메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 135, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 328-345

Growth and survivorship of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) seedlings in a northern hardwood forest following a mast event

Author keywords

American beech; Canopy gap; Root trenching; Seedling; Survivorship

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; GROWTH; NITROGEN; REGENERATION; SEED BANK; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SURVIVORSHIP; UNDERSTORY;

EID: 53949110313     PISSN: 10955674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3159/08-RA-025.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 17044373230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term changes affecting regeneration of Fagus crenata after the simultaneous death of Sasa kurilensis
    • Abe, M., H. MIGUCHI, A. HONDA, A. MAKITA, AND T. NAKASHIZUKA. 2005. Short-term changes affecting regeneration of Fagus crenata after the simultaneous death of Sasa kurilensis. J. Veg. Sci. 16:49-56.
    • (2005) J. Veg. Sci , vol.16 , pp. 49-56
    • Abe, M.1    MIGUCHI, H.2    HONDA, A.3    MAKITA, A.4    NAKASHIZUKA, T.5
  • 2
    • 0036299843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling bank dynamics of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana before and after a mast year in a Mexican cloud forest
    • ALVAREZ-AQUINO, C. AND G. WILLIAMS- LINERA. 2002. Seedling bank dynamics of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana before and after a mast year in a Mexican cloud forest. J. Veg. Sci. 13:179-184.
    • (2002) J. Veg. Sci , vol.13 , pp. 179-184
    • ALVAREZ-AQUINO, C.1    WILLIAMS- LINERA, G.2
  • 3
    • 0036400438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to root trenching of overstorey Picea abies
    • AMMER, C. 2002. Response of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to root trenching of overstorey Picea abies. Scand. J. Forest Res. 17:408-416.
    • (2002) Scand. J. Forest Res , vol.17 , pp. 408-416
    • AMMER, C.1
  • 4
    • 0036385113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of overstory trees and abiotic factors on the sapling community in an old-growth Fagus-Acer forest
    • ARII, K. AND M. J. LECHOWICZ. 2002. The influence of overstory trees and abiotic factors on the sapling community in an old-growth Fagus-Acer forest. Ecoscience 9:386-396.
    • (2002) Ecoscience , vol.9 , pp. 386-396
    • ARII, K.1    LECHOWICZ, M.J.2
  • 5
    • 0032124998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and morphological response of yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech seedlings growing under a natural light gradient
    • BEAUDET, M. AND C. MESSIER. 1998. Growth and morphological response of yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech seedlings growing under a natural light gradient. Can. J. Forest Res. 28:1007-1015.
    • (1998) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.28 , pp. 1007-1015
    • BEAUDET, M.1    MESSIER, C.2
  • 6
    • 0033369996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible mechanisms of sugar maple regeneration failure and replacement by beech in the Boisé-des-Muir old-growth forest, Québec
    • BEAUDET, M., C. MESSIER, AND D. PARÉ. 1999. Possible mechanisms of sugar maple regeneration failure and replacement by beech in the Boisé-des-Muir old-growth forest, Québec. Ecoscience 6:264-271.
    • (1999) Ecoscience , vol.6 , pp. 264-271
    • BEAUDET, M.1    MESSIER, C.2    PARÉ, D.3
  • 7
    • 0034072279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf- and plant-level carbon gain in yellow birch, sugar maple and beech seedlings from contrasting forest light environments
    • BEAUDET, M., C. MESSIER, D. W. HILBERT, E. Lo, Z. M. WANG, AND M. J. LECHOWICZ. 2000. Leaf- and plant-level carbon gain in yellow birch, sugar maple and beech seedlings from contrasting forest light environments. Can. J. Forest Res. 30:390-404.
