Topical negative pressure wound therapy: A review of its role and guidelines for its use in the management of acute wounds

International Wound Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 511-529

  Bovill, Estas ^a   Banwell, Paul E ^b   Teot, Luc ^c   Eriksson, Elof ^d   Song, Colin ^e   Mahoney, Jim ^f   Gustafsson, Ronny ^g   Horch, Raymund ^h   Deva, Anand ⁱ   Whitworth, Ian ^j  

^a DERRIFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c MONTPELLIER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^g LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ERLANGEN   (Germany)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^j SALISBURY DISTRICT HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Acute wound; Negative pressure wound therapy; Topical negative pressure

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL INJURY; BURN; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; LEG INJURY; MEDIASTINITIS; NONHUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN GRAFT; STERNOTOMY; SURGICAL WOUND; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE; WOUND; WOUND CARE; WOUND DEHISCENCE; WOUND DRESSING; WOUND HEALING;

ACUTE DISEASE; ALGORITHMS; BENCHMARKING; BURNS; DECISION TREES; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; HUMANS; LEG INJURIES; MEDIASTINITIS; NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SKIN CARE; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SKIN, ARTIFICIAL; SURGICAL MESH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOUND HEALING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 54249111501     PISSN: 17424801     EISSN: 1742481X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00437.x     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005 366 : 1704 10.
2. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K, Deva AK. A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 114 : 917 22.
3. Bishop JA, Corrie PG, Evans J, Gore ME, Hall PN, Kirkham N, Roberts DL, Anstey AV, Barlow RJ, Cox NH. UK guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Plast Surg 2002 55 : 46 54.
4. Fox JW, Golden GT. The use of drains in subcutaneous surgical procedures. Am J Surg 1976 132 : 673 4.
5. Fay MF. Drainage systems. Their role in wound healing. AORN J 1987 46 : 442 55.
6. Morykwas MJ. External application of sub-atmospheric pressure and healing: mechanisms of action. Wound Healing Soc 1998 8 : 4 5.
7. Mullner T, Mrkonjic L, Kwasny O, Vecsei V. The use of negative pressure to promote the healing of tissue defects: a clinical trial using the vacuum sealing technique. Br J Plast Surg 1997 50 : 194 9.
8. Muller G Vacuum dressing in septic wound treatment Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1997 114 : 537 41.
9. Brock WB, Barker DE, Burns RP. Temporary closure of open abdominal wounds: the vacuum pack. Am Surg 1995 61 : 30 5.
10. Nakayama Y, Iino T, Soeda S. A new method for the dressing of free skin grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990 86 : 1216 9.
11. Shaer WD. Inexpensive vacuum-assisted closure employing a conventional disposable closed-suction drainage system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 107 : 292 3.
12. Masters J. Reliable, inexpensive and simple suction dressings. Br J Plast Surg 1998 51 : 267.
13. Wittman DH, Aprahamian C, Bergstein JM. A burr-like device to facilitate temporary closure in planned multiple laparotomies. Eur J Surg 1993 159 : 75 9.
14. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 1997 38 : 553 62.
15. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 1997 38 : 563 76 discussion 577.
16. Banwell PE, Teot L. Topical negative pressure (TNP): the evolution of a novel wound therapy. J Wound Care 2003 12 : 22 8.
17. Fleischmann W, Russ M, Westhauser A, Stampehl M Vacuum sealing as carrier system for controlled local drug administration in wound infection Unfallchirurg 1998 101 : 649 54.
18. Skagen K, Henriksen O. Changes in subcutaneous blood flow during locally applied negative pressure to the skin. Acta Physiol Scand 1983 117 : 411 4.
19. Chen SZ, Li J, Li XY, Xu LS. Effects of vacuum-assisted closure on wound microcirculation: an experimental study. Asian J Surg 2005 28 : 211 7.
20. Timmers MS, Le Cessie S, Banwell PE, Jukema GN. The effects of varying degrees of pressure delivered by negative-pressure wound therapy on skin perfusion. Ann Plast Surg 2005 55 : 665 71.
