The making of a minor saint in Drogo of Saint-Winnoc's Historia translationis s. Lewinnae

Early Medieval Europe

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 423-444

  Defries, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY;

ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 54049090064     PISSN: 09639462     EISSN: 14680254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0254.2008.00237.x     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Drogo, Historia translationis sanctae Lewinne [BHL 4902] (hereafter HT) (AASS, July V, pp. 613-27). Note: AASS refers to the Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur as reprinted at . BHL refers to the Bibliotheca hagiographica latina as available at .
2. As Huyghebaert noted, in a later text Drogo recounted miracles that occurred about this time in which Winnoc healed people injured while working on the abbey's church: N. Huyghebaert, 'Un moine hagiographe: Drogon de Bergues', Sacris Erudiri 20 (1971), pp. 191-256, at p. 198
3. see also Drogo, Liber miraculorum s. Winnoci [BHL 8956] XX, XXVII (AASS, Nov. III, pp. 275- 84, at pp. 281, 283.
4. Such 'fundraising tours' were a frequent practice in the tenth and eleventh centuries: P.-A. Sigal, 'Les voyages de reliques aux onzième et douzième siècles', in Voyage, quête, pèlerinage dans la littérature et la civilisation médiévales (Aix-en-Provence, 1976), pp. 73- 103, at p. 77
5. M. Heinzelmann, Translationsberichte und andere Quellen des Reliquienkultes, Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental 33 (Turnhout, 1979), p. 83.
6. P. Geary, Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages 2nd edn (Princeton, 1990), pp. 63-5.
7. N. Huyghebaert, 'De abdij te Sint-Winoksbergen in de vroege middeleeuwen', De Franse Nederlanden 8 (1983), pp. 55-70, at pp. 55-8, 61-2, 65-8
8. R.P.A. Pruvost, Chronique et cartulaire de l'abbaye de Bergues-Saint-Winoc, 2 vols (Bruges, 1875), I, pp. 29-34, 36, 38-9
9. H. Dauphin, Le bienheureux Richard, abbé de Saint-Vanne de Verdun (d. 1046) (Louvain, 1946), p. 191.
10. The texts are: 1) Anonymous, Miracula recentiora s. Winnoci [No BHL] (c.1052), ed. W. Levison, MGH SRM 5 (Hanover, 1910), pp. 782-85; 2)
11. Drogo, Vita s. Oswaldi [BHL 6362] (1055-9), AASS, Aug. II, pp. 94-103; 3)
12. Drogo, Sermo primus de s. Oswaldo [BHL 6363] (1055- 9), ed. N. Huyghebaert, 'De Twee Sermoenen van Drogo van Sint-Winnoksbergen over de Koning-Martelaar St. Oswald', Ons Geestelijk Erf 56 (1982), pp. 105-7; 4)
13. Drogo, Sermo secundus de s. Oswaldo [BHL 6364] (1055-9), ed. Huyghebaert, 'De Twee Sermoenen', pp. 107-8; 5)
14. Rumold, Vita interpolata s. Winnoci [No BHL] (c.1060) - Levison dubbed this text the Vita interpolata because its revisions to Winnoc's vita appear as interpolations, which Levison provided in the apparatus for his edition of the Vitae Audomari, Bertini, Winnoci [BHL 763], ed. W. Levison, MGH SRM5, pp. 753-75; 6)
15. Rumold, Sermo de s. Winnoco [No BHL] (c.1060), Miracula recentiora 11, ed. Levison, MGH SRM 5, pp. 785-6; 7)
16. Drogo, HT (c.1060); 8)
17. Anonymous, Vita secunda s. Winnoci [BHL 8954, 8955] (c.1064), AASS, Nov. III, pp. 267-74; 9)
18. Drogo, Liber miraculorum s. Winnoci [BHL 8956] (1068-78), AASS Nov. III, pp. 275-84.
19. The text of the charter is available in A. Miræus (Le Mire), Opera diplomatica et historica, ed. J.F. Foppens (Louvain, 1728-43), I, pp. 511-13.
