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Volumn 94, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 407-429

Negotiating liberalism and bio-politics: Stylizing power in defense of the mall curfew

Author keywords

Bio politics; Foucault; Liberalism; Shopping mall; Youth

Indexed keywords


EID: 54249126478     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: 14795779     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00335630802422246     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (103)
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    • The History of Sexuality
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    • Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 135-45.
    • (1990) An Introduction , vol.1 , pp. 135-145
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 2
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    • I refer to a spirit of liberalism so as not to suggest that liberalism was authored by an intellectual elite. Rather, as Michael Calvin McGee argues, the philosophy of liberalism tries to express a pre-existing material consciousness felt in the presence of a particular (feminized) style of power. See The Origins of 'Liberty, A Feminization of Power, Communication Monographs 47 1980, 25. Rather than reifying liberalism as a political rationality, McGee describes a historically situated material consciousness, felt in the presence of a particular political style, which found expression through the ideograph of liberty. The malleability of liberty is evident in the transition from its usage in Elizabethan England to its usage in Mill's nineteenth-century work, On Liberty. Mill himself describes this transition in his introduction. While the concern of European liberals was once with making the sovere
    • I refer to a "spirit" of liberalism so as not to suggest that liberalism was authored by an intellectual elite. Rather, as Michael Calvin McGee argues, the philosophy of liberalism tries to express a pre-existing material consciousness felt "in the presence of" a particular ("feminized") style of power. See "The Origins of 'Liberty': A Feminization of Power," Communication Monographs 47 (1980): 25. Rather than reifying liberalism as a political rationality, McGee describes a historically situated material consciousness, felt in the presence of a particular political style, which found expression through the ideograph of "liberty." The malleability of "liberty" is evident in the transition from its usage in Elizabethan England to its usage in Mill's nineteenth-century work, On Liberty. Mill himself describes this transition in his introduction. While the concern of European liberals was once with making the sovereign responsive to the people's will, he notes, it was by then (the mid-nineteenth century) common to speak of the "tyranny of the majority" itself. (Mill puts this phrase in quotation marks but does not cite a particular source, indicating its usage as cliché at that time.) See John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ed. Kathy Casey (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002), 4. Mill was expressing a different material consciousness from that of the late seventeenth-century Elizabethan Parliament, one that was suspicious of power even when it was exercised by a representative government.
  • 3
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    • Foucault, History of Sexuality, I, 140; McGee, Origins of 'Liberty,' 25.
    • Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. I, 140; McGee, "Origins of 'Liberty,'" 25.
  • 5
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    • Nikolas Rose, Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self, 2nd ed. (London: Free Association Books, 1999). Here Rose takes up a Foucauldian concept. Foucault defined technologies of the self as those models that are available for individuals in particular historical contexts to constitute themselves as moral subjects. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 2: The Use of Pleasure, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 25-32. See also Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton, ed., Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).
    • Nikolas Rose, Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self, 2nd ed. (London: Free Association Books, 1999). Here Rose takes up a Foucauldian concept. Foucault defined "technologies of the self" as those models that are available for individuals in particular historical contexts to constitute themselves as moral subjects. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 25-32. See also Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton, ed., Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).
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    • History of Sexuality, vol. 1, 144; Rose
    • Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, 144; Rose, Governing the Soul, 10, 144.
    • Governing the Soul , vol.10 , pp. 144
    • Foucault1
  • 7
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    • Liberty and Authority: Two Facets of the Inculcation of Virtue
    • Stanley Ingber, "Liberty and Authority: Two Facets of the Inculcation of Virtue," St. John's Law Review 69 (1995): 440.
    • (1995) St. John's Law Review , vol.69 , pp. 440
    • Ingber, S.1
  • 8
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    • trans. William H. Payne Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books
    • Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: Or Treatise on Education, trans. William H. Payne (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003).
    • (2003) Emile: Or Treatise on Education
    • Rousseau, J.-J.1
  • 10
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    • ed. Kenneth P. Winkler Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing
    • John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Kenneth P. Winkler (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1996), 33.
    • (1996) Essay Concerning Human Understanding , pp. 33
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    • The 'Magic of the Mall': An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment
    • Jon Goss, "The 'Magic of the Mall': An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83 (1993): 30.
