Bioenergy and biofuel production from wastes/residues of emerging biofuel industries

Water Environment Research

Volumn 80, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1625-1647

  Khanal, Samir Kumar ^a,e   Rasmussen, Mary ^b   Shrestha, Prachand ^b   Van Leeuwen, Hans ^b   Visvanathan, C ^c   Liu, Hong ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b Iowa State University of Science and Technology   (United States)

^c ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Thailand)

^d OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Ag Sci 218 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RESEARCH; TECHNOLOGY;

BIO-ENERGY; BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; GASEOUS FUEL; REVIEW PAPERS; STATIONARY APPLICATIONS;

BIOFUELS;

ALCOHOL; BAGASSE; BIOFUEL; BUTANOL; CELLULOSE; GLYCEROL; LIGNOCELLULOSE;

BIOENERGY; BIOFUEL; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; WASTE TECHNOLOGY;

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION; ANIMAL FOOD; BIOENERGY; BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; CORN; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; EVAPORATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS DESIGN; RECYCLING; RENEWABLE ENERGY; REVIEW; SLUDGE DIGESTION; SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT; VINASSE; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

EID: 54349083364     PISSN: 10614303     EISSN: 15547531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2175/106143008X328752     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abbas, C.; Beery, K.; Dennison, E.; Corrington, P. (2004) Thermochemical Treatment, Separation and Conversion of Corn Fiber to Ethanol. In Lignocellulose Biodegradation. Saha, B. C., Hayashi, K., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.; pp 84-97.
2. Abd El-Nasser, N.H., Helmy, S.M.; El-Gammal, A.A. (1997) Formation of Enzymes by Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes with White Rot Fungi. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 55, 249-255.
3. Abera, S.; Rakshit, S.K. (2004) Effect of Dry Cassava Chip Storage on Yield and Functional Properties of Extracted Starch. Starch, 56 (6), 232-240.
4. Ahring, B.K. (1995) Methanogenesis in Thermophilic Biogas Reactors. Antonie Leeuwenhoek. 67(1), 91-102.
5. Anderson, K.W.; Szumshi, D.; Walker, J.F.H. (1986) Wastewater Profile of an Ethanol Production Facility. Proceedings of the 41st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan; pp 242-248.
6. Atsumi, S., Hanai, T.; Liao, J.C. (2008) Non-Fermentative Pathways for Synthesis of Branched-Chain Higher Alcohols as Biofuels. Nature, 451(3), 86-90.
7. Aurelien, M.D.D.; Turn, S.Q.; Wang, W.; Keffer, V.I. (2007) Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Production from Glycerin Reforming. Energy Fuels, 21(6), 3499-3504.
8. Baez, M.A. (2006) Highly Efficient Hydrolytic Enzymes for the Development of Value-added Products from DDGS. International Distillers Grains Conference and Trade Show. Retrieved March 4, 2008 from http://www.dyadic. com/pdf/marcoDDG_present_MN_sept1406.pdf
9. Belt ran, F. J.; Alvarez, P. M.; Rodriquez, E.M.; Garcia-Araya, J. F.; Rivas, J. (2001) Treatment of high strength distillery wastewater (cherry stillage) by integrated aerobic biological oxidation and ozonation. Biotechnology Progres, 17, 462-467.
10. Bothast, R.J.; Schlicher, M.A. (2005) Biotechnological Processes for Conversion of Corn into Ethanol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 67, 19-25.
11. Buhr, H.O. ; Andrews, J.F. (1977) The Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion Process. Water Research, 11, 129-143.
12. Burggraf, S.; Fricke, H.;Neuner, A.; kristjansson, J.; Rouviere, P.; Mandelco, L.; Woese, C.R. ; Stetter, K. O. (1990) Methanococcus ingeus sp. nov., a Novel Hyperthermophilic Methanogen from a Shallow Submarine Hydrothermal System. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 13, 33-38.