20. 'a regimine cenobiali sancti Winnoci spoliatur': Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Bertin, ed. M. Guérard, Collection des cartulaires de France, Collection des documents inédits sur l'histoire de France (Paris, 1841), p. 197.
21. Vitae Audomari, Bertini, Winnoci, 22, 24, ed. Levison, pp. 770-1
22. Pruvost, Chronique, I, pp. 1-14, 30-9.
23. See Anonymous, Miracula antiquiora s. Winnoci, ed. W. Levison, MGH SRM 5 (Hanover, 1910), pp. 780-2
24. and Anonymous, Miracula recentiora s. Winnoci, ed. Levison, pp. 782-5.
25. E. Bozóky, 'La politique des reliques des premiers comtes de Flandre (fin du IXe-.n du XIe siècle)', in E. Bozóky and A.-M. Helvétius (eds), Les reliques: Objets, cultes, symboles, Actes du Colloque International de l'Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale (Boulogne-sur-Mer), 4-6 Septembre 1997, Hagiologia 1 (Turnhout, 1999), pp. 271-92, at p. 271.
26. As Geary notes in his preface to the second edition of Furta Sacra (p. x), the number probably substantially exceeds a hundred.
27. P. Geary, 'Sacred Commodities: The Circulation of Medieval Relics', in A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, 1986), p. 173.
28. B. Abou-el-Haj, The Medieval Cult of Saints: Formations and Transformations (Cambridge, 1994), p. 10.
29. For an evaluation of the veracity of Drogo's account, see D. Defries, 'The Evidence in Drogo of Saint-Winnoc's Historia translationis s. Lewinnae', in G. Thomas (ed.), A Downland Manor in the Making: Excavations of a Late Anglo-Saxon Settlement at Bishopstone, East Sussex, 2003- 5, Council for British Archaeology Research Report (forthcoming).
30. HT, i.I.8-10 (pp. 614-15).
31. On the location of Sevordt, see J. Blair, 'Bishopstone, Its Minster and Its Saint: The Evidence of Drogo's Historia translationis sanctae Lewinnae', in Thomas (ed.), A Downland Manor.
32. 'cælestis virtus per eam omni die ostendit': HT, i.I.12 (p. 615).
33. HT, i.I.13-14 (p. 615).
34. 'Tunc commotus animo huius insolentia, respondit, "Pape, scisne quæ loqueris? An decet servum dei id velle, convenit dicere, oportet facere? Quanquam quis fatuus id illicitum vellet admittere; tu prudens, tu providus, tu servus dei deberes tardare"': HT, i.I.15 (p. 615).
35. HT, i.I.13-5 (p. 615).
36. Geary, Furta Sacra, p. 114.
37. 'ad meliorem locum ... ubi suus maior honor foret, dignæque haberetur venerationi, quæ eodem in loco uti videbatur ab omnibus esset neglectui': HT, i.I.16 (p. 616).
38. 'sed acsi terræ radicitus hæreret moveri non potuit, non elevari, non aliquorsum in latera flecti': HT, i.I.17 (p. 616).
39. 'ut si deus sibi permitteret, & eius cuius ossa ibidem venerabantur velle esset': HT, i.I.16 (p. 616).
40. 'Corrigiam unam sumit, collo suo circumligat summitatesque eius super loculum sanctæ dei ponit. "Suscipe ait mi venerabilis virgo me perpetuo servum, tantum sine te moveri, sine abduci, sine ad melioris altitudinem ac venerationem tui honoris atque ad amplioris servivi devotionem deferri". Ad hæc tremens, supplexque apposuit manum, acilicet elevavit loculum': HT, i.II.18 (p. 616).
41. R. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven, 1953), pp. 99-100, 105.
42. ' "Surge", ait, "me me accipito, me inquam comitem tui itineris habeto"': HT, i.II.19 (p. 616).
43. 'ut patenter indicaretur quid sui corporis reliquiarum videlicet ibidem vellet haberi, quo in loco martirii [p]alma finivit vitam, ubi corpusculum terræ mandatum est': HT, i.II.20 (p. 617).
44. HT, i.II.19-21 (pp. 616-17).
45. HT, i.II.25-III.34 (pp. 617-19).
46. It was common for bishops to affix seals to relics as a means of authentication, see Heinzelmann, Translationsberichte, p. 86.