    • (2000) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.30 , pp. 390-404
    • BEAUDET, M.1    MESSIER, C.2    HILBERT, D.W.3    Lo, E.4    WANG, Z.M.5    LECHOWICZ, M.J.6
  • 8
    • 34247197776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a major canopy disturbance on the coexistence of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia in the understorey of an old-growth forest
    • BEAUDET, M., J. BRISSON, D. GRAVEL, AND C. MESSIER. 2007. Effect of a major canopy disturbance on the coexistence of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia in the understorey of an old-growth forest. J. Ecol. 95:458-467.
    • (2007) J. Ecol , vol.95 , pp. 458-467
    • BEAUDET, M.1    BRISSON, J.2    GRAVEL, D.3    MESSIER, C.4
  • 9
    • 5844414708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex
    • BOERNER, R. E. J. AND J. A. BRINKMAN. 1996. Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123:309-317.
    • (1996) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.123 , pp. 309-317
    • BOERNER, R.E.J.1    BRINKMAN, J.A.2
  • 10
    • 0000575852 scopus 로고
    • The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem study: Composition and dynamics of the tree stratum
    • BORMANN, F. H., T. G. SICCAMA, G. E. LIKENS, AND R. H. WHITTAKER. 1970. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem study: composition and dynamics of the tree stratum. Ecol. Monogr. 40:373-388.
    • (1970) Ecol. Monogr , vol.40 , pp. 373-388
    • BORMANN, F.H.1    SICCAMA, T.G.2    LIKENS, G.E.3    WHITTAKER, R.H.4
  • 11
    • 0026309781 scopus 로고
    • Seed reproduction is associated with a transient escape from parasite damage in American beech
    • BURT, A. AND G. BELL. 1991. Seed reproduction is associated with a transient escape from parasite damage in American beech. Oikos 61:145-148.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.61 , pp. 145-148
    • BURT, A.1    BELL, G.2
  • 12
    • 0035128596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The herbivory uncertainty principle: Visiting plants can alter herbivory
    • CAHILL, J. F. 2001. The herbivory uncertainty principle: visiting plants can alter herbivory. Ecology 82:307-312.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 307-312
    • CAHILL, J.F.1
  • 14
    • 0024192856 scopus 로고
    • Growth and canopy architecture of shade tolerant trees-response to canopy gaps
    • CANHAM, C. D. 1988. Growth and canopy architecture of shade tolerant trees-response to canopy gaps. Ecology 69:786-795.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 786-795
    • CANHAM, C.D.1
  • 15
    • 0001824691 scopus 로고
    • Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Fagus grandifolia
    • CANHAM, C. D. 1990. Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Fagus grandifolia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117:1-7.
    • (1990) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.117 , pp. 1-7
    • CANHAM, C.D.1
  • 16
    • 34848907435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual seedling mortality as a function of size, growth and competition in naturally regenerated beech seedlings
    • COLLET, C. AND G. LE MOGUEDEC. 2007. Individual seedling mortality as a function of size, growth and competition in naturally regenerated beech seedlings. Forestry 80:359-370.
    • (2007) Forestry , vol.80 , pp. 359-370
    • COLLET, C.1    LE MOGUEDEC, G.2
  • 17
    • 0036587101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of canopy opening on the morphology and anatomy of naturally regenerated beech seedlings
    • COLLET, C., O. LANTER, AND M. PARDOS. 2002. Effects of canopy opening on the morphology and anatomy of naturally regenerated beech seedlings. Trees-Struct. Funct. 16:291-298.
    • (2002) Trees-Struct. Funct , vol.16 , pp. 291-298
    • COLLET, C.1    LANTER, O.2    PARDOS, M.3
  • 18
    • 0033810818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: A theoretical framework and review of experiments
    • COOMES, D. A. AND P. J. GRUBB. 2000. Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 70:171-207.
    • (2000) Ecol. Monogr , vol.70 , pp. 171-207
    • COOMES, D.A.1    GRUBB, P.J.2
  • 19
    • 15944381964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity in growth, biomass allocation and root morphology in beech seedlings as induced by irradiance and herbaceous competition
    • CURT, T., L. COLL, B. PRÉVOSTO, P. BALANDIER, AND G. KUNSTLER. 2005. Plasticity in growth, biomass allocation and root morphology in beech seedlings as induced by irradiance and herbaceous competition. Ann. Forest Sci. 62:51-60.