13. Ceylan, H.; Gopalakrishnan, K. (2007) Improving Soil Strength Under Roads with Ethanol Co-products. Scitizen. Retrieved December 27, 2007 from http://scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme= 14&idContribution=1322
14. Cloete, T.E.; Malherbe, S. (2002) Lignocellulose biodegradation: Fundamentals and applications. Re/Views in Environmental Science & Bio/Technology, 1, 105-114.
15. Datta, R.; Lemmel, S.A. (1987) Utilization of Xylan and Corn Fiber for Direct Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum, US patent # 4649112.
16. de Menezes, T.J.B. (1989) The Treatment and Utilization of Alcohol Stillage. In International Biosystems - Vol. III. Wise, D. L. Ed.; CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida; pp 1-14.
17. Dien, B.S., Li, X.L., Iten, L.B., Jordan, D.B., Nichols, N.N., O'Bryan, P.J.; Cotta, M.A. (2006) Enzymatic Saccharification of Hot-Water Pretreated Corn Fiber for Production of Monosaccharides. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 39, 1137-1144.
18. Dominik, R.; Rainer, J. (2007) Biofuel Technology Handbook. WIP Renewable Energies.
19. Douette, A. M. D.; Turn, S. Q.; Wang, W.; Keffer, V. I. (2007) Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Production from Glycerin Reforming. Energy & Fuels. 21, 3499-3504.
20. Espinoza-Escalante F.M.; Pelayo-Ortiz ,C.; Gutiérrez-Pulido, H.; González-Álvarez, V.; Alcaraz-González ,V.; Bories, A. (2007) Multiple Response Optimization Analysis for Pretreatments of Tequila's Stillages for VFAs and Hydrogen Production. Bioresour. Technol. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.008
21. Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N.; Blaschek, H.P. (2007) Bioproduction of Butanol from Biomass: from Genes to Bioreactors. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 18, 220-227.
22. Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N.; Blaschek, H.P. (2004) Butanol Fermentation Research: Upstream and Downstream Manipulations. The chemical record, 4, 305-314.
23. Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N.; Blaschek, H.P. (2007) Butanol Production from Agricultural Residues: Impact of Degradation Products on Clostridium beijerinckii Growth and Butanol Fermentation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 97(6), 1460-1469.
24. Ezeji, T.C.; Blaschek, H.P. (2007) Fermentation of Dried Distillers' Grains and Solubles (DDGS) Hydrolysates to Solvents and Value-Added Products by Solventogenic Clostridia. Bioresour. Technol. (in press).
25. Farrell, A. E.; Plevin, R. J., Turner, B. R.;Jones, A. D., O'Hare, M.; Kammen, D. M. (2006) Ethanol can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals. Science, 311, 505-508.
26. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2005) Major Food and Agricultural Commodities and Producers: Sugar Cane. Retrieved March 28, 2008 from http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html
27. Galitsky, C.; Worrell, E.; Ruth, M. (2003) Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Corn Wet Milling Industry, An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers; Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
28. Gaspar, M., Juhaz, T., Szengyel, Z.; Reczey, K. (2005) Fractionation and utilization of Corn Fibre Carbohydrates. Process Biochem., 40, 1183-1188.
29. Gaspar, M., Kalman, G.; Reczey, K. (2007) Corn Fiber as a Raw Material for Hemicellulose and Ethanol Production. Process Biochemistry, 42, 1135-1139.
30. Genencor (2008) AccelleraseTM 1000: Cellulase Enzyme Complex for Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis. Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www.genencor.com/cms/resources/file/eb52d7493f5b0e1/ ACCELLERASE%201000%20prod%20info%20sheet.pdf
31. Glenn J.K., Morgan M.A., Mayfield, M.B., Kuwahara, M.; Gold, M.H. (1983) An Extracellular H2O2-Requiring Enzyme Preparation Involved in Liginin Degradation by the White Rot Basidiomycetes Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 14, 1077-1083.
32. Groot, W.J.; Luyben, K. Ch. A.M. (1987) Continuous Production of Butanol from a Glucose/Xylose Mixture with an Immobilized Cell System Coupled to Pervaporation. Biotechnology Letters, 9 (12), 867-870.