21. Morykwas MJ, Faler BJ, Pearce DJ, Argenta LC. Effects of varying levels of subatmospheric pressure on the rate of granulation tissue formation in experimental wounds in swine. Ann Plast Surg 2001 47 : 547 51.
22. Fabian TS, Kaufman HJ, Lett ED, Thomas JB, Rawl DK, Lewis PL, Summit JB, Merryman JI, Schaeffer TD, Sargent LA, Burns RP. The evaluation of subatmospheric pressure and hyperbaric oxygen in ischemic full-thickness wound healing. Am Surg 2000 66 : 1136 43.
23. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 114 : 1086 96 discussion 1097 8.
24. Pinocy J, Albes JM, Wicke C, Ruck P, Ziemer G. Treatment of periprosthetic soft tissue infection of the groin following vascular surgical procedures by means of a polyvinyl alcohol-vacuum sponge system. Wound Repair Regen 2003 11 : 104 9.
25. Deva AK, Buckland GH, Fisher E, Liew SC, Merten S, McGlynn M, Gianoutsos MP, Baldwin MA, Lendvay PG. Topical negative pressure in wound management. Med J Aust 2000 173 : 128 31.
26. Moues CM, Vos MC, van den Bemd GJ, Stijnen T, Hovius SE. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomized trial. Wound Repair Regen 2004 12 : 11 7.
27. Nakayama Y, Soeda S. A new dressing method for free skin grafting in hands. Ann Plast Surg 1991 26 : 499 502.
28. Blackburn JH II., Boemi L, Hall WW, Jeffords K, Hauck RM, Banducci DR, Graham WP III. Negative-pressure dressings as a bolster for skin grafts. Ann Plast Surg 1998 40 : 453 7.
29. Molnar JA, DeFranzo AJ, Marks MW. Single-stage approach to skin grafting the exposed skull. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 105 : 174 7.
30. Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. A new and reliable method of securing skin grafts to the difficult recipient bed. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998 102 : 1195 8.
31. Scherer LA, Shiver S, Chang M, Meredith JW, Owings JT. The vacuum assisted closure device: a method of securing skin grafts and improving graft survival. Arch Surg 2002 137 : 930 3 discussion 933 4.
32. Barker DE, Kaufman HJ, Smith LA, Ciraulo DL, Richart CL, Burns RP. Vacuum pack technique of temporary abdominal closure: a 7-year experience with 112 patients. J Trauma 2000 48 : 201 6 discussion 206 7.
33. Miller PR, Thompson JT, Faler BJ, Meredith JW, Chang MC. Late fascial closure in lieu of ventral hernia: the next step in open abdomen management. J Trauma 2002 53 : 843 9.
34. Miller PR, Meredith JW, Johnson JC, Chang MC. Prospective evaluation of vacuum-assisted fascial closure after open abdomen: planned ventral hernia rate is substantially reduced. Ann Surg 2004 239 : 608 14 discussion 614 6.
35. Chang M, Miller PR, D'Agostino R Jr., Meredith JW. Effects of abdominal decompression on cardiopulmonary function and visceral perfusion in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. J Trauma 1988 44 : 440 5.
36. Swan MC, Banwell PE. The open abdomen: aetiology, classification and current management strategies. J Wound Care 2005 14 : 7 11.
37. Aprahamian C, Wittman DH, Bergstein JM. Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) for planned relaparotomy in trauma. J Trauma 1990 30 : 719 23.
38. Smith PC, Tweddell JS, Bessey PQ. Alternative approaches to abdominal wound closure in severely injured patients with massive visceral edema. J Trauma 1992 32 : 16 20.
39. Mayberry JC, Mullins RJ, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. Prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome by absorbable mesh prosthesis closure. Arch Surg 1997 132 : 957 61 discussion 961 2.
40. Fabian TC, Croce MA, Pritchard FE, Minard G, Hickerson WL, Howell RL, Schurr MJ, Kudsk KA. Planned ventral hernia. Staged management for acute abdominal wall defects. Ann Surg 1994 219 : 643 50 discussion 651 3.