    • (2005) Ann. Forest Sci , vol.62 , pp. 51-60
    • CURT, T.1    COLL, L.2    PRÉVOSTO, B.3    BALANDIER, P.4    KUNSTLER, G.5
  • 20
    • 19544383365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of molecular and morphological differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): Phylogenic implications
    • DENK, T., G. W. GRIMM, AND V. HEMLEBEN. 2005. Patterns of molecular and morphological differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): phylogenic implications. Am. J. Bot. 92:1006-1016.
    • (2005) Am. J. Bot , vol.92 , pp. 1006-1016
    • DENK, T.1    GRIMM, G.W.2    HEMLEBEN, V.3
  • 21
    • 0033166925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial growth trends of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in an Allegheny northern hardwood forest affected by beech bark disease
    • DIGREGORIO, L. M., M. E. KRASNY, AND T. J. FAHEY. 1999. Radial growth trends of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in an Allegheny northern hardwood forest affected by beech bark disease. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126:245-254.
    • (1999) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.126 , pp. 245-254
    • DIGREGORIO, L.M.1    KRASNY, M.E.2    FAHEY, T.J.3
  • 22
    • 0031753309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in an upland forest in south-central New York
    • FAHEY, T. J. 1998. Recent changes in an upland forest in south-central New York. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125:51-59.
    • (1998) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.125 , pp. 51-59
    • FAHEY, T.J.1
  • 23
    • 0034213866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest
    • FINZI, A. C. AND C. D. CANHAM. 2000. Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 131:153-165.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.131 , pp. 153-165
    • FINZI, A.C.1    CANHAM, C.D.2
  • 25
    • 0000845711 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive strategies and the co-occurrence of climax tree species
    • FORCIER, L. K. 1975. Reproductive strategies and the co-occurrence of climax tree species. Science 189:808-810.
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 808-810
    • FORCIER, L.K.1
  • 26
    • 0038270159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of beech bark disease on aboveground biomass and species composition in a mature northern hardwood forest, 1985 to 2000
    • FORRESTER, J. A., G. G. MCGEE, AND M. J. MITCHELL. 2003. Effects of beech bark disease on aboveground biomass and species composition in a mature northern hardwood forest, 1985 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130:70-78.
    • (2003) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 70-78
    • FORRESTER, J.A.1    MCGEE, G.G.2    MITCHELL, M.J.3
  • 27
    • 0031892188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storage and mobilization of nonstructural carbohydrates and biomass development of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different light regimes
    • GANSERT, D. AND W. SPRICK. 1998. Storage and mobilization of nonstructural carbohydrates and biomass development of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different light regimes. Trees-Struct. Funct. 12:247-257.
    • (1998) Trees-Struct. Funct , vol.12 , pp. 247-257
    • GANSERT, D.1    SPRICK, W.2
  • 28
    • 0000172320 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, succession, and maintenance of species diversity in an east Texas forest
    • GLITZENSTEIN, J. S., P. A. HARCOMBE, AND D. R. STRENG. 1986. Disturbance, succession, and maintenance of species diversity in an east Texas forest. Ecol. Monogr. 3:243-258.
    • (1986) Ecol. Monogr , vol.3 , pp. 243-258
    • GLITZENSTEIN, J.S.1    HARCOMBE, P.A.2    STRENG, D.R.3
  • 29
    • 0003422090 scopus 로고
    • Seed fall in an old-growth northern hardwood forest
    • Research Paper NE-663. Radnor, PA
    • GRABER, R. E. AND W. B. LEAK. 1992. Seed fall in an old-growth northern hardwood forest. USDA, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. Research Paper NE-663. Radnor, PA.