33. Gutierrez- Correa, M., Portal, L., Moreno, P.; Tengerdy, R. P. (1999) Mixed Culture Solid Substrate Fermentation of Trichoderma reesei with Aspergillus niger on Sugar Cane Bagasse. Bioresour. Technol., 68, 173-178.
34. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Galbe, M., Gorwa-Grauslund, M.F., Liden, G.; Zacchi, G. (2006) Bio-Ethanol - the Fuel of Tomorrow from the Residues of Today. Trends in Biotechnology, 24(12), 549-556.
35. Highley, T.L.; Dashek, W.V. (1998) Biotechnology in the Study of Brown- and White-Rot Decay. Forest Products Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom, pp 15-36.
36. Hongzhang, C., Fujian, X.; Zuohu, L. (2001) Solid-State Production of Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) and Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Using Steam-Exploded Straw as Substrate. Bioresour. Technol., 80, 149-151.
37. Hunter, G.R. (1988). Comparison of Anaerobic Systems for Treatment of Ethanol Stillage. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma City.
38. Ishizaki, A., Michiwaki, S., Crabbe, E., Kobayashi, G., Sonomoto, K.; Yoshino, S. (1999) Extractive Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation Using Methylated Crude Palm Oil as Extractant in Batch Culture of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564), J. Bioscience and Bioeng., 87(3), 352-356.
39. Ito, T.; Nakshimada, Y.; Senba, K.; Matsui, T.; Nichio, N. (2005) Hydrogen and Ethanol Production from Glycerol-Containing Wastes Discharges After Biodiesel Manufacturing Process. J. Bioscience and Bioeng., 100 (3), 260-265.
40. Jackman, EA. (1997) Distillery Effluent Treatment in the Brazilian National Alcohol Programme. Chem Eng. (London), 319, 239-242.
41. Jeanthon, C.; L'Haridon, S.; Reysenbach, A. L.; Vernet, M.; Messner, P.; Sleytr, U.B.; Prieur, D. (1998). Methanococcus infernus sp. nov., a Novel Hyperthermophilic Lithotrophic Methanogen Isolated from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent. International Journal of System Bacteriology, 48, 913-919.
42. Jones, D.T.; Woods, D.R. (1986) Acetone-Butanol Fermentation Revisited. Microbiological Reviews, 50(4), 484-524.
43. Jones, W. J.; Leigh, J.A.; Mayer, F.; Woese, C. R.; Wolfe, R.S. (1983) Methanococcus jannaschii, sp. nov., an Extremely Thermophilic Methanogens from a Submarine Hydrothermal Vent. Arch Microbiol., 136, 254-261.
44. Khanal, S. K. (2005) Anaerobic Digestion of Thin Stillage to Produce Methane and Class-A Biosolids. Bioeconomy Conference; Ames, Iowa, Aug 29-30.
45. Khanal, S. K. (2008) Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Application. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, USA.
46. Klinke, H.B., Thomsen, A.B.; Ahring, B.K. (2004) Inhibition of Ethanol-Producing Yeast and Bacteria by Degradation Products Produced During Pre-Treatment of Biomass. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 66, 10-26.
47. Kuiper, L.; Ekmekci, B.; Hamelinck, C.; Hettinga, W.; Meyer, S.; Koop, K. (2007) Bio-ethanol from Cassava. report - ECOFYS., Netherlands BV.
48. Lanting, J.; Gross R.L. (1985) Anaerobic Pretreatment of Corn Ethanol Production Wastewater. Proceedings of the 40th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Boston: Butterworth. pp. 905-914.
49. Lee, J. (1997) Biological Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol. J. Biotech., 56, 1-24.
50. Lomascolo, A.; Record, E.; Herpoel-Gimbert, I.; Delattre, M.; Robert, J.L.; Georis, J.; Dauvrin, T.; J.C. Sigoillot, J.C.; Asther, M. (2003) Overproduction of Laccase by a Monokarryotic Strain of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Using Ethanol as Inducer. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 1-7.
51. Lynd, L.R. (1996) Overview and Evaluation of Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass: Technology, Economics, the Environment, and Policy. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 21, 403-465.