    • (1993) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.83 , pp. 30
    • Goss, J.1
  • 14
    • 54249085679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am not concerned here with whether or not, or to what extent, this representation accords with reality. However, it is noteworthy that in the United States alone, twelve- to nineteen-year-old youth spent approximately $179 billion in 2006. Paul Brubaker, "Youths Don't Take to Mall Escorts,"
    • April 6
    • I am not concerned here with whether or not, or to what extent, this representation accords with reality. However, it is noteworthy that in the United States alone, twelve- to nineteen-year-old youth spent approximately $179 billion in 2006. Paul Brubaker, "Youths Don't Take to Mall Escorts," Herald News, April 6, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • (2007) Herald News
  • 15
    • 54249144263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mall Sets Curfew So Teens Won't Hang Out
    • Free Press, April 28, 2004
    • Niraj Warikoo, "Mall Sets Curfew So Teens Won't Hang Out," Detroit Free Press, April 28, 2004, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • Detroit
    • Warikoo, N.1
  • 16
    • 54249158603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tension, Fear after Mall Shooting,
    • December 16
    • Suzanne Smalley, "Tension, Fear after Mall Shooting," Boston Globe, December 16, 2004, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • (2004) Boston Globe
    • Smalley, S.1
  • 17
    • 0037856503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Does Neo-liberalism Hate Kids? The War on Youth and the Culture of Politics
    • For more on these anxieties, see
    • For more on these anxieties, see Lawrence Grossberg, "Why Does Neo-liberalism Hate Kids? The War on Youth and the Culture of Politics," Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies 23 (2001): 111-36;
    • (2001) Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies , vol.23 , pp. 111-136
    • Grossberg, L.1
  • 23
    • 54249084304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Males, Framing Youth. Males provides an incredibly comprehensive statistical analysis of the incidents of various youth misbehaviors. He argues persuasively that lamentations about the fall of youth do not correspond with the existing evidence. They are myths. While Males does not ask the question of why we would feel the need to exaggerate the problems associated with youth misbehavior (why we would make mythical threats out of real but relatively minor problems), his argument makes it clear that an answer cannot be founded on the behaviors of youth alone.
    • See Males, Framing Youth. Males provides an incredibly comprehensive statistical analysis of the incidents of various youth misbehaviors. He argues persuasively that lamentations about the fall of youth do not correspond with the existing evidence. They are "myths." While Males does not ask the question of why we would feel the need to exaggerate the problems associated with youth misbehavior (why we would make mythical threats out of real but relatively minor problems), his argument makes it clear that an answer cannot be founded on the behaviors of youth alone.
  • 25
    • 54249154055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robyn Meredith, Big Mall's Curfew Raises Questions of Rights and Bias, New York Times, September 4,1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. The Mall of America has since expanded the curfew hours to begin at 4:00 PM. See Parental Escort Policy, Mall of America, http://www. mallofamerica.com/about_moa_parentaLescort_policy.aspx/.
    • Robyn Meredith, "Big Mall's Curfew Raises Questions of Rights and Bias," New York Times, September 4,1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. The Mall of America has since expanded the curfew hours to begin at 4:00 PM. See "Parental Escort Policy," Mall of America, http://www. mallofamerica.com/about_moa_parentaLescort_policy.aspx/.
  • 26
    • 54249162776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This number increased from thirty-nine just five months ago. Doris Hajewski and Dani McClain, Mayfair Eases Restrictions, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 17, 2007
    • This number increased from thirty-nine just five months ago. Doris Hajewski and Dani McClain, "Mayfair Eases Restrictions," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 17, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
  • 27
    • 1542751080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Michael Calvin McGee, Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture, Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 279.
    • See Michael Calvin McGee, "Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture," Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 279.
  • 28
    • 54249105695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Few Bad Apples, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 29, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Meredith, Big Mall's Curfew;
    • "A Few Bad Apples," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 29, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Meredith, "Big Mall's Curfew";
  • 29
    • 54249120250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holly Auer, A Calmer Galleria, Buffalo News, September 6, 2003, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Mall Curfews Hamper Kids' Night Out, Times Union, September 18, 2004, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • Holly Auer, "A Calmer Galleria," Buffalo News, September 6, 2003, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; "Mall Curfews Hamper Kids' Night Out," Times Union, September 18, 2004, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
  • 30
    • 54249096796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mall Curfews Hamper; Reid, Mall Security a Key
    • "Mall Curfews Hamper"; Reid, "Mall Security a Key."
  • 31
    • 54249090119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Few Bad Apples
    • "A Few Bad Apples."