    • (1992) USDA, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station
    • GRABER, R.E.1    LEAK, W.B.2
  • 30
    • 0038472214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects of beech bark disease on sugar maple seedling survival
    • HANE, E. N. 2003. Indirect effects of beech bark disease on sugar maple seedling survival. Can. J. Forest Res. 33:807-813.
    • (2003) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.33 , pp. 807-813
    • HANE, E.N.1
  • 31
    • 53949122407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HANE, E. N. 2004. The effects of land-use history on beech bark disease severity, p. 138-141. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
    • HANE, E. N. 2004. The effects of land-use history on beech bark disease severity, p. 138-141. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
  • 32
    • 0021076146 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of beech regeneration in the east-central United States
    • HELD, M. E. 1983. Pattern of beech regeneration in the east-central United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110:55-62.
    • (1983) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.110 , pp. 55-62
    • HELD, M.E.1
  • 33
    • 0028982523 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuation of nut production and seedling appearance of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume)
    • HIROKI, S. AND T. MATSUBARA. 1995. Fluctuation of nut production and seedling appearance of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume). Ecol. Res. 10:161-169.
    • (1995) Ecol. Res , vol.10 , pp. 161-169
    • HIROKI, S.1    MATSUBARA, T.2
  • 34
    • 0025956538 scopus 로고
    • Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America
    • HOULE, G. 1991. Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America. Holarctic Ecol. 14:142-151.
    • (1991) Holarctic Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 142-151
    • HOULE, G.1
  • 35
    • 0028175391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HOULE, G. 1994. Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree species-Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis and Fagus grandifolia. J. Ecol. 82:39-53.
    • HOULE, G. 1994. Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree species-Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis and Fagus grandifolia. J. Ecol. 82:39-53.
  • 36
    • 0033901429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allozyme genetic diversity among Fagus grandifolia trees resistant or susceptible to beech bark disease in natural populations
    • HOUSTON, D. B. AND D. R. HOUSTON. 2000. Allozyme genetic diversity among Fagus grandifolia trees resistant or susceptible to beech bark disease in natural populations. Can. J. Forest Res. 30:778-789.
    • (2000) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.30 , pp. 778-789
    • HOUSTON, D.B.1    HOUSTON, D.R.2
  • 37
    • 0001524398 scopus 로고
    • Beech bark disease: The aftermath forests are structured for a new outbreak
    • HOUSTON, D. R. 1975. Beech bark disease: the aftermath forests are structured for a new outbreak. J. Forestry 73:660-663.
    • (1975) J. Forestry , vol.73 , pp. 660-663
    • HOUSTON, D.R.1
  • 38
    • 0028002436 scopus 로고
    • Major new tree disease epidemics: Beech bark disease
    • HOUSTON, D. R. 1994. Major new tree disease epidemics: beech bark disease. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:75-87.
    • (1994) Ann. Rev. Phytopathol , vol.32 , pp. 75-87
    • HOUSTON, D.R.1
  • 39
    • 53949103498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of harvesting regime on beech root sprouts and seedlings in a northcentral Maine forest long affected by beech bark disease
    • Research Paper NE-717. Radnor, PA
    • HOUSTON, D. R. 2001. Effect of harvesting regime on beech root sprouts and seedlings in a northcentral Maine forest long affected by beech bark disease. USDA, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. Research Paper NE-717. Radnor, PA.
    • (2001) USDA, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station
    • HOUSTON, D.R.1
  • 40
    • 0000387781 scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution and development of root sprouts in Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae)
    • JONES, R. H. AND D. J. RAYNAL. 1986. Spatial distribution and development of root sprouts in Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae). Am. J. Bot. 73:1723-1731.
    • (1986) Am. J. Bot , vol.73 , pp. 1723-1731
    • JONES, R.H.1    RAYNAL, D.J.2
  • 41
    • 0000375965 scopus 로고
    • Root sprouting in American beech: Production, survival, and the effect of parent tree vigor
    • JONES, R. H. AND D. J. RAYNAL. 1987. Root sprouting in American beech: production, survival, and the effect of parent tree vigor. Can. J. Forest Res. 17:539-544.
    • (1987) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.17 , pp. 539-544
    • JONES, R.H.1    RAYNAL, D.J.2
  • 42
    • 0024221197 scopus 로고
    • Root sprouting in American Beech (Fagus grandifolia): Effects of root injury, root exposure, and season
    • JONES, R. H. AND D. J. RAYNAL. 1988. Root sprouting in American Beech (Fagus grandifolia): effects of root injury, root exposure, and season. Forest Ecol. Manag. 25:79-90.
    • (1988) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.25 , pp. 79-90
    • JONES, R.H.1    RAYNAL, D.J.2
  • 43
    • 0035643208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional differentiation in genetic components for American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., in relation to geological history and mode of reproduction
    • KJTAMURA, K. AND S. KAWANO. 2001. Regional differentiation in genetic components for American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., in relation to geological history and mode of reproduction. J. Plant Res. 114:353-368.
    • (2001) J. Plant Res , vol.114 , pp. 353-368
    • KJTAMURA, K.1    KAWANO, S.2
  • 44
    • 0035871594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in Allegheny northern hardwood forests in the presence of beech bark disease and gypsy moth disturbances
    • KRASNY, M. E. AND L. M. DIGREGORIO. 2001. Gap dynamics in Allegheny northern hardwood forests in the presence of beech bark disease and gypsy moth disturbances. Forest Ecol. Manag. 144:265-274.
    • (2001) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.144 , pp. 265-274
    • KRASNY, M.E.1    DIGREGORIO, L.M.2
  • 45
    • 0026591944 scopus 로고
    • Gradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forests
    • KRASNY, M. E. AND T. C. WHITMORE. 1992. Gradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 22:139-143.
    • (1992) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.22 , pp. 139-143
    • KRASNY, M.E.1    WHITMORE, T.C.2
  • 46
    • 0027085109 scopus 로고
    • Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally
    • LATHAM, R. E. 1992. Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73:2129-2144.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2129-2144
    • LATHAM, R.E.1
  • 47
    • 0036141898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browsing and microhabitat effects on riparian forest woody seedling demography
    • LIANG, Y. L. AND S. W. SEAGLE. 2002. Browsing and microhabitat effects on riparian forest woody seedling demography. Ecology 83:212-227.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 212-227
    • LIANG, Y.L.1    SEAGLE, S.W.2
  • 48
    • 24344441161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus syhatica seedlings
    • LÖF, M., A. BOLTE, AND N. T. WELANDER. 2005. Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus syhatica seedlings. Scand. J. Forest Res. 20:322-328.
    • (2005) Scand. J. Forest Res , vol.20 , pp. 322-328
    • LÖF, M.1    BOLTE, A.2    WELANDER, N.T.3
  • 49
    • 53949101743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARQUIS, D. A. 1964. Regeneration of birch and associated hardwoods after patch cutting. Research Paper NE-32. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Upper Darby, PA. 13 p.
    • MARQUIS, D. A. 1964. Regeneration of birch and associated hardwoods after patch cutting. Research Paper NE-32. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Upper Darby, PA. 13 p.
  • 50
    • 0032446920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case study of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) as a forest seedling bank species
    • MARKS, P. L. AND S. GARDESCU. 1998. A case study of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) as a forest seedling bank species. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125:287-296.