52. Marchal., R., Ropars, M., Pourquie, J., Fayolle, F.; Vandecasteele, J.P. (1992) Large-Scale Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Agricultural Lignocellulosic Biomass. Part 2: Conversion into Acetone-Butanol. Bioresour. Technol., 42(3), 205-217.
53. Martin, C., Galbe, M., Wahlbom, C.F., Hahn-Hagerdal, B.; Jonsson, L.J. (2002) Ethanol Production from Hydrolyzates of Sugarcane Bagasse Using Recombinant xylose-Utilising Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 31, 274-282.
54. McCready, N.S. ; Williams, R.C. (2008) The Utilization of Biofuel Co-Products as Performance Enhancers in Asphalt Materials. Transportation Research Record. Journal of Transportation Research Board (accepted).
55. Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee Y.Y., Holtzapple, M.; Landisch, M. (2005) Features of Promising Technologies for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Bioresour. Technol., 96, 673-686.
56. Nandy, T.; Shastry, S.; Kaul, S. N. (2002) Wastewater Management in a Cane Molasses Distillery Involving Bioresource Recovery. J. Environmental Management, 65, 25-38.
57. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2004) Getting Extra "Corn Squeezins." Technology Brief-11/1993. Retrieved November 28, 2004 from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/old/5639.pdf
58. Nguyen, T.L.T. et al. (2007) Energy balance and GHG-abatement cost of cassava utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. Energy Policy, 35(9), 4585-4596.
59. Nguyen, T.L.T.; Gheewala, S.H.; Garivait, S. (2006) Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Fuel Ethanol Produced from Cassava in Thailand, Institution City.
60. Nishio, N.; Nakashimada, Y. (2007) Recent Development of Anaerobic Digestion Processes for Energy Recovery from Wastes. J. Biosci. Bioeng.. 103 (2), 105-112.
61. Ounine, K., Petitdemange, H., Raval, G.; Gay, R. (1985) Regulation and Butanol Inhibition of D-Xylose and D-Glucose Uptake in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 49(4), 874-878.
62. Palmqvist, E.; Hahn-Hagerdal, B. (2000) Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzates. II: Inhibitors and Mechanisms of Inhibition. Bioresour. Technol., 74, 25-33.
63. Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R.; Mitchell, D. (2000) New Developments in Solid-State Fermentation: I-Bioprocesses and Products. Process Biochemistry, 35, 1153-1169.
64. Pant, P.; Adholeya, A. (2007) Biological Approaches for Treatment of Distillery Wastewater: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 98, 2321-2334.
65. Pimental, D.; Patzek, T. W. (2005) Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower. Nat. Resour. Res., 14 (1), 65-76.
66. Pohland, F. G. (1992) Anaerobic Treatment: Fundamental Concept, Application, and New Horizons. In Design of Anaerobic Processes for the Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastes. Malina, J. F. Jr, Pohland, F.G., Eds.; Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. Lancaster, Pennsylvania; pp 1-40.
67. Prospects of Cassava in Ethanol Industry of Thailand. A report, http://cassava.org/.
68. Qureshi, N., Ezeji, T.C., Ebener, J., Dien, B.S., Cotta, M.A.; Blaschek, H.P. (2007) Butanol Production by Clostridium beijerinckii. Part I: Use of Acid and Enzyme Hydrolyzed Corn Fiber. Bioresour. Technol., (article in press).
69. Qureshi, N., Li, X.L., Hughes, S., Saha, B.C.; Cotta, M.A. (2006) Butanol Production from Corn Fiber Xylan Using Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Prog., 22, 673-680.
70. Ramasamy, A.; Paramasamy, G. (2001) Production of Ethanol from Liquefied Cassava Starch Using Co-Immobilized Cells of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces diastaticus. J. Bioscience and Bioeng., 92 (6), 560-564.
71. Ramey, D.; Young, S.T. (2004) Production of Butyric Acid and Butanol from Biomass. Final Report submitted to USDOE-WV (Contract No.: DE-F-G02-00ER86106).
72. Rasmussen, M.L.; Shrestha, P., Khanal, S.K.; Pometto, A.L.; Van Leeuwen, J(Hans). (2007) Sequential Saccharification of Corn Fiber and Ethanol Production by the Brown Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum Trabeum. Bioresour. Technol. (submitted).