  • 32
    • 54249100289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The involvement of adults is confirmed by police reports. See Brubaker, Mall Escorts; Todd C. Frankel, Teens, Better Bring Mom, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 25, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. Norm Parish, Mall Imposes Rules on Teens, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 16, 2006, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • The involvement of adults is confirmed by police reports. See Brubaker, "Mall Escorts"; Todd C. Frankel, "Teens, Better Bring Mom," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 25, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. Norm Parish, "Mall Imposes Rules on Teens," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 16, 2006, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
  • 33
    • 54249116631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawyers Question Mall's Curfew
    • July 18, 2007, Note that Thomas does not question the legitimacy of adult patrons
    • Bethany Clough, "Lawyers Question Mall's Curfew," Fresno Bee, July 18, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. Note that Thomas does not question the legitimacy of adult patrons.
    • Fresno Bee
    • Clough, B.1
  • 34
    • 54249128131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lauren Beckham, Shopping for a Hangout, Boston Herald, October 14, 1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. These sentiments are also present in Auer, Calmer Galleria; Donna Goodison, Targeting Teens: Mall Rules on Youths Pit Perils vs. Profits, Boston Herald, August 7, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Genesee Valley Policy Seems to Be Working, Flint Journal, July 10, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • Lauren Beckham, "Shopping for a Hangout," Boston Herald, October 14, 1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. These sentiments are also present in Auer, "Calmer Galleria"; Donna Goodison, "Targeting Teens: Mall Rules on Youths Pit Perils vs. Profits," Boston Herald, August 7, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; "Genesee Valley Policy Seems to Be Working," Flint Journal, July 10, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
  • 37
    • 54249136605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesee Valley Policy
    • emphasis added
    • "Genesee Valley Policy" (emphasis added).
  • 41
    • 54249119796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curfews at Two Omaha-area Shopping Centers Keep Those under 17 from Hanging Out Late
    • See respectively, September 3
    • See (respectively) Maggie Creamer and John Keenan, "Curfews at Two Omaha-area Shopping Centers Keep Those under 17 from Hanging Out Late," Omaha World-Herald, September 3, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/;
    • (2007) Omaha World-Herald
    • Creamer, M.1    Keenan, J.2
  • 42
    • 54249155365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neal Karlen, Tapping 'Mom Power' to Police a Huge Mall, New York Times, December 19, 1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Auer, Calmer Galleria; Meredith, Big Mall's Curfew; Goodison, Targeting Teens.
    • Neal Karlen, "Tapping 'Mom Power' to Police a Huge Mall," New York Times, December 19, 1996, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Auer, "Calmer Galleria"; Meredith, "Big Mall's Curfew"; Goodison, "Targeting Teens."
  • 43
    • 54249102487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smalley, Tension, Fear.
    • Smalley, "Tension, Fear."
  • 45
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    • Parish, Mall Imposes Rules. While Kavanagh does not identify the source of this fear, group size is elsewhere racially coded in terms of minority gangs. See Meredith, Big Mall's Curfew. Many of the arguments offered in favor of the curfew contain implicit or explicit references to race. Most of the malls instituting curfews are located in mixed-race communities. See Stephen Deere, Hand in Hand or Toe to Toe? Mall-teen Dynamic Evolves, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 20, 2006, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. These factors strongly suggest that racial fears and prejudices are an important factor in accounting for the appeal of the curfew. I discuss this aspect of the discourse later in the essay. At this time, I would merely caution against the temptation to reduce the many and varied appeals offered by curfew advocates to nothing more than equivocal signs of a singular racist agenda. That the curfew is motivated in part by racial anxieties does not mean
    • Parish, "Mall Imposes Rules." While Kavanagh does not identify the source of this fear, group size is elsewhere racially coded in terms of minority gangs. See Meredith, "Big Mall's Curfew." Many of the arguments offered in favor of the curfew contain implicit or explicit references to race. Most of the malls instituting curfews are located in mixed-race communities. See Stephen Deere, "Hand in Hand or Toe to Toe? Mall-teen Dynamic Evolves," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 20, 2006, http://www.lexisnexis.com/. These factors strongly suggest that racial fears and prejudices are an important factor in accounting for the appeal of the curfew. I discuss this aspect of the discourse later in the essay. At this time, I would merely caution against the temptation to reduce the many and varied appeals offered by curfew advocates to nothing more than equivocal signs of a singular racist agenda. That the curfew is motivated in part by racial anxieties does not mean that concerns about consumption, movement, obstruction, noise, and other transgressive behaviors are insincere or merely symptomatic of other, more "real," unconscious motivations.
