Hard and soft projects: A framework for analysis

International Journal of Project Management

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 645-653

  Crawford, Lynn ^a   Pollack, Julien ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Hard and soft; Lessons learned; Project analysis; Systems approach

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; EVALUATION; HARDNESS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

MANAGING PROJECT; PROGRAM MANAGEMENT; PROJECT PROCESS;

PROJECT MANAGEMENT;

MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE; PROJECT ASSESSMENT;

EID: 5444249091     PISSN: 02637863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.04.004     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. McElroy W. Implementing strategic change through projects Int. J. Project Manage. 14 6 1996 325-329
2. Thiry M. For DAD: a programme management life-cycle process Int. J. Project Manage. 22 3 2004 245-252
3. Yeo K.T. Critical failure factors in information system projects Int. J. Project Manage. 20 3 2002 241-246
4. Fernie S. Green S. Weller S. Newcombe R. Knowledge sharing: context, confusion and controversy Int. J. Project Manage. 21 3 2003 177-187
5. Crawford P. Bryce P. Project monitoring and evaluation: a method for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of aid project implementation Int. J. Project Manage. 21 5 2003 363-373
6. Kadefors A. Trust in project relationships - inside the black box Int. J. Project Manage. 22 3 2004 175-182
7. Li H. Cheng E.W.L. Love P.E.D. Irani Z. Co-operative benchmarking: a tool for partnering excellence in construction Int. J. Project Manage. 19 3 2001 171-179
8. Jaafari A. Management of risks, uncertainties and opportunities on projects: time for a fundamental shift Int. J. Project Manage. 19 2 2001 89-101
9. Andersen E.S. Dyrhaug Q.X. Jessen S.A. Evaluation of Chinese projects and comparison with Norwegian projects Int. J. Project Manage. 20 8 2002 601-609
10. Wateridge J. The role of configuration management in the development and management of Information Systems/Technology (IS/IT) projects Int. J. Project Manage. 17 4 1999 237-241
11. Thiry M. How can the benefits of PM training programs be improved Int. J. Project Manage. 22 1 2004 13-18
12. Farrell L. Principal-agency risk in project finance Int. J. Project Manage. 21 8 2003 547-561
13. Thiry M. Sensemaking in value management practice Int. J. Project Manage. 19 2 2001 71-77
14. Cheung S. Ng T. Wong S. Suen H. Behavioral aspects in construction partnering Int. J. Project Manage. 21 5 2003 333-343
15. Kasvi J. Vartiainen M. Hailikari M. Managing knowledge and knowledge competences in projects and project organisations Int. J. Project Manage. 21 8 2003 571-582
16. Williams M.C. Rich pictures on the path towards systemic being Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 16 1999 369-373
17. Buckle P. Thomas J. Deconstructing project management: a gender analysis of project management guidelines Int. J. Project Manage. 21 6 2003 433-441
18. Andersen E. Jessen S. Project maturity in organisations Int. J. Project Manage. 21 6 2003 457-461
19. Martin A. A simulation engine for custom project management education Int. J. Project Manage. 18 3 2000 201-213
20. Shenhar A.J. Dvir D. Toward a typological theory of project management Res. Policy 25 1996 607-632
21. Williams T, Hillson D. Editorial - PMI Europe 2001. Int J Project Manage 2002;20(3):183-4
22. Thiry M. Combining value and project management into an effective programme management model Int. J. Project Manage. 20 3 2002 221-227
23. Yeo K.T. Tiong R.L.K. Positive management of differences for risk reduction in BOT projects Int. J. Project Manage. 18 4 2000 257-265
24. Midgley G. Systemic intervention: philosophy, methodology, and practice 2000 Plenum New York
25. Wilson F. Flogging a dead horse: the implications of epistemological relativism within information systems methodological practice Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 8 1999 161-169
26. Clarke S. Lehaney B. Information systems strategic planning: a model for implementation in changing organizations Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 14 1997 129-136
27. Hall A.D.A. Methodology for systems engineering 1962 Van Nostrand Princeton