73. Rausch, K.D.; Belyea, R.L. (2006) The Future of Coproducts from Corn Processing. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 128, 47-86.
74. Renewable Fuel Association (RFA) (2008) Changing the Climate - Ethanol Industry Outlook 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www.ethanolrfa.org/ objects/pdf/outlook/RFA_Outlook_2008.pdf
75. Rodriguez-Vazquez, R., Roldan-Carrillo, T., Diaz-Cervantes, D., Vazquez-Torres, H., Manzur-Guzman, A.; Torres-Dominiguez, A. (2003) Starch-Based Plastic Polymer Degradation by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium Grown on Sugarcane Baggase Pith: Enzyme Production. Bioresour. Technol., 86, 1-5.
76. Roffler, S.R., Blanch, H.W.; Wilke, C.R. (2004) In Situ Extractive Fermentation of Acetone and Butanol. Biotech. Bioeng., 31(2), 135-143.
77. Rosentrater, K.A.; Hall, H.A; Hansen, C. L. (2006) Anaerobic Digestion Potential for Ethanol Processing Residues. In Proceedings: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers - Annual International Meeting (Paper # 066167). Portland, Oregon, July 9-12.
78. Schaefer, S.H.; Sung, S. (2008) Retooling the Ethanol Industry: Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Thin Stillage for Methane Production and Pollution Prevention. Water Environment Research, 80(2), 101-108.
79. South African Paper and Pulp Industries (SAPPI) (2008) Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.sappi.com/SappiWeb/About+Sappi/ Sappi+Fine+Paper+South+Africa/Stanger+Mill.htm (HVL section)
80. Sasaki, M., Adschiri, T.; Arai, K. (2003) Fractionation of Sugarcane Bagasse by Hydrothermal Treatment. Bioresour. Technol., 86, 301-304.
81. Sasikala, K.; Ramana, Ch.V.; Raghuveer-Rao, P. (1992) Photoproduction of Hydrogen from the Waste Water of a Distillery by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 17(1), 23-27.
82. Schaefer, S. (2006) Retooling the Ethanol Industry: Thermophilic, Anaerobic Digestion of Thin Stillage for Methane Production and Pollution Prevention. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
83. Schell, D.J., Riley, C.J., Dowe, N., Farmer, J., Ibsen, K.N., Ruth, M.F., Toon, S.T.; Lumpkin, R.E. (2004) A Bioethanol Process Development Unit: Initial Operating Experience and Results with a Corn Fiber Feedstock. Bioresour. Technol., 91, 179-188.
84. Schulein, M. (1988) Cellulases of Trichoderma reesei. Methods in Enzymology. Wood, W.A.; Kellog, S.T., Eds; Academic Press, San Diego, California. Vol 160 (Biomass Part A: Cellulose and Hemicellulose), pp 234-242.
85. Seely, R. J.; Spindler, D.D. (1981) Anaerobic Digestion of Thin Stillage from a Farm-Scale Alcohol Plant. In Proceedings of Energy from Biomass and Wastes; Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan 26-30.
86. Sheehan, G. J.; Greenfield, P. F. (1980) Utilization, Treatment and Disposal of Distillery Wastewater. Water Research, 14, 257-277.
87. Shrestha, P.; Rasmussen, M.; Khanal, S.K.; Pometto, A.L.; Van Leeuwen, J. (2008) Solid-Substrate Fermentation of Corn Fiber by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Subsequent Fermentation of Hydrolysate into Ethanol. J. Agr. Food Chem., In press.
88. Singh, V.; Rausch, K.D.; Yang, P.; Shapouri, H.; Belyea, R.L.;, Tumbleson, M.E. (2001) Modified Dry Grind Ethanol Process. Publication of the Agricultural Engineering Department - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UILU No. 2001-7021; Urbana, Illinois.
89. Stamatelatou, K.; Dravillas, K.; Lyberatos, G. (2003) Methane Production from Sweet Sorghum Residues via a Two-Stage Process. Water Sci. Technol., 48, 235-238.
90. Stanich, T. (2007) Water Efficiency as a Result of Sound Water Management. Ethanol Producer Magazine (February issue).
91. Stover, E.L.; Gomathinayagam, G.; Gonzalez, R. (1983) Anaerobic treatment of fuel alcohol wastewater by suspended growth activated sludge. Proceedings of the 38th Industrial Waste Conference; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Boston: Butterworth pp. 95-104.