  • 47
    • 54249165744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valley View Mall, Behavioral Code of Conduct, http://www.valleyviewmall.com/shop/valleyview.nsf/security/.
    • Valley View Mall, "Behavioral Code of Conduct," http://www.valleyviewmall.com/shop/valleyview.nsf/security/.
  • 50
    • 54249126762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This expansion of the juridical frame does not occur only in the mall, nor only in the treatment of youth. Flint, Michigan, recently began using its disorderly conduct statute to criminalize the practice of wearing baggy pants. While this is a style usually associated with youth as well as with racial minorities, the legal mechanism that Flint has activated does not distinguish between mature citizens and citizens in potentia. See Jessica Bennett and Mary Chapman, An Equal-Opportunity Crackdown? Newsweek, July 28, 2008
    • This expansion of the juridical frame does not occur only in the mall, nor only in the treatment of youth. Flint, Michigan, recently began using its disorderly conduct statute to criminalize the practice of wearing baggy pants. While this is a style usually associated with youth (as well as with racial minorities), the legal mechanism that Flint has activated does not distinguish between mature citizens and citizens in potentia. See Jessica Bennett and Mary Chapman, "An Equal-Opportunity Crackdown?" Newsweek, July 28, 2008, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
  • 51
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    • Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 59-60.
    • (1969) A Grammar of Motives , pp. 59-60
    • Burke, K.1
  • 54
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    • See (respectively) Mall Curfews Hamper; Reid, Mall Security a Key; Auer, Calmer Galleria; Jeremy Meyer, Aurora Mall Targets 'Out-of-Hand' Teens: Curfew Puts Families First, Denver Post, August 26, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Genesee Valley Policy; Few Bad Apples.
    • See (respectively) "Mall Curfews Hamper"; Reid, "Mall Security a Key"; Auer, "Calmer Galleria"; Jeremy Meyer, "Aurora Mall Targets 'Out-of-Hand' Teens: Curfew Puts Families First," Denver Post, August 26, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; "Genesee Valley Policy"; "Few Bad Apples."
  • 56
    • 54249146327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mayfair Mall: A Reasonable Policy
    • March 27, 2007
    • Ernst-Ulrich Franzen, "Mayfair Mall: A Reasonable Policy," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 27, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
    • Franzen, E.-U.1
  • 58
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    • Using Burkean terminology we could say that advocates are shifting rapidly through (or perhaps maintaining simultaneously) three different ratios. While the purpose of maintaining comfort remains constant, it is associated variously in act-purpose, agent-purpose, and scene-purpose ratios. For Burke's treatise on this grammar, see Grammar of Motives
    • Using Burkean terminology we could say that advocates are shifting rapidly through (or perhaps maintaining simultaneously) three different "ratios." While the "purpose" of maintaining comfort remains constant, it is associated variously in "act-purpose," "agent-purpose," and "scene-purpose" ratios. For Burke's treatise on this grammar, see Grammar of Motives.
  • 59
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    • When I refer to a shift, or transition, or sequence, I am speaking in logical rather than temporal terms. The transition from a discourse of acts to agents to scenes is not reflected in the chronological arrangement of individual texts, or in the chronological arrangement of my archive. The three ratios are simultaneously maintained within a common discursive space. They can be arranged in logical sequence because of the form of the larger argument that they all participate in. The behavior (acts) of youth functions as evidentiary foundation, and the environment (scene) of the mall functions as the final warrant. (This is particularly evident in the titles given to curfew policies - family first program, family-friendly hours, etc.)
    • When I refer to a "shift," or "transition," or "sequence," I am speaking in logical rather than temporal terms. The transition from a discourse of acts to agents to scenes is not reflected in the chronological arrangement of individual texts, or in the chronological arrangement of my archive. The three ratios are simultaneously maintained within a common discursive space. They can be arranged in logical sequence because of the form of the larger argument that they all participate in. The behavior (acts) of youth functions as evidentiary foundation, and the environment (scene) of the mall functions as the final warrant. (This is particularly evident in the titles given to curfew policies - "family first program," "family-friendly hours," etc.)
