bears in southwestern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 408-415.
26. Linnell, J. D. C., J. E. Swenson, R. Andersen, and B. Barnes. 2000. How vulnerable are denning bear to disturbance. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 400-413.
27. Mack, J. A. 1989. Black bear dens in the Beartooth Face, south-central Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8: 273-277.
28. Nelson, R. A., H. W. Wahner, J. D. Jones, R. D. Ellefson, and P. E. Tollman. 1973. Metabolism of bears before, during and after winter sleep. American Journal of Physiology 224: 491-496.
29. Nelson, R. A., and T. D. Beck. 1984. Hibernation adaptation in the Black Bear: implication for management. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Research and Management 7: 48-53.
30. Novick, H. J., and G. R. Stewart. 1982. Home range and habitat preferences of black bears in the San Bernadino Mountains of southern California. California Fish and Game 67: 21-35.
31. Oli, M. K., J. A. Jacobson, and B. D. Leopold. 1997. Denning ecology of Black Bears in the White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 700-706.
32. O'Pezio, J., S. H. Clarke, and C. Hackford. 1983. Chronology of Black Bear denning in the Catskill region of New York. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 87-94.
33. Paquet, P. C. and L. N. Carbyn. 1986. Wolves, Canis lupus, killing denning black bears, Ursus americanus, in the Riding Mountain National Park area. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100: 371-372.
34. Pelton, M. R., L. E. Beeman, and D. C. Eager. 1980. Den selection of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4: 149-152.
35. Pelton, M. R. 1985. Habitat needs of Black Bears in the east. Pages 49-53 in Wilderness and natural areas in eastern United States: A management challenge. Edited by D.L. Kulhavy and R. N. Conner. Stephen F. Austin University, Nacogdoches, Texas.
36. Poekler, R. J., and H. D. Hartwell. 1973. Black bear of Washington: its biology, natural history, and relationship to forest regeneration. Washington State Department of Game, Biology Bulletin (14), Olympia, Washington.
37. Reynolds, D., and J. J. Beecham. 1980. Home range activities and reproduction of Black Bears in west-central Idaho. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 3: 181-190.
38. Rogers, L. L. 1976. Effects of mast and berry crop failures on survival, growth, and reproductive success of Black Bears. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 41: 431-438.
39. Ross, P. I., G. E. Hornbeck, and B. L. Horejsi. 1988. Late denning Black Bear killed by grizzly bear. Journal of Mammalogy 69: 818-820.
40. Schooley, R. L., C. R. McLaughlin, G. J. Matula, Jr., and W. B. Krohn. 1994. Denning chronology of female Black Bears: effects of food, weather, and reproduction. Journal of Mammalogy 75: 466-477.
41. Smith, T. R. 1985. Ecology of Black Bears in the bottomland hardwood forest in Arkansas. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 209 pages.
42. Smith, M. E., and E. H. Follman 1993. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, predation of a denned Black Bear, Ursus americanus. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107: 97-99.
43. Tietje, W. D., and R. L. Ruff. 1980. Denning behavior of Black Bears in boreal forest in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 858-870.
44. Weaver, K. M., D. K. Tabberer, L. U. Moore, Jr., G. A. Chandler, J. C. Posey, and M. R. Pelton. 1990. Bottomland hardwood forest management for Black Bears in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 44: 342-350.
45. Weaver, K., and M. R. Pelton. 1994. Denning ecology of Black Bears in the Tensas River Basin of Louisiana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 427-433.
46. Wooding, J. D., and T. S. Hardisky. 1992. Black bear denning in northcentral Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 73: 895-898.
47. rd Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.