Modelling the giant, Zn-Pb-Ag Century deposit, Queensland, Australia

Computers and Geosciences

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 108-133

  Feltrin, L ^a   McLellan, J G ^a   Oliver, N H S ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

3D structural model; Basin evolution; Fluid flow; Numerