Applying the notion of noise to countering online terrorism

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 31, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 883-902

  Weimann, Gabriel ^a   Von Knop, Katharina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b BUNDESWEHR UNIVERSITY MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54349105969     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100802342601     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Brian Jenkins, International Terrorism (Los Angeles: Crescent Publication, 1975), p. 4.
2. Gabriel Weimann and Conrad Winn, The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism (New York: Longman, 1994).
3. Brigitte Nacos, Mass-Mediated Terrorism (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002)
4. Brigitte Nacos, "The Terrorist Calculus Behind 9-11: A Model For Future Terrorism?," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26 (2003), pp. 1-16.
5. The quotes are taken from the translations of a videotape, presumably made in mid-November 2001 in Afghanistan. Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials
6. Bruce Hoffman, "Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialities: An Assessment," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 26 (2003), pp. 427-440
7. Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).
8. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, "The Advent of Netwar (revisited)," in Networks and Netwars, John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds. (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2001)
9. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, "Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future," First Monday (25 October 2003), pp. 1-25
10. John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, "Networks, Netwar and Information-Age Terrorism," in Countering the New Terrorism, Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini, eds. (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation).
11. Cited by Jack Kelly, "MilitantsWireWeb with Links to Jihad," USA TODAY (10 July 2002), available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/07/10/web-terror-cover.htm
12. Rita Katz and Josh Devon, "WWW.J I H A D.COM: E-Groups Abused by Jihadists," National Review Online (2003), available at http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/commentkatz-devon071403.asp
13. Marc Rogers, "The Psychology of Cyber-terrorism," in Terrorist, Victims and Society, Andrew Silke, ed. (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), pp. 77-92.
14. Gabriel Weimann, How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 116, 2004), available at http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr116.pdf
15. Gabriel Weimann, Terror on the Internet (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006)
16. Bruce Hoffman, "The Use of the Internet by Islamic Extremists," Testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Rand Corporation, CT-262-1, 4May 2006), available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/congress/hoffmantestimony4may06.pdf
17. Stephen Coll and Susan B. Glasser, "Terrorists Turn to the Web as Base of Operations," The Washington Post (7 August 2005),p. A01, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/ 2005/08/05/AR2005080501138.html
18. Maura Conway, "Reality Bytes: Cyberterrorism and Terrorist 'Use' of the Internet," First Monday (November 2002), available at http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_11/conway/
19. Maura Conway, "Terrorist 'Use' of the Internet and Fighting Back" (September 2005), available at http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/microsites/cybersafety/extensions/pdfs/papers/ maura_conway.pdf
20. Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Cyber-Mobilization: The New Levee en Masse " Parameters (Summer 2006), pp. 77-87, available at at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/06summer/cronin.htm
21. Susan B. Glasser and Stephen Coll, "The Web as a Weapon," The Washington Post (9 August 2005), p. A01, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/08/ AR2005080801018.html
22. Nadya Labi, "Jihad 2.0," The Atlantic Monthly (July/August 2006), available at http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/ 200607/onlinejihad
23. Marc Lynch, "Al-Qaeda's Media Strategies," The National Interest (Spring 2006)
24. Hanna Rogan, "Jihadism Online: A Study of how al-Qaida and Radical Islamist Groups use the Internet for Terrorist Purposes" (Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, FFI/RAPPORT-2006/00915, 2006), available at http://rapporter.ffi.no/rapporter/2006/00915.pdf
25. Jon Swartz, "Terrorists' use of Internet Spreads," USA Today (20 February 2005), available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/ industries/technology/2005-02-20-cyber-terror-usat_x.htm
26. David Talbot, "Terror's Server," Technology Review (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2005), pp. 46-52
27. Timothy L. Thomas, "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of 'Cyberplanning'," Parameters (Spring 2003), pp. 112-123, available at http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/ thomas.htm
28. Weimann, How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet
29. Weimann, Terror on the Internet
30. Michael Vatis, Cyber Attacks During The War on Terrorism: A Predictive Analysis (Institute for Security Technology Studies, Dartmouth College, 22 September 2001), available at http://www.ists.dartmouth.edu/analysis/cyber_a1.pdf
31. Cited in ADL report "Terrorist Activities On the Net," available at http://www.adl.org/terror/focus/16_focus_a.asp
32. Thomas, "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of 'Cyberplanning.'"
33. Weimann, How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet
34. Weimann, Terror on the Internet.
35. Jody R. Westby, "Countering Terrorism with Cyber Security," paper for the 36th Session of World Federation of Scientists, International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies (18-26 August 2006, Erice, Italy).
36. Tor Anonymity Online, available at http://www.torproject.org/ index.html.en (accessed 12 October 2007).
37. Bruce Hoffman, cited in Les Blumenthal, "U.S. Seeks to Counter Terrorists' use of the Internet" (2007), available at http://www.kansascity.com/news/world/story/287013.html
38. Clause Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949).
39. Boaz Ganor, Katharina von Knop, and Carlos Duarte, Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting, B. Ganor, K. Von Knop, C. Duarte, eds. (Washington, DC: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, 2007)
40. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad
41. Gabriel Weimann, "Using the Internet for Terrorist Recruitment and Mobilization," in Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting (Washington, DC: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, 2007), pp. 47-58.
42. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Next Attack: The Failure of the War on Terror and a Strategy for Getting It Right (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005)
43. Christine Fair, "Militant Recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al Qaeda and Other Organizations," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27(6) (2007), pp. 489-504
44. Bruce Hoffman,William Rosenau, Andrew Curiel, and Doron Zimmermann, The Radicalization of Diasporas and Terrorism (Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Security Research Division, 2007)
45. Sageman, Leaderless Jihad.
46. Frank Bolz, Kenneth Dudonis, and David Schulz, The Counterterrorism Handbook: Tactics, Procedures, and Techniques (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002)
47. Richard Halloran, "Strategic Communication," Parameters (Autumn 2007), pp. 4-14.
48. Joseph S. Nye, Power in the Global Information Age, from Realism to Globalization (London: Routledge, 2004).
49. Joseph S. Nye, "Soft Power and American Foreign Policy," Political Science Quarterly, 119(2) (2004), p. 256.
50. Joseph S. Nye, "The Power of Persuasion, Dual Components of US Leadership," Harvard International Review, 24(4) (2003), p. 46.
51. Gabriel Weimann, "Virtual Disputes: The Use of the Internet for Terrorist Debates," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(7) (2006), pp. 623-639
52. Gabriel Weimann, "When Fatwas Clash Online: Terrorist Debates on the Internet," in Information Warfare 2.0: How States and Armed Groups Compete for Strategic Influence, James J. F. Forest, ed. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008).
53. Cited by Karen deYoung, "Spy Agencies Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight," Washington Post (24 September 2006), available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/23/ AR2006092301130.html
54. Roger Needham and Butler Lampson, "Network Attack and Defense," available at http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/SE-18.pdf (accessed 1 January 2008).
55. From "Terrorist Groups Relying on Identity Theft for Funding andOperations," About.Com, available at http://idtheft.about.com/od/useofstolenidentity/p/IDTheftTerror.htm
56. Arnulf Kopeinig, "Information Warfare" (Österreichische Militärzeitschrift, vol. 1, 1999), p. 23.
57. George S. Stein, "Information Warfare," Airpower Journal (Spring 1995), p. 32.
58. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Psychological Operations, Joint Pub 3-53 (Washington, DC: GPO, 10 July 1996), p. I-1.
59. Angela Maria Lungu, "War.com: The Internet and Psychological Operations," paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College (2001), p. 3.
60. Steven Collins, "Army PSYOP in Bosnia: Capabilities and Constraints," Parameters, 29 (1999), p. 57.
61. Timothy LaBahn, "Information Operations in Bosnia," FA Journal (November-December 2001), p. 32.
62. DOS spokesman James Rubin, quoted in Jon Swartz, "Administration Drops Idea of Blocking Serb Net Sites," The San Francisco Chronicle (15 May 1999).
63. Defense Science Board, Information in Support of Psychological Operations, quoted by Lungu, "War.com: The Internet and Psychological Operations."
64. Stephen E. Frantzich, Political Parties on the Technological Age (New York: Longman, 1989)
65. Judith S. Trent and Robert Friedenberg, Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practises, 3rd ed. (Wesport, CT: Praeger, 1995).
66. Gary Selnow, Electronic Whistle-Stops: The Impact of the Internet on American Politics (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).
67. Montague Kern, "Web and Mass Media Campaigns by Political Candidates: MoveOn.org and the Democratic Party in 2003-2004 Presidential Primaries," in Elections on the Horizon: Marketing Politics to the Electorate in the USA and UK (London: The British Library, 2004), available at http://sherpa.bl.uk/2/01/PMKern.pdf, Paper presented at the conference 'Elections on the Horizon: Marketing Politics to the Electorate in the USA and UK,' 15 March 2004, The British Library, London.
68. Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence (New York: Free Press, 1955).
69. For a review, see Gabriel Weimann, The Influentials: People who Influence People (New York: SUNY Press, 2000).
70. Council of the European Union, doc. 14781/1/05, subject: The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism, 24 November 2005, p. 3.
71. Council of the European Union, subject: Presidency Conclusions, doc. 10633/06, p. 5.
72. Council of the European Union, subject: Council Conclusions on Cooperation to Combat Terrorist use of the Internet, doc. 8457/2/07, p. 3.
73. George Dafermos, "Management and Virtual Decentralized Networks: The Linux Project," First Monday 6 (11), available at http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_11/dafermos/
74. Google also provided its hardware and software system, which includes proprietary algorithms that intelligence IT managers praise highly, to the Army, the Energy Department, and other agencies in the intelligence world.
75. Stew Magnuson, "Wikipedia for Intel Officers Proves Useful, National Defense Magazine," National Defense (November 2006), available at http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/ 2006/November/SecurityBeat.htm#
76. Felix Stadler and Jesse Hirsh, "Open Source Intelligence," available at http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors2/ stalder-hirshtext.html
77. On the use of virtual and physical open source intelligence counterterrorism system, see Katharina von Knop, "Institutionalization of a Web-focused, Multinational Counter-Terrorism Campaign: Building a Collective Open Source Intelligence System," in Response to Cyber-Terrorism (Washington, DC: NATO IOS Press, 2008).