(e)Racing Jennifer Harris: Sexuality and race, law and discourse in Harris v. Portland

Journal of Sport and Social Issues

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 345-368

  Newhall, Kristine E ^a   Buzuvis, Erin E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b WESTERN NEW ENGLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Gender; Race; Sexual orientation; Sport

Indexed keywords

EID: 54349095058     PISSN: 01937235     EISSN: 15527638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0193723508324081     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Ammons, L.L. (1995). Mules, madonnas, babies, bathwater, racial imagery and stereotypes: The African American woman and the Battered Woman Syndrome. Wisconsin Law Review, 1995, 1003-1080.
2. Anderson, S. (2005, November 3). Swoopes, Portland should talk. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, p. C2.
3. Associated Press. (2006, May 18). Penn State coach accuses group of trying to exploit bias case. ESPN.com. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=2450199&type=story
4. Austin, R. (1989). Sapphire bound!. Wisconsin Law Review, 1989, 539-578.
5. Birrell, S., & McDonald, M.G. (2000). Reading sport: Critical essays on power and representation. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
6. Blatt, J., & Harris, J. (2006, November). "I was kicked off my team for being 'gay.'" Cosmo Girl, pp. 96-97.
7. Bondy, F. (2005, October 30). WNBA is terrified of its gay athletes. New York Daily News, p. 72.
8. Boyd, T. (2004, August 19). They're playing bas-ket-ball. ESPN.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page3/ story?page=boyd/040818
9. Boykin, K. (2005, October 26). WNBA's Sheryl Swoopes come out. KeithBoykin.com. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://www.keithboykin.com/arch/2005/10/26/wnbas_sheryl_sw
10. Brennan, C. (2007, April 11). Rutgers women stand tall in class. USA Today, p. 12C.
11. Brown, T. (2005, October 26). "Oh sh*t" or "No sh*t": Sheryl Swoopes is gay and thoughts on women, masculinity, and pro sports. blackfeminism.org. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from http://blackfeminism.org/index.php/2005/10/26/ sexuality-and-women-athletes-or-cheryl-swoopes-is-gay/
12. Buysse, J. (2006). Atalantan distractions. Scholar and Femininst Online, 4 (3), n.p. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.barnard.edu/ sfonline/sport/buysse_01.htm
13. Cahn, S. (1994). Coming on strong: Gender and sexuality in twentieth-century women's sport. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
14. Caldwell, P. (1991). A hair piece: Perspectives on the intersection of race and gender. Duke Law Journal, 1991, 367-396.
15. Carbado, D., & Gulati, M. (2001). The fifth black woman. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, 21, 701-729.
16. Carpenter, L., & Acosta, R.V. (2005). Title IX. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
17. Carrington, B. (1998). Sport, masculinity, and black cultural resistance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 22, 275-298.
18. Carroll, H. (2007, April 13). The National Center for Lesbian Rights commends Don Imus firing. Retrieved April 5, 2008, from http://www.nclrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename= press_st_imus_rutgers041307
19. Carter, B. (2007, April 10). Don Imus suspended from radio show over racial remarks. New York Times, p. C1.
20. Carter, B., & Story, L. (2007, April 12). NBC News drops Imus show over racial remarks. New York Times, p. A1.
21. CBS/Associated Press. (2007, April 12). CBS fires Don Imus over racial slur. CBSnews.com. Retrieved April 5, 2008, from http://www.cbsnews.com/ stories/2007/04/12/national/main2675273.shtml
22. Collins, P.H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
23. Collins, P.H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.
24. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299.
25. Crenshaw, K.W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139-168.
26. Davis, T. (1995). The myth of the superspade: The persistence of racism in college athletics. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 22, 615-698.
27. Davis, T. (1999). Racism in athletics: Subtle yet persistent. University of Arkansas Little Rock Law Review, 21, 881-900.
28. DeGraffenried v. General Motors, 558 F.2d 480 (8th Cir. 1977).
29. Douglas, D. (2002). To be young, gifted, black and female: A meditation on the cultural politics at play in representations of Venus and Serena Williams. Sociology of Sport Online, 5 (2). Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v5i2/v5i2_3.html
