Type C botulism due to toxic feed affecting 52,000 farmed foxes and minks in Finland

Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Volumn 42, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 4718-4725

  Lindström, Mua ^a   Nevas, Mari ^a   Kurki, Joanna ^a   Sauna aho, Raija ^b   Latvala Kiesilä, Annikki ^c   Pölönen, Ilpo ^d   Korkeala, Hannu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b National Food Agency Helsinki   (Finland)

^c NATL VET AND FOOD RES INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d Suomen Turkiselainten Kasvattajain Liitto ry   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EUTHANASIA; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BOTULISM; EPIDEMIC; FINLAND; FOOD STORAGE; FOX; IMMUNIZATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MINK; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PH; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK; SPORE GERMINATION; STORAGE TEMPERATURE; TOXICITY; TOXIN ANALYSIS; TOXIN SYNTHESIS;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; BOTULINUM TOXINS; BOTULISM; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE C; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; FINLAND; FOXES; MALE; MINK;

ANIMALIA; CANIDAE; CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; MUSTELA; MUSTELA VISON; POSIBACTERIA; VULPES VULPES;

EID: 5444252525     PISSN: 00951137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4718-4725.2004     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Blodgett, R. January 2001. Most probable number from serial dilutions. In Bacteriological analytical manual online. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food and Safety and Applied Nutrition, http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ ~ebam/bara-toc.htral.
2. Borisov, V. N., and Y. I. Vakuev. 1969. Botulism in blue foxes. Krolikovod. Zverovod. 1:34-35.
3. Dedié, K. 1954. Botulismus beim Nerz. Mn. Vet. Med. 21-22:486-487.
4. Dohms, J. E. 1987. Laboratory investigation of botulism in poultry, p. 295-314. In M. W. Eklund and V. R. Dowell, Jr. (ed.), Avian botulism: an international perspective. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Ill.
5. Gitter, M. 1959. Botulism in mink: an outbreak caused by type C toxin. Vet. Rec. 71:868-871.
6. nd International Congress in Fur Animal Production, Vedbaek, Denmark, 7 p.
7. Harrison, S. G., and E. D. Borland. 1973. Deaths in ferrets (Mustela putorius) due to Clostridium botulinum type C. Vet. Rec. 93:576-577.
8. Hielm, S., E. Hyytiä, A.-B. Andersin, and H. Korkeala. 1998. A high prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish freshwater and Baltic Sea sediment samples. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:133-137.
9. Hyytiä, E., S. Hielm, and H. Korkeala, H. 1998. Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish fish and fishery products. Epidemiol. Infect. 120:245-250.
10. Knox, B. 1958. En oversigt over sygdomme hos mink. Medlemsblad for Den danske Dyrlaegeforening 41:1-19.
11. Lindström, M., R. Keto, A. Markkula, M. Nevas, S. Hielm, and H. Korkeala. 2001. Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5694-5699.
12. Loftsgaard, G. 1988. Helsitilstanden i norske pelsdyrfarmer i 1987. Norsk Vet. Tijdskr. 100:34-35.
13. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 25 May 2001. Turkiseläinten rehun eläintauti-ja hygieniavaatimukset, decree 34/EEO/2001. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki, Finland, http://www.mmm.fi/el/laki/h/h15. html.
14. Nakamura, S., I. Kimura, K. Yamakawa, and S. Nishida. 1983. Taxonomic relationships among Clostridium novyi types A and B, Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostridium botulinum type C. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1473-1479.
15. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis. 1991. Botulinum toxin. Detection in foods, blood and other test materials. Method no. 79, 2nd ed. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, Espoo, Finland.
16. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis. 1991. Clostridium botulinum. Detection in foods and other test materials. Method no. 80, 2nd ed. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, Espoo, Finland.
17. Nordstoga, K. 1973. Mistanke om botulisme i en blarevbesetning. Norsk Vet. Tijdskr. 85:654-655.
18. Pyle, N. J., and R. M. Brown. 1939. Botulism in foxes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 94:436-439.
19. Quortrup, E. R., and A. L. Holt. 1940. A case report on botulism type C in mink. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 97:167-168.
20. Quortrup, E. R., and J. R. Gorham. 1949. Susceptibility of forbearing animals to the toxins of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, and E. Am. J. Vet. Res. 10:268-271.
21. Roberts, T. A., A. I. Thomas, and R. J. Gilbert. 1973. A third outbreak of botulism in broiler chickens. Vet. Rec. 92:107-109.
22. Sato, S. 1987. Control of botulism in poultry flocks, p. 349-356. In M. W. Eklund and V. R. Dowell, Jr. (ed.), Avian botulism: an international perspective. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Ill.
23. Segner, W. P., C. F. Schmidt, and J. K. Boltz. 1971. Minimal growth temperature, sodium chloride tolerance, pH sensitivity, and toxin production of marine and terrestrial strains of Clostridium botulinum type C. Appl. Microbiol. 22:1025-1029.
24. Smart, J. L., and T. A. Roberts. 1977. An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens. Vet. Rec. 100:378-380.
25. Solomon, H. M., and T. Lilly, Jr. January 2001. Clostridium botulinum. In Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food and Safety and Applied Nutrition, http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ ~ebam/bam-toc.html.
26. Thomas, H. A. 1942. Bacterial densities from fermentation tube tests. J. Am. Waterworks Assoc. 34:572-576.
27. Whitlock, R. H., and J. M. Williams. 1999. Botulism toxicosis of cattle. Proc. Annu. Conf. Am. Assoc. Bovine Pract. 32:45-53.
28. Williamson, J. L., T. E. Rocke, and J. M. Aiken. 1999. In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3240-3243.
29. Yndestad, M., A. Helgebostad, and G. Loftsgård. 1977. Susceptibility of foxes to Clostridium botulinum type C and E toxins. Acta Vet. Scand. 18:23-30.