41. Saggi BH, Sugerman HJ, Ivatury RR, Bloomfield GL. Abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 1998 45 : 597 609.
42. Maxwell RA. Response to Miller PR, Meredith JW, Johnson JC, Chang MC. Prospective evaluation of vacuum-assisted fascial closure after open abdomen: planned ventral hernia rate is substantially reduced. Ann Surg 2004 239 : 615.
43. Stonerock CE, Bynoe RP, Yost MJ, Nottingham JM. Use of a vacuum-assisted device to facilitate abdominal closure. Am Surg 2003 69 : 1030 4 discussion 1034 5.
44. Garner GB, Ware DN, Cocanour CS, Duke JH, McKinley BA, Kozar RA, Moore FA. Vacuum-assisted wound closure provides early fascial reapproximation in trauma patients with open abdomens. Am J Surg 2001 182 : 630 8.
45. Suliburk JW, Ware DN, Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Moore FA, Ivatury RR. Vacuum-assisted wound closure achieves early fascial closure of open abdomens after severe trauma. J Trauma 2003 55 : 1155 60 discussion 1160 1.
46. Stone PA, Hass SM, Flaherty SK, DeLuca JA, Lucente FC, Kusminsky RE. Vacuum-assisted fascial closure for patients with abdominal trauma. J Trauma 2004 57 : 1082 6.
47. Scott BG, Welsh FJ, Pham HQ, Carrick MM, Liscum KR, Granchi TS, Wall MJ Jr, Mattox KL, Hirshberg A. Early aggressive closure of the open abdomen. J Trauma 2006 60 : 17 22.
48. Markley MA, Mantor PC, Letton RW, Tuggle DW. Pediatric vacuum packing wound closure for damage-control laparotomy. J Pediatr Surg 2002 37 : 512 4.
49. Fenn CH, Butler PE. Abdominoplasty wound-healing complications: assisted closure using foam suction dressing. Br J Plast Surg 2001 54 : 348 51.
50. Cedidi C, Berger A, Ingianni G. The two-stage concept with temporary subcutaneous implantation of a vacuum sealing system: an alternative surgical approach in infected partial abdominal defects after lapratomy or abdominoplasty. Eur J Med Res 2002 7 : 399 403.
51. Kaplan M. Managing the open abdomen. Ostomy Wound Manage 2004 50 : C2, 1 8, quiz 1p following 8.
52. Levy E, Frileux P, Cugnenc PH, Honiger J, Ollivier JM, Parc R. High-output external fistulae of the small bowel: management with continuous enteral nutrition. Br J Surg 1989 76 : 676 9.
53. Sitges-Serra A, Jaurrieta E, Sitges-Creus A. Management of post-operative enterocutaneous fistulas: the roles of parenteral nutrition and surgery. Br J Surg 1982 69 : 147 50.
54. Hyon SH, Martinez-Garbino JA, Benati ML, Lopez-Avellaneda ME, Brozzi NA, Argibay PF. Management of a high-output postoperative enterocutaneous fistula with a vacuum sealing method and continuous enteral nutrition. ASAIO J 2000 46 : 511 4.
55. Cro C, George KJ, Donnelly J, Irwin ST, Gardiner KR. Vacuum assisted closure system in the management of enterocutaneous fistulae. Postgrad Med J 2002 78 : 364 5.
56. Alvarez AA, Maxwell GL, Rodriguez GC. Vacuum-assisted closure for cutaneous gastrointestinal fistula management. Gynecol Oncol 2001 80 : 413 6.
57. Erdmann D, Drye C, Heller L, Wong MS, Levin SL. Abdominal wall defect and enterocutaneous fistula treatment with the Vacuum-Assisted Closure (V.A.C.) system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 108 : 2066 8.
58. Greer SE, Adelman M, Kasabian A, Galiano RD, Scott R, Longaker MT. The use of subatmospheric pressure dressing therapy to close lymphocutaneous fistulas of the groin. Br J Plast Surg 2000 53 : 484 7.