30. Evans, G. (1988). Those loud black girls. In D. Spender & E. Sarah (Eds.), Learning to lose: Sexism and education (pp. 183-190). London: The Women's Press.
31. Evans, T. (1998). In the Title IX race toward gender equity, the black female athlete is left to finish last. Howard Law Journal, 42, 105-128.
32. Felshin, J. (1974). The social view. In E. W. Gerber, J. Felshin, P. Berlin, & W. Wyrick (Eds.), The American women in sport (pp. 179-269). Reading: Addison-Wesley.
33. Festle, M.J. (1996). Playing nice: Politics and apologies in women's sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
34. Figel, B. (1986, June 16). Lesbians in world of athletics. Chicago Sun Times, p. 111.
35. Fordham, S. (1993). "Those loud black girls": (Black) women, silence, and gender "passing" in the academy. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 24, 3-32.
36. Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
37. Fulton, B. (2006, January 15). Davies tells her story. Indiana Gazette. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?BRD= 1078&dept_id=151024&newsid=15933028&PAG=461&rfi=9
38. Gandy, K. (2007, April 9). Comments broadcast on CNN's Lou Dobbs tonight. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from http://transcripts.cnn.com/ TRANSCRIPTS/0704/09/ldt.01.html
39. Glenn, E.N. (2002). Unequal freedom: How race and gender shaped American citizenship and labor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Granderson, L.Z. (2005, October 26). Outside the arc. ESPN the Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/wnba/news/ story?id=2204322
41. Greene, B. (2000). African American lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 239-249.
42. Griffin, P. (1998). Strong women, deep closets: Lesbians and homophobia in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
43. Griffin, P. (2007, February 6). Settling can mean victory: Reflections on the Rene Portland-Jen Harris lawsuit settlement. Outsports.com. Retrieved December 27, 2007, from http://outsports.com/campus/2007/ 0206harris.htm
44. Halberstam, J. (1998). Female masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
45. Harris v. Portland, Amended Complaint. (2006, May 26). Filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
46. Harris v. Portland, Brief in Support of Defendant Maureen T. Portland's Motion to Dismiss. (2006, February 9). Filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
47. Harris v. Portland, Joint Public Statement. (2007, February 6). Reported in The Daily Collegian. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2007/02/02-06-07tdc/ 02-06-07dweb-01.asp
48. Hartmann, D. (2007). Rush Limbaugh, Donovan McNabb, and "a little social concern": Reflections on the problems of whiteness in contemporary American sport. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 31(1), 45-60.
49. Hoberman, J. (1997). Darwin's athletes: How sport has damaged black America. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
50. Hoberman, J. (1998, January 11). How we've whitewashed race in the world of sports. Newsday, p. B06.
51. Hoberman, J. (2002, November 13). Race and sports: The social costs of black dominance. Play the game: Home for the homeless questions in sport. Retrieved July 23, 2007, from http://www.playthegame.org/Home/ Knowledge%20Bank/Articles/Race%20and%20Sport%20The%20Social% 20Costs%20of%20Black%20Dominance.aspx#
52. Hohler, B. (2006, March 26). When the fouls get very personal: Player's suit claims Penn State coach was biased against lesbians. Boston Globe, p. D1.
53. Jackson, S. (2005, September 7). Hard time with Latasha Byears. ESPN.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/ page2/story?page=jackson/050907&num=0
54. Kaufman, M. (1993, April 21). The last bastian. Detroit Free Press, pp. 1C, 6C.
55. Knapp, G. (2007, April 10). Women need to raise voices on Imus insult. San Francisco Chronicle, p. B1.
56. Kobrin, S., & Levin, J. (2005, August 21). The glass closet. Los Angeles Times Magazine, p. 10.
57. Levi, J. (2008). Misapplying equality theories: Dress codes at work. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 19, 353-390.
58. Levit, N., & Verchick, R. (2006). Feminist legal theory: A primer. New York: New York University Press.
59. Lieber, J. (2006 a, May 11). Harris stands tall in painful battle with Penn State coach. USA Today, p. 3C.
60. Lieber, J. (2006 b, May 11). Others make allegations against Penn State's Portland. USA Today, p. 3C.
61. Lipsyte, R. (1991, June 21). Center fielder fills void by becoming political. New York Times, pp. 1C, 4C.
62. Longman, J. (1991, March 10). Lion's women's basketball coach is used to fighting and winning. Philadelphia Inquirer, p. G01.