92. Stover, E.L.; Gomathinayagam, G.; Gonzalez, R. (1984) Use of methane from anaerobic treatment of stillage for fuel alcohol production. Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste Conference; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Boston: Butterworth pp. 57-63.
93. Stover, E.L.; Gonzalez, R.; Gomathinayagam, G. (1985) Shock loading capabilities of anaerobic systems treating high strength wastewaters. Proceedings of the 40th Industrial Waste Conference; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Boston: Butterworth ; pp. 711-718.
94. Tiffany, D. G.; Morey, R. V.; DeKam, M. (2007) Economics of Biomass Gasification and Combustion at Fuel Ethanol Plants. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Starch Technology Conference -Energy Issues. Rausch, K., Singh, V. , Tumbleson, Eds.; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; June 3- 6, pp76-85.
95. United States Department of Agriculture (2006) Report - The Economic Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Sugars in the United States. Retrieved June 18, 2007 from http://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdf
96. United States Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Energy (2005) Joint Report - A Billion-Ton Feed Stock Supply for Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: Technical Feasibility of Annually Supplying 1 Billion Dry Tons of Biomass.
97. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Impact of Combined Heat and Power on Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in the Dry Mill Ethanol Process. Report (November 2007). Retrieved March 1, 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/ethanol_energy_balance.pdf
98. van Haandel, A.C. (1994) Catunda PFC. Profitability Increase of Alcohol Distilleries by the Rational Use of Byproducts. Water Science and Technology, 29(8),117-124.
99. Van Leeuwen, J(Hans).; Rasmussen, M.L.; Khanal , S.K.; Pometto, A.L. (2008) Valuable Byproducts from Fungal Treatment of Corn Processing Stillage. Grand Prize for University Research. American Academy of Environmental Engineers.
100. Vatsala, T. M. (1992) Hydrogen Production from (Cane-Molasses) Stillage by Citrobacter freundii and Its Use in Improving Methanogenesis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 17(12), 923-927.
101. Wilkie et al.; Wilkie, A.C.; Riedesel, K.J.; and Ownes, J.M. (2000) Stillage Characterization and Anaerobic Treatment of Ethanol Stillage from Conventional and Cellulosic Feedstocks. Biomass Bioenergy, 19, 63-102.
102. Willingthon, I.P.; Marten G.G. (1982) Options for handling stillage waste from sugar-based fuel ethanol production. Resources and Conservation, 8, 111-129.
103. Wolmarans, B.; de Villers, G.H. (2002) Start-up of a UASB Effluent Treatment Plant on Distillery Wastewater. Water SA, 28, 63-68.
104. Wyman, C.E. (1996) Handbook on Bio-ethanol: Production and Utilization. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.
105. Yazdani, S.S.; Gonzalez, R. (2007) Anaerobic Fermentation of Glycerol: A Path to Economic Viability for the Biofuels Industry. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 18, 213-219.
106. Yeoh, B.G. (1997) Two-Phase Anaerobic Treatment of Cane-Molasses Alcohol Stillage. Water Science and Technology, 6(6/7), 441-448.
107. Zehnder, A.J.B.; Huser, B.A.; Brock, T.D.; Wuhrmann, K. (1980) Characterization of an Acetate-Decarboxylating, Non-Hydrogen-Oxidizing Methane Bacterium. Archives of Microbiology, 124(1), 1-11.
108. Zhang, Z.; Zhou, W.; Lin, R. (2001) Full-Scale Experiment on Corn-Ethanol Production Wastewater Treatment with the Thermophilic EGSB Reactor. Huangjing Kexue/Environmental Science, 22 (4), 114-116 (in Chinese).
109. Zverlov, V.V., Berezina, O., Velikodvorskaya, G.A.; Schwarz, W.H. (2006) Bacterial Acetone and Butanol Production by Industrial Fermentation in the Soviet Union: Use of Hydrolyzed Agricultural Waste for Biorefinery. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., 71, 587-597.