  • 61
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    • Mayfair Mall: Make it Reasonable
    • February 14
    • "Mayfair Mall: Make it Reasonable," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, February 14, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • (2007) Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
  • 62
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    • Mall Curfew an Overreaction, Denver Post, August 31, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Genesee Valley Policy; Cindy Rodriguez, Mall Curfew Lumps Good Kids with Bad, Denver Post, September 1, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Parish, Mall Imposes Rules.
    • "Mall Curfew an Overreaction," Denver Post, August 31, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; "Genesee Valley Policy"; Cindy Rodriguez, "Mall Curfew Lumps Good Kids with Bad," Denver Post, September 1, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Parish, "Mall Imposes Rules."
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    • Teen Mall Curfew Loses a Believer,
    • September 15
    • Cindy Rodriguez, "Teen Mall Curfew Loses a Believer," Denver Post, September 15, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • (2005) Denver Post
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    • Colorado Mall Wants to Weed Out Blacks
    • "Colorado Mall Wants to Weed Out Blacks," Legal Spring, http://www.legalspring.com/Articles/misc-legal/20040811/375418_Colorado-mall- wants.html.
    • Legal Spring
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    • This appears in a letter written to sixteen-year-old Courtney Lazore, who had authored a website protesting the mall's curfew policy. Letter from Valley View, Protest Valley View Mall: Fighting Unfair Discrimination, accessed August 31, 2008
    • This appears in a letter written to sixteen-year-old Courtney Lazore, who had authored a website protesting the mall's curfew policy. "Letter from Valley View," Protest Valley View Mall: Fighting Unfair Discrimination, http://protestw.firez.org/ (accessed August 31, 2008).
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    • Jamestown Mall Announces Restrictions on Teenagers
    • April 24, 2007
    • Joel Currier, "Jamestown Mall Announces Restrictions on Teenagers," Sf. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 24, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis.com/.
    • Sf. Louis Post-Dispatch
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    • Meyer, "Aurora Mall Targets"; Matt Bach, "Mall Curfew Starts June 8," Flint Journal, May 30, 2007, http://www.lexisnexis. com/.
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    • Illinois requires only that minors under the age of fourteen not be left unsupervised for an unreasonable period of time. Maryland allows that thirteen-year-olds are reliable persons for the purpose of supervising children under the age of eight. Dakota County, Minnesota, and Fairfax County, Virginia, both allow children as young as eight to be left alone for short periods, while sixteen-year-olds may be left alone up to a day or two with slightly differing gradations in between, See National Child Care Information Center, Children Home Alone and Babysitter Age Guidelines, http://www2.nccic.org/poptopics/homealone.html/. The American Red Cross advertises its babysitting course as for youth age eleven to fifteen. American Red Cross, Babysitter's Training Course, http://www.redcros
    • Illinois requires only that minors under the age of fourteen not be left unsupervised for an "unreasonable period of time." Maryland allows that thirteen-year-olds are "reliable persons" for the purpose of supervising children under the age of eight. Dakota County, Minnesota, and Fairfax County, Virginia, both allow children as young as eight to be left alone for short periods, while sixteen-year-olds may be left alone up to a day or two (with slightly differing gradations in between). See National Child Care Information Center, "Children Home Alone and Babysitter Age Guidelines," http://www2.nccic.org/poptopics/homealone.html/. The American Red Cross advertises its babysitting course as for youth age eleven to fifteen. American Red Cross, "Babysitter's Training Course," http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/babyindex.html.
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    • Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, eds., Woman, Culture, and Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1974).
    • (1974) Woman, Culture, and Society
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    • In addition to Rosaldo and Lamphere, Woman, Culture, and Society, see Linda Imray and Audrey Middleton, Public and Private: Marking the Boundaries, in The Public and the Private, ed. Eva Gamarnikow, David H. J. Morgan, June Purvis, and Daphne Taylorson London: Heinemann, 1983, 12-27
    • In addition to Rosaldo and Lamphere, Woman, Culture, and Society, see Linda Imray and Audrey Middleton, "Public and Private: Marking the Boundaries," in The Public and the Private, ed. Eva Gamarnikow, David H. J. Morgan, June Purvis, and Daphne Taylorson (London: Heinemann, 1983), 12-27.
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    • A good example of the equation of women with children is that of the nineteenth-century British Factory Acts, which defined women legally as minors. See Elizabeth Wilson, Women and the Welfare State London: Tavistock Publications, 1977, 19
    • A good example of the equation of women with children is that of the nineteenth-century British Factory Acts, which defined women legally as minors. See Elizabeth Wilson, Women and the Welfare State (London: Tavistock Publications, 1977), 19.