63. Masse, C., & Stewart, D. (1998, January 15). Wicks explains departure; Portland stands firm. The Daily Collegian. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/1998/01/01-15-98tdc/ 01-15-98d03-004.asp
64. Mathewson, A.D. (1995). Black women, gender equity, and the function at the junction. Marquette Sports Law Journal, 6, 239-266.
65. McDonagh, E., & Pappano, L. (2007). Playing with the boys: Why separate is not equal in sports. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. McDonald, M., & Birrell, S. (1999). Reading sport critically: A methodology for interrogating sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport, 16, 283-300.
67. McGraw, P.B. (2005, September 10). WNBA's version of Rodman on way back? Chicago Daily Herald, p. 1.
68. Mitchell, M. (2007, April 12). Nappy-headed? Now those are fighting words; Imus must learn racial insults are off-limits. Chicago Sun-Times, p. 12.
69. Morris, E. (2007). "Ladies" or "loudies"?: Perceptions and experiences of black girls in classrooms. Youth & Society, 38, 490-515.
70. Mullins, A. (2007, April 9). Women's Sports Foundation responds to inappropriate comments made by Don Imus regarding the Rutger's women's basketball team. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/Content/Press-Releases/2007/ Womens-Sports-Foundation-responds-to-inappropriate-comments-made-by- Don-Imus-regarding-the-Rutgers-w.aspx.
71. National Association of Black Journalists. (2007, April 6). NABJ appalled by Imus' racist comments, Calls for boycott of show. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT= 104&STORY=/www./story/04-06-2007/0004561011&EDATE=
72. National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2007). Student-athlete race and ethnicity report. Indianapolis, IN: Author.
73. Oglesby, C.A. (1981). Myths and realities of black women in sport. In T. S. Green, C. A. Oglesby, A. Alexander, & N. Frank (Eds.), Black women in sport (pp. 1-13). Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education Recreation and Dance.
74. Olson, W. (1990). Beyond Title IX: Toward an agenda for women and sports in the 1990s. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 3, 105-150.
75. Omusupe, E. (1991). Black/lesbian/bulldagger. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 3(2), 101-111.
76. Pascoe, C.J. (2007). Dude, you're a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989).
78. Quinn, T.J., Red, C., & O'Keeffe, M. (2005, October 30). Battle of the same sex: Byears lawsuit outs WNBA conflict on gay issue. New York Daily News, p. 94.
79. Ramachandran, G. (2005). Intersectionality as "Catch 22": Why identity performance demands are neither harmless nor reasonable. Albany Law Review, 69, 299-342.
80. Rogers v. American Airlines, 527 F. Supp. 229 (S.D.N.Y. 1981).
81. Schultz, J. (2005). Reading the catsuit: Serena Williams and the production of blackness at the 2002 U.S. Open. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29, 338-357.
82. Shockley, A.A. (1983). The black lesbian in American literature: An overview. In B. Smith (Ed.), Home girls: A black feminist anthology (pp. 83 - 93). New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.
83. Shropshire, K. (1996). In black and white: Race and sport in America. New York: New York University Press.
84. Smith, R. (1996). When ignorance is not bliss: In search of racial and gender equity in intercollegiate athletics. Missouri Law Review, 61, 329-392.
85. Solomon, A. (1991, March 26). Passing game: How lesbians are being purged from women's college hoops. Village Voice, pp. 142, 92.
86. Springwood, C.F. (2006). Basketball, Zapatistas, and other racial subjects. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30, 364-373.
87. Terry, M. (2006, July 10). The quiet court battle back. Los Angeles Times, p. 5.
88. Vertinsky, P., & Captain, G. (1998). More myth than history: American culture and representations of the black female's athletic ability. Journal of Sport History, 25, 532-561.
89. Voepel, M. (2005, October 30). Swoopes and homosexuality in sports: Choice to come out is tough for athletes. Kansas City Star, p. C1.
90. Wallace, M. (1979). Black macho and the myth of the superwoman. New York: Warner Books.
91. Washington, C. (2005, November 4). Sheryl Swoopes' act of defiance. Southern Voice. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://www.sovo.com/ print.cfm?content_id=4514
92. Women's Sports Foundation. (2003). Title IX and race in intercollegiate sport. East Meadow, NY: Women's Sports Foundation.
93. Yoshino, K. (2002). Covering. Yale Law Journal, 111, 769-939.