28. Jenkins G.M. The systems approach J. Syst. Eng. 1 1 1969 3-49
29. Quade E.S. Boucher W.I. Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defence 1968 Elsevier New York
30. Forrester J.W. Industrial Dynamics 1961 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
31. Yeo K.T. Systems thinking and project management - time to reunite Int. J. Project Manage. 11 2 1993 111-117
32. Kazi MAF, Spurling LJ. Realist evaluation for evidence-based practice. In: European Evaluation Society 4th Annual Conference; 2000
33. Checkland P. Soft systems methodology: a 30-year retrospective In: Checkland P. Scholes J. (Eds.) Soft systems methodology in action 1999 A1-A65 Wiley Chichester
34. Yeo K.T. Planning and learning in major infrastructure development: systems perspectives Int. J. Project Manage. 13 5 1995 287-293
35. Crawford L, Costello K. Towards a transferable methodology for managing strategic change by projects. IRNOP IV, Sydney; 2000
36. Costello K, Crawford L, Pollack J, Bentley L. Soft systems project management for organisational change. IRNOP V; 2002
37. Costello K Crawford L Bentley L Pollack J. Connecting soft systems thinking with project management practice: an organizational change case study in: Ragsdell G. (Ed.) Systems theory and practice in the knowledge age 2002 47-54 Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York
38. Turner J.R. Cochrane R.A. Goals-and-methods matrix: coping with projects with ill defined gaols and/or methods of achieving them Int. J. Project Manage. 11 2 1993 93-101
39. Lane D.C. Should systems dynamics be described as a 'hard' or 'deterministic' systems approach? Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 17 2000 3-22
40. Checkland P. Scholes J. Soft systems methodology in action 1990 Wiley Chichester, UK
41. Hobbs B, Miller R. The strategic front end of large infrastructure projects: a process of nesting governance. PMI Research Conference; 2002
42. Kirk D. Hard and soft systems: a common paradigm for operations management? Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manage. 7 1995 13-16
43. Munro I. Man-machine systems: people and technology in OR Syst. Pract. Action Res. 12 1999 513-532
44. Flemming Q.W. Koppelman J.M. Earned value project management 1996 Project Management Institute Upper Darby, PA
45. Leandri S.J. Measures that matter: how to fine-tune your performance measures J. Qual. Participation 24 2001 39-41
46. Patton M.Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods 2nd ed. 1990 Sage London
47. Cooke-Davies T. The real success factors on projects Int. J. Project Manage. 20 3 2002 185-190
48. Pulley M.L. Navigating the evaluation rapids Train. Dev. 48 1994 19-24
49. Rose J. Haynes M. A soft systems approach to the evaluation of complex interventions in the public sector J. Appl. Manage. Stud. 8 1999 199-216
50. Van der Meer F. Evaluation and the social construction of impacts Evaluation 5 1999 387-406
51. Lee-Kelley L. Situational leadership: managing the virtual project team J. Manage. Dev. 21 5/6 2002 461-476
52. PMI. A guide to the project management body of knowledge. PA, USA: PMI; 2000
53. Jackson M.C. Systems approaches to management 2000 Plenum New York
54. Li B. Berg D. Effects of cultural difference on technology transfer projects: an empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturing companies Int. J. Project Manage. 19 5 2001 287-293
55. Jarvis P. The practitioner-researcher 1999 Jossey-Bass San Francisco
56. Daniel D.W. Hard problems in a soft world Int. J. Project Manage. 8 2 1990 79-83
57. Remenyi D. Sherwood-Smith M. Maximise information systems value by continuous participative evaluation Logist. Inf. Manage. 12 1999 14-31
58. Ormerod R.J. Putting soft OR methods to work: the case of the business improvement project at PowerGen Eur. J. Oper. Res. 118 1 1999 1-29
59. Thomas J. Delisle C. Jugdev K. Selling project management to senior executives 2002 PMI PA, USA
60. Lai L. An integration of systems science methods and object-oriented analysis for determining organizational information requirements Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 17 2000 205-228
61. Crawford L. Senior management perceptions of project management competence. Proceedings, IRNOP IV, Sydney, 2002