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    • Imray and Middleton, Public and Private, 16.
    • Imray and Middleton, "Public and Private," 16.
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    • For example, Goodison, Targeting Teens; Deere, Hand in Hand; Matt McKinney, Mall of America Toughens Its Weekend Teen Curfew, September 28, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Brubaker, Mall Escorts.
    • For example, Goodison, "Targeting Teens"; Deere, "Hand in Hand"; Matt McKinney, "Mall of America Toughens Its Weekend Teen Curfew," September 28, 2005, http://www.lexisnexis.com/; Brubaker, "Mall Escorts."
  • 89
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    • Karlen, Mom Power. A similar program has been instituted at the Aurora Mall in Colorado. See
    • Karlen, "Mom Power." A similar program has been instituted at the Aurora Mall in Colorado. See Meyer, "Aurora Mall Targets."
    • Aurora Mall Targets
    • Meyer1
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    • Karlen, Mom Power
    • Karlen, "Mom Power."
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    • Woman, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview
    • Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, "Woman, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview," in Women, Culture, and Society, 26-27.
    • Women, Culture, and Society , pp. 26-27
    • Zimbalist Rosaldo, M.1
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    • Jane Lewis, Anxieties about the Family and the Relationships between Parents, Children and the State in Twentieth-Century England, in Children of Social Worlds: Development in a Social Context, ed. Martin Richards and Paul Light (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 31-54; Wilson, Welfare State.
    • Jane Lewis, "Anxieties about the Family and the Relationships between Parents, Children and the State in Twentieth-Century England," in Children of Social Worlds: Development in a Social Context, ed. Martin Richards and Paul Light (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 31-54; Wilson, Welfare State.
  • 95
    • 54249103850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valley View Mall, Youth Escort Policy, http://www. valleyviewmall.com/shop/valleyview.nsf/security/.
    • Valley View Mall, "Youth Escort Policy," http://www. valleyviewmall.com/shop/valleyview.nsf/security/.
  • 96
    • 54249148810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valley View Mall, Youth Escort Policy.
    • Valley View Mall, "Youth Escort Policy."
  • 97
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    • Valley View Mall, Youth Escort Policy; A Few Bad Apples; Goodison, Targeting Teens.
    • Valley View Mall, "Youth Escort Policy"; "A Few Bad Apples"; Goodison, "Targeting Teens."
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    • Hegemony in a Mass-mediated Society: Concordance about Reproductive Technologies
    • For more on this distinction, see
    • For more on this distinction, see Celeste Michelle Condit, "Hegemony in a Mass-mediated Society: Concordance about Reproductive Technologies," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (1994): 205-30;
    • (1994) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.11 , pp. 205-230
    • Michelle Condit, C.1
  • 99
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    • Hegemony or Concordance? The Rhetoric of Tokenism in 'Oprah' Winfrey's Rags-to-Riches Biography
    • Dana L. Cloud, "Hegemony or Concordance? The Rhetoric of Tokenism in 'Oprah' Winfrey's Rags-to-Riches Biography," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 13 (1996): 115-37.
    • (1996) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.13 , pp. 115-137
    • Cloud, D.L.1
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    • Michael Calvin McGee, An Essay on the Flip Side of Privacy, in Argument in Transition: Proceedings of the Third Summer Conference on Argumentation, ed. David Zarefsky, Malcolm O. Sillars, and Jack Rhodes (Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1983), 109.
    • Michael Calvin McGee, "An Essay on the Flip Side of Privacy," in Argument in Transition: Proceedings of the Third Summer Conference on Argumentation, ed. David Zarefsky, Malcolm O. Sillars, and Jack Rhodes (Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1983), 109.
  • 103
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    • Of course, Americans are very careful not to describe children literally as property. They are not property in the legal sense. However, the boundaries of privacy are governed by a wider sense of ownership. McGee characterizes property in this wider sense as anything associated with a person's Being, everything from one's wife and children to the land to the right to hold office, or go to a particular church. McGee, Essay on the Flip, 107
    • Of course, Americans are very careful not to describe children literally as "property." They are not property in the legal sense. However, the boundaries of "privacy" are governed by a wider sense of ownership. McGee characterizes property in this wider sense as "anything associated with a person's Being ... everything from one's wife and children to the land to the right to hold office, or go to a particular church." McGee, "Essay on the Flip," 107.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.