47. 'Super his lætatur ... & omnis congregatio, omnis puer, iuvenis, senex exultant spirituali tripudio': HT, i.IV.36 (p. 619).
48. 'clavis undique tabule loculi configuntur, ne qua fraude posset adiri, nec inde aliquid reliquiarum tolli': HT, i.IV.39 (p. 620).
49. 'quidam episcopus ab oriente tunc temporis Bergis morabatur nomine Bouo': HT, i.IV.37 4(p. 620).
50. 'Hic est corpus preclare uirginis leuuinne que multis decorata virtutibus floruit sub rege anglorum Euberto nuncupato; que postmodum sub eiusdem regis tempore martirio vitam finivit, archypresule vivente nomine theodoro. Unde post multorum curricula temporum deo revelante corpus eius ab Edelmo antistite a terra est levatum magna populorum astante multitudine, sicque cum digno honore intra monasterium est collocatum': HT, i.IV.38 (p. 620).
51. See Blair, 'Bishopstone', on the identities of the people mentioned here and the authenticity of the cartula.
52. HT, i.IV.36-9 (pp. 619-20).
53. For an analysis of how Drogo's style compares to the styles of contemporary Flemish authors, see E. Van Houts, 'The Flemish Contribution to Biographical Writing in England in the Eleventh Century', in D. Bates, J. Crick and S. Hamilton (eds), Writing Medieval Biography, 750-1250: Essays in Honour of Frank Barlow (Woodbridge, 2006), pp. 111-27.
54. See for example, HT, i.II.24 (p. 617)
55. Vergil, Aeneid, ii.801, trans. H.R. Fairclough, ed. G.P. Goold, Virgil: Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid 1-6, Loeb Classical Library 63 (Cambridge, MA, 1916; repr. 1998), pp. 346-7
56. Servius Maurus Honoratus Grammaticus, ed. G. Thilo and H. Hagen, Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii, 3 vols (Hildesheim, 1961), I, p. 331
57. See also A. Cordier, Études sur le vocabulaire épique dans l'Énéide (Paris, 1939), p. 41.
58. HT, i.II.24 (p. 617)
59. Vergil, Aeneid, i.67 (pp. 244 -5)
60. Servius, Commentarii, I, p. 39
61. Cordier, Études, p. 134.
62. HT, i.III.26 (p. 618)
63. Vergil, Aeneid, ii.256 (pp. 310 -11)
64. Servius, Commentarii, I, p. 262
65. Cordier, Études, p. 135.
66. HT, i.I.9 (p. 614)
67. Vergil, Aeneid, i.224 (pp. 256-7)
68. Servius, Commentarii, I, p. 85
69. Cordier, Ésudes, p. 41.
70. HT, i.III.25 (p. 617)
71. Vergil, Aeneid, iv.546 (pp. 432-3).
72. 'Vocatur vero idem portus Sevordt... Verum digna nominis æthymologia. Sevordt enim Teutonice dictum; latino æloquio maris vadum dicitur. Et re vera vadum. Nam vadum fuit venientibus ad litus optatum. Ut nescientibus loquar; isdem portus tam arti [arcti] introitus est, ut vix binæ carinæ hunc ipsum iuncto latere valeant intrare. Hinc atque hinc bini scopuli versus cælum erecti; declive iugum demittunt, quis [quibus] omnis unda frangitur, cum [æ]olica rabies turbato freto tollitur. Ibi non anchora puppes alligat, non funis nutantes retentat, verum per se solæ contentæ stare; minime quidem timent Eurum, non Aquilonem, non Affricum. Hic nautæ fessi rerum corpora recreant, & tot tantaque discrimina læti evasisse exultant. Verum post tanti gaudii epulas nox ruit, ac cælum, terras, maria una involvit. Itur dormitum. Tum sopor fessos omnium artus occupat': HT, i.I.10 -1 (p. 615).