59. Hugo NE, Sultan MR, Ascherman JA, Patsis MC, Smith CR, Rose EA. Single-stage management of 74 consecutive sternal wound complications with pectoralis major myocutaneous advancement flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994 93 : 1433 41.
60. Payne WS, Larson RH. Acute mediastinits. Surg Clin North Am 1969 49 : 999 1009.
61. Gummert JF, Barten MJ, Hans C, Kluge M, Doll N, Walther T, Hentschel B, Schmitt DV, Mohr FW, Diegler A. Mediastinitis and cardiac surgery - an updated risk factor analysis in 10,373 consecutive adult patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002 50 : 87 91.
62. Obdeijn MC, de Lange MY, Lichtendahl DH, de Boer WJ. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg 1999 68 : 2358 60.
63. Ramnarine IR, McLean A, Pollock JC. Vacuum-assisted closure in the paediatric patient with post-cardiotomy mediastinitis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002 22 : 1029 31.
64. Tang AT, Ohri SK, Haw MP. Novel application of vacuum assisted closure technique to the treatment of sternotomy wound infection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000 17 : 482 4.
65. Luckraz H, Murphy F, Bryant S, Charman SC, Ritchie AJ. Vacuum-assisted closure as a treatment modality for infections after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 301 5.
66. Aru GM, Call KD. Limitations on the role of vacuum-assisted closure in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004 127 : 604 author reply 604 5.
67. Hersh RE, Jack JM, Dahman MI, Morgan RF, Drake DB. The vacuum-assisted closure device as a bridge to sternal wound closure. Ann Plast Surg 2001 46 : 250 4.
68. Fleck TM, Fleck M, Moidl R, Czerny M, Koller R, Giovanoli P, Hiesmayer MJ, Zimpfer D, Wolner E, Grabenwoger M. The vacuum-assisted closure system for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002 74 : 1596 600 discussion 1600.
69. Gustafsson R, Johnsson P, Algotsson L, Blomquist S, Ingemansson R. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy guided by C-reactive protein level in patients with deep sternal wound infection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002 123 : 895 900.
70. Gustafsson RI, Sjogren J, Ingemansson R. Deep sternal wound infection: a sternal-sparing technique with vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2003 76 : 2048 53 discussion 2053.
71. Song DH, Wu LC, Lohman RF, Gottlieb LJ, Franczyk M. Vacuum assisted closure for the treatment of sternal wounds: the bridge between debridement and definitive closure. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 111 : 92 7.
72. Agarwal JP, Ogilvie M, Wu LC, Lohman RF, Gottlieb LJ, Franczyk M, Song DH. Vacuum-assisted closure for sternal wounds: a first-line therapeutic management approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 116 : 1035 40 discussion 1041 3.
73. Fuchs U, Zittermann A, Stuettgen B, Groening A, Minami K, Koerfer R. Clinical outcome of patients with deep sternal wound infection managed by vacuum-assisted closure compared to conventional therapy with open packing: a retrospective analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 79 : 526 31.
74. Scholl L, Chang E, Reitz B, Chang J. Sternal osteomyelitis: use of vacuum-assisted closure device as an adjunct to definitive closure with sternectomy and muscle flap reconstruction. J Card Surg 2004 19 : 453 61.
75. Domkowski PW, Smith ML, Gonyon DL Jr., Drye C, Wooten MK, Levin LS, Wolfe WG. Evaluation of vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 126 : 386 90.
76. Cowan KN, Teague L, Sue SC, Mahoney JL. Vacuum-assisted wound closure of deep sternal infections in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 80 : 2205 12.
77. Sjogren J, Nilsson J, Gustafsson R, Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R. The impact of vacuum-assisted closure on long-term survival after post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 80 : 1270 5.
78. Conquest AM, Garofalo JH, Maziarz DM, Mendelson KG, Su Sun Y, Wooden WA, Meadows WM, Nifong W, Chitwood WR. Hemodynamic effects of the vacuum-assisted closure device on open mediastinal wounds. J Surg Res 2003 115 : 209 13.
79. Elwood ET, Bolitho DG. Negative-pressure dressings in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann Plast Surg 2001 46 : 49 51.