    • (1998) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.125 , pp. 287-296
    • MARKS, P.L.1    GARDESCU, S.2
  • 51
    • 0034159969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap capture in northern hardwoods: Patterns of establishment and height growth in four species
    • MCCLURE, J. W., T. D. LEE, AND W. B. LEAK. 2000. Gap capture in northern hardwoods: patterns of establishment and height growth in four species. Forest Ecol. Manag. 127:181-189.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.127 , pp. 181-189
    • MCCLURE, J.W.1    LEE, T.D.2    LEAK, W.B.3
  • 52
    • 53949093886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCNULTY, S. A. AND R. D. MASTERS. 2004. Changes to the Adirondack forest: implications of beech bark disease on forest structure and seed production, p. 52-57. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
    • MCNULTY, S. A. AND R. D. MASTERS. 2004. Changes to the Adirondack forest: implications of beech bark disease on forest structure and seed production, p. 52-57. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
  • 53
    • 33745929372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of tree seedling establishment and their relationship to environmental variables in a coldtemperate deciduous forest of eastern North America
    • MESSAOUD, Y. AND G. HOULE. 2006. Spatial patterns of tree seedling establishment and their relationship to environmental variables in a coldtemperate deciduous forest of eastern North America. Plant Ecol. 185:319-331.
    • (2006) Plant Ecol , vol.185 , pp. 319-331
    • MESSAOUD, Y.1    HOULE, G.2
  • 54
    • 0030587653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light and soil fertility on growth, leaf chlorophyll content and nutrient use efficiency of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings
    • MONOTTA, G. AND S. PINZAUTI. 1996. Effects of light and soil fertility on growth, leaf chlorophyll content and nutrient use efficiency of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings. Forest Ecol. Manag. 86:61-71.
    • (1996) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.86 , pp. 61-71
    • MONOTTA, G.1    PINZAUTI, S.2
  • 55
    • 2342561953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in frequency of clonal reproduction among populations of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in response to disturbance
    • MORRIS, A. B., R. L. Small, AND M. B. CRUZAN. 2004. Variation in frequency of clonal reproduction among populations of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in response to disturbance. Castanea 69:38-51.
    • (2004) Castanea , vol.69 , pp. 38-51
    • MORRIS, A.B.1    Small, R.L.2    CRUZAN, M.B.3
  • 56
    • 0023499116 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration dynamics of beech forests in Japan
    • NAKASHIZUKA, T. 1987. Regeneration dynamics of beech forests in Japan. Vegetatio 69:169-175.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.69 , pp. 169-175
    • NAKASHIZUKA, T.1
  • 57
    • 40749133409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between canopy disturbance history and current sapling density of Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum in a northern hardwood landscape
    • NOLET, P., D. BOUFFARD, F. DOYON, AND S. DELAGRANGE. 2008. Relationship between canopy disturbance history and current sapling density of Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum in a northern hardwood landscape. Can. J. Forest Res. 38:216-225.
    • (2008) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.38 , pp. 216-225
    • NOLET, P.1    BOUFFARD, D.2    DOYON, F.3    DELAGRANGE, S.4
  • 58
    • 53949121093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PERRILLO, H. A. AND J. A. WITTER. 2004. Regeneration of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in Michigan: interactions of beech bark disease and management practices, p. 142-145. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
    • PERRILLO, H. A. AND J. A. WITTER. 2004. Regeneration of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in Michigan: interactions of beech bark disease and management practices, p. 142-145. In: Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-331.
  • 59
    • 0024937864 scopus 로고
    • Importance of deer compared to other vertebrates in nutrient cycling and energy flow in a northern hardwood ecosystem
    • PLETSCHER, D. H., F. H. BORMANN, AND R. S. MILER. 1989. Importance of deer compared to other vertebrates in nutrient cycling and energy flow in a northern hardwood ecosystem. Am. Midi. Nat. 121:302-311.
    • (1989) Am. Midi. Nat , vol.121 , pp. 302-311
    • PLETSCHER, D.H.1    BORMANN, F.H.2    MILER, R.S.3
  • 60
    • 0002499350 scopus 로고
    • The radial growth response of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) to small canopy gaps in a northern hardwood forest
    • POAGE, N. J. AND D. R. PEART. 1993. The radial growth response of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) to small canopy gaps in a northern hardwood forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120:45-48.