73. 'insula portum ef.cit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late aequora tuta silent... hic fessas non vincula navis ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. Huc septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni ex numero subit; ac magno telluris amore egressi optata potiuntur Troes harena, et sale tabentis artus in litore ponunt': Vergil, Aeneid, i.159 -73 (pp. 251-3)
74. Servius, Commentarii, I, pp. 65-9.
75. D. Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, trans. E.F.M. Benecke (Princeton, 1997), pp. 55- 60, 90-5.
76. 'exclamavit subito dæmonum phalangem, Æneæ & Turni aliorumque ex Virgilio virorum vultus imitari, seque ab eis, qui sibi in discendo plurimum usui fuerant, usque ad animam infestari': Vita s. Popponis Stabulensis [BHL 6898], XV.66, AASS, Jan. II, p. 651.
77. For other examples of extensive allusions to Vergil by eleventh-century Flemish and English authors, see E. Tyler, 'Talking about History in Eleventh-Century England: The Encomium Emmae Reginae and the Court of Harthacnut', in EME 13 (2005), pp. 359-83.
78. 'cælitus somnus omnes invadit': HT, i.III.31 (p. 618).
79. 'clavum teneat, navim regat, amministret rudentes, omnibus carinæ officiis assit præsens': HT, i.III.31 (p. 618).
80. Vergil, Aeneid, v.835-71 (pp. 501-5).
81. 'Tandem decursa serie translationis beatæ leuuinnæ virginis; ventum est ad miracula, quæ illius meritis dignata est operari omnipotentis clementia. Quæ tam numerosa tamque multa habentur, ut si Maronis vel Homeri docta facundia afforet, fortassis victa multiplici taxatione narrandi moleve tenendi audita vel visa succumberet': HT, Prologus secundus.48 (p. 622).
82. E. Auerbach, Literary Language and Its Public in Late Latin Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, trans. R. Manheim, Bollingen Series 74 (Princeton, 1965), pp. 27-66
83. D. Appleby, 'Introduction to Einhard's Translatio ss. Marcellini et Petri', in T. Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology (New York, 2000), p. 202.
84. Appleby, 'Introduction', pp. 202-3.
85. Heinzelmann, Translationsberichte, p. 53.
86. 'vel providentia dei quæ omnia providet ac disponit, vel quia lætificaret suos spirituales fratres sui postliminii reditu': HT i.I.8 (p. 614).
87. Jonah IV-XV.
88. J. Crenshaw, 'Jonah', in B. Metzger and M. Coogan (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the Bible (Oxford, 1993), pp. 380-1.
89. On the use of hagiography to reveal a community's psychology and internal structure, see S. Farmer, Communities of St. Martin: Legend and Ritual in Medieval Tours (Ithaca, NY, 1991), pp. 2-3.
90. 'Omnipotentis providentiæ altitudo ante omnia tempora mundi sanctis sibi famulantibus preordinavit summam invisibilis gloriæ, gaudii claritatem, magnitudinem premiorum... Hæc summa celestis regni maxima ex parte pæne omnes mortales a primo parente latuit, donec gratia Christi venientis in carnem suis ipsam quidem manifestavit, tum doctrina evangelii, tum miraculorum insignium numerositate... Verum versa vice sub pedibus electorum domini postea ingemuit': HT, ii.Exordium alterum.49-50 (p. 622).
91. 'de cuius vita martiriove perparum cognitum nobis nostro habetur in tempore, vel propter incuriam scriptorum, vel quia etiam periit scriptum': HT, Prologus primus.7 (p. 614).
92. For example, see Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, iv.1-4, ed. R.A.B. Mynors, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford, 1969), pp. 328-47.
93. See, for example, how eleventh-century hagiographers in the Orléanais adapted older vitae for texts about newly translated saints, sometimes merely replacing the names in the original texts with those of newly discovered saints: T. Head, Hagiography and the Cult of the Saints in the Diocese of Orléans, 800-1200, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser. 14 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 69-70.
94. Geary, Furta Sacra, pp. 126-8.
95. 'omnis congregatio, omnis puer, iuvenis, senex exultant': HT, i.IV.36 (p. 619).
96. 'testimonii astant fratres': HT, i.IV.37 (p. 620).