80. Nouraei SA, Hodgson EL, Malata CM. Cervicofacial necrotising fasciitis: management with neck dissection and topical negative pressure. J Wound Care 2003 12 : 147 9.
81. Sposato G, Molea G, Di Caprio G, Scioli M, La Rusca I, Ziccardi P. Ambulant vacuum-assisted closure of skin-graft dressing in the lower limbs using a portable mini-VAC device. Br J Plast Surg 2001 54 : 235 7.
82. Genecov DG, Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Parker D, White WL, Argenta LC. A controlled subatmospheric pressure dressing increases the rate of skin graft donor site reepithelialization. Ann Plast Surg 1998 40 : 219 25.
83. Grant I, Green C, Martin R. Strategies to improve the take of commercially available collagen/glycosaminoglycan wound repair material investigated in an animal model. Burns 2001 27 : 699 707.
84. Clayton MC, Bishop JF. Perioperative and postoperative dressing techniques for Integra artificial skin: views from two medical centers. J Burn Care Rehabil 1998 19 : 358.
85. Molnar JA, DeFranzo AJ, Hadaegh A, Morykwas MJ, Shen P, Argenta LC. Acceleration of Integra incorporation in complex tissue defects with subatmospheric pressure. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 113 : 1339 46.
86. Molnar JA, Shrimanker N, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. Improved skin adherence and vascularization of Integra using subatmospheric pressure - a laboratory study. American Burn Association 34th Annual Meeting, Chicago, 24 27 April 2002.
87. Burke JF, Yannas IV, Quinby WC Jr., Bondoc CC, Jung WK. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg 1981 194 : 413 28.
88. Dziewulski P. Skin substitutes in acute and reconstructive burn surgery. 1st International TNP Focus Group Meeting Proceedings, London, 4 6 December 2003.
89. Jeschke MG, Rose C, Angele P, Fuchtmeier B, Nerlich MN, Bolder U. Development of new reconstructive techniques: use of Integra in combination with fibrin glue and negative-pressure therapy for reconstruction of acute and chronic wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 113 : 525 30.
90. Zawacki BE. The natural history of reversible burn injury. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1974 139 : 867 72.
91. Lund T, Wiig H, Reed RK. Acute postburn edema: role of strongly negative interstitial fluid pressure. Am J Physiol 1988 255 : H1069 74.
92. Heimbach D, Engrav L, Grube B, Marvin J. Burn depth: a review. World J Surg 1992 16 : 10 5.
93. Banwell PE, Morykwas MJ, Jennings DA, McGrouther DA, Argenta LC. Dermal microvascular blood flow in experimental partial thickness: the effect of topical sub-atmospheric pressure. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000 21 : S161.
94. Kamolz LP, Andel H, Haslik W, Winter W, Meissl G, Frey M. Use of subatmospheric pressure therapy to prevent burn wound progression in human: first experiences. Burns 2004 30 : 253 8.
95. Zawacki BE. The local effects of burn injury. In : Boswick JA, editor. The art and science of burn care. Rockville : Aspen publishing, 1987 : 25 36.
96. Banwell PE. The biochemical wound environment and topical negative pressure therapy. 1st International TNP Focus Group Meeting Proceedings, London, 4 6 December 2003.
97. Banwell PE, Musgrove M. Topical negative pressure therapy: mechanisms and indications. Int Wound J 2004 1 : 95 106.
98. Kremers L, Wanner MB, Webb K, Argenta J, Morykwas MJ. Effect of subatmospheric pressure treatment of angiotensin I and II levels post burn. American Burn Association Meeting, Miami, 1 4 April 2003.
99. Banwell PE, Morykwas MJ, Jennings DA, McGrouther DA, Argenta LC. Application of topical subatmospheric pressure modulates inflammatory cell extravasation in experimental partial thickness injury. Wound Repair Regen 1999 7 : A287.
100. Morykwas MJ, David LR, Schneider AM, Whang C, Jennings DA, Canty C, Parker D, White WL, Argenta LC. Use of subatmospheric pressure to prevent progression of partial-thickness burns in a swine model. J Burn Care Rehabil 1999 20 : 15 21.