    • (1993) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.120 , pp. 45-48
    • POAGE, N.J.1    PEART, D.R.2
  • 61
    • 0030390428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacement patterns of beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods, Michigan
    • POULSON, T. L. AND W. J. PLATT. 1996. Replacement patterns of beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods, Michigan. Ecology 77:1234-1253.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1234-1253
    • POULSON, T.L.1    PLATT, W.J.2
  • 63
    • 1842456867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do understory sapling respond to both light and below-ground competition? A field experiment in a north-eastern American hardwood forest and a literature review
    • RICARD, J. P., C. MESSIER, S. DELAGRANGE, AND M. BEAUDET. 2003. Do understory sapling respond to both light and below-ground competition? A field experiment in a north-eastern American hardwood forest and a literature review. Ann. Forest Sci. 60:749-756.
    • (2003) Ann. Forest Sci , vol.60 , pp. 749-756
    • RICARD, J.P.1    MESSIER, C.2    DELAGRANGE, S.3    BEAUDET, M.4
  • 64
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • RUNKLE, J. R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63:1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • RUNKLE, J.R.1
  • 65
    • 0000096079 scopus 로고
    • Eight years change in an old Tsuga canadensis woods affected by beech bark disease
    • RUNKLE, J. R. 1990. Eight years change in an old Tsuga canadensis woods affected by beech bark disease. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117:409-419.
    • (1990) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.117 , pp. 409-419
    • RUNKLE, J.R.1
  • 66
    • 34249107005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of beech bark disease and deer browsing on the old-growth forest
    • RUNKLE, J. R. 2007. Impacts of beech bark disease and deer browsing on the old-growth forest. Am. Midi. Nat. 157:241-249.
    • (2007) Am. Midi. Nat , vol.157 , pp. 241-249
    • RUNKLE, J.R.1
  • 67
    • 0345015987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling spatial variation of tree species abundance in a forested landscape
    • SCHWARZ, P. A., T. J. FAHEY, AND C. E. MCCULLOCH. 2003. Factors controlling spatial variation of tree species abundance in a forested landscape. Ecology 84:1862-1878.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1862-1878
    • SCHWARZ, P.A.1    FAHEY, T.J.2    MCCULLOCH, C.E.3
  • 68
    • 0035865687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of seedling banks in beech forest: Results of a 10-year study on germination, growth and survival
    • SZWAGRZYK, J., J. SZEWCZYK, AND J. BODZIARCZYK. 2001. Dynamics of seedling banks in beech forest: results of a 10-year study on germination, growth and survival. Forest Ecol. Manag. 141:237-250.
    • (2001) Forest Ecol. Manag , vol.141 , pp. 237-250
    • SZWAGRZYK, J.1    SZEWCZYK, J.2    BODZIARCZYK, J.3
  • 69
    • 37249059804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do interspecific differences in sapling growth traits contribute to the co-dominance of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia?
    • TAKAHASHI, K. AND M. J. LECHOWICZ. 2008. Do interspecific differences in sapling growth traits contribute to the co-dominance of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia?. Ann. Bot.-London 101:103-109.
    • (2008) Ann. Bot.-London , vol.101 , pp. 103-109
    • TAKAHASHI, K.1    LECHOWICZ, M.J.2
  • 71
    • 0021545043 scopus 로고
    • Variation in beech bark disease and its effects on species composition and structure of northern hardwood stands in central New England
    • TWERY, M. J. AND W. A. PATTERSON III. 1984. Variation in beech bark disease and its effects on species composition and structure of northern hardwood stands in central New England. Can. J. Forest Res. 14:565-574.
    • (1984) Can. J. Forest Res , vol.14 , pp. 565-574
    • TWERY, M.J.1    PATTERSON III, W.A.2
  • 72
    • 0000866045 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of regeneration of American beech
    • WARD, R. T. 1961. Some aspects of regeneration of American beech. Ecology 42:828-832.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 828-832
    • WARD, R.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.