97. 'Venitur ad ecclesiam ubi ab incolis nec suscipitur nec honoratur, quippe cuius nomen ante hac nequidem uti dicebant illic audiebatur': HT, ii.I.52 (p. 623).
98. 'Quod nisi feceris, ad monasterium quamprimum reportaberis, tuo in loco reponere [reponeris] et amodo tuo honore merito[que] minor habebere': HT, ii.I.52 (p. 623).
99. 'eadem hora contigit... sancta crux nostræ redemptionis signum, quod eo in loco est, aquæ sudorem ex se emisit, et aliquandiu ita sudans permansit': HT, ii.I.53 (p. 623).
100. P.-A. Sigal, L'homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale (XIe-XIIe siècle) (Paris, 1985), p. 191.
101. 'dum vero feretrum Bruggas venit, cum maximo tripudio cleri plebisque suscipitur... processio obviam eis extra castellum egrederetur': HT ii.II.61 (p. 625).
102. HT, ii.II.61 (p. 625).
103. HT, ii.II.62 (p. 625).
104. Sigal, 'Les voyages', pp. 78-80.
105. B. Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind: Theory, Record, and Event, 1000-1215 (Philadelphia, 1982), p. 35.
106. 'artubus, membris, totoque corpore contractam dolebat. Hanc itaque dira sors protinus ab ipso ortu nativitatis ligaverat, & disiunctis artuum compagibus, coniunctis etiam membris ubi non debuerant coniungi, tenebat. Nam natibus calces habebantur adiuncti, sic ut viderentur unius coniunctionis aspicienti. Deinde omnia membra minitabantur interitum, ut si adesses, non aliud quam informem turpemque materiam cerneres': HT ii.II.66 (p. 626).
107. HT, ii.II.66-8 (p. 626).
108. Drogo, Liber miraculorum Winnoci VIII, XIV (pp. 278, 279).
109. HT, ii.II.66 (p. 626).
110. 'versus templum deum sanctamque leuuinam adorant': HT, ii.II.67 (p. 626).
111. HT, ii.II.67 (p. 626).
112. See, for example, Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, xiv.III.2, PL 82, col. 496C
113. Rabanus Maurus, De universo, xii.III, PL 111, col. 334A
114. Hugh of St. Victor, De arca noe morali, ii.VIII, PL 176, col. 641A
115. Peter Comestor, Historia scholastica, Libri III Regum.XXII, PL 198, col. 1368A
116. Alain of Lille, Compendiosa in Cantica canticorum IV, PL 210, col. 82D.
117. 'Et plantavit Dominus Deus paradisum in Eden, contra orientem. Pro paradiso, in Hebraeo hortum habet'
118. Jerome, Quaestiones hebraicae in Genesim, 8, PL 23, col. 940A.
119. 'Ex quo nimirum contigit quosdam mortales capaces diuin[a]e mentis credere deum innovare venisse quod invidia antiqui hostis periit, hominem scilicet qui a paradisi amenitate decidit, quem isdem veneno infecte fraudis occidit': HT, ii.Exordium alterum.50 (p. 622).
120. HT, ii.II.69-70 (pp. 626-7).
121. The term territorium was used for each of a series of small castellanies carved out along the North Sea coast in the eleventh century. It replaced the earlier pagus that referred to these administrative districts when they were still part of the larger castellany of Saint-Omer. The shift probably dates to Baldwin V's time (r. 1030/35-67)
122. see J. Dhondt, Note sur les chàtellenies de Flandre in Études historiques dédiées à la mémoire de R. Rodière (Arras, 1947), pp. 43-
123. I have not yet determined whether Drogo's usage here indicates that the second miracle occurred before the shift.
124. HT, ii.II.71 (p. 627).
125. 'Eadem hora antequam accederent ad monasterium, puella audiens campanam locuta est matri. Mi pia mater dic mihi, quid siet [sit] quod audio. Eo in loco tunc primum audivit locuta est': HT, ii.II.72 (p. 627).
126. Sigal, L'homme, pp. 35, 61-2.
127. Bergues, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 19.
128. HT, i.IV-V.40-6 (pp. 620-1)
129. Bergues, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 19, fols 138r-140v.