101. Fleischmann W, Becker U, Bischoff M, Hoekstra H. Vacuum sealing: indication, technique and results. Eur J Orthop Surg Trauma 1995 5 : 563 76.
102. Greer S, Kasabian A, Thorne C, Borud L, Sims CD, Hsu M. The use of a subatmospheric pressure dressing to salvage a Gustilo grade IIIB open tibial fracture with concomitant osteomyelitis to avert a free flap. Ann Plast Surg 1998 41 : 687.
103. Stewart KJ, Wilson Y, Keating JF. Suction dressings are no substitute for flap cover in acute open fractures. Br J Plast Surg 2001 54 : 652 3.
104. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta LC, Marks MW, Molnar JA, David LR, Webb LX, Ward WG, Teasdale RG. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of lower-extremity wounds with exposed bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 108 : 1184 91.
105. Lang E, Bauer G, Becker U, Bischoff M. The vacuum sealing technique in the treatment of foot and ankle trauma with severe soft-tissue damage. Aktuelle Traumatol 1997 27 : 223 7.
106. McGrouther DA, Sully L. Degloving injuries of the limbs: long-term review and management based on whole-body fluorescence. Br J Plast Surg 1980 33 : 9 24.
107. Meara JG, Guo L, Smith JD, Pribaz JJ, Breuing KH, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of degloving injuries. Ann Plast Surg 1999 42 : 589 94.
108. Josty IC, Ramaswamy R, Laing JH. Vacuum assisted closure: an alternative strategy in the management of degloving injuries of the foot. Br J Plast Surg 2001 54 : 363 5.
109. Moues CM, van den Bemd GJ, Meerding WJ, Hovius SE. An economic evaluation of the use of TNP on full-thickness wounds. J Wound Care 2005 14 : 224 7.
110. Caniano DA, Ruth B, Teich S. Wound management with vacuum-assisted closure: experience in 51 pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 2005 40 : 128 32 discussion 132.
111. Mooney JF III., Argenta LC, Marks MW, Morykwas MJ, DeFranzo AJ. Treatment of soft tissue defects in pediatric patients using the V.A.C. system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000 376 : 26 31.
112. Shilt JS, Yoder JS, Manuck TA, Jacks L, Rushing J, Smith BP. Role of vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of pediatric lawnmower injuries. J Pediatr Orthop 2004 24 : 482 7.
113. Fleischmann W, Lang E, Kinzl L. [Vacuum assisted wound closure after dermatofasciotomy of the lower extremity]. Unfallchirurg 1996 99 : 283 7.
114. DeFranzo AJ, Marks MW, Argenta LC, Genecov DG. Vacuum-assisted closure for the treatment of degloving injuries. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999 104 : 2145 8.
115. Krasner DL. Managing wound pain in patients with vacuum-assisted closure devices. Ostomy Wound Manage 2002 48 : 38 43.
116. White RA, Miki RA, Kazmier P, Anglen JO. Vacuum-assisted closure complicated by erosion and hemorrhage of the anterior tibial artery. J Orthop Trauma 2005 19 : 56 9.
117. Gwan-Nulla DN, Casal RS. Toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of the vacuum-assisted closure device. Ann Plast Surg 2001 47 : 552 4.
118. Chester DL, Waters R. Adverse alteration of wound flora with topical negative-pressure therapy: a case report. Br J Plast Surg 2002 55 : 510 1.
119. Van Wicjck R, Manicourt D, Feruzi-Lukina G. Biological monitoring of wounds treated by negative pressure. ETRS New Technologies Focus Group Meeting, Nice, 13 14 September 2002.
120. Weed T, Ratliff C, Drake DB. Quantifying bacterial bioburden during negative pressure wound therapy: does the wound VAC enhance bacterial clearance? Ann Plast Surg 2004 52 : 276 9 discussion 279 80.
121. Levenson SM, Kan-Gruber D, Gruber C, Molnar JA, Seifter E. Wound healing accelerated by Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Surg 1983 118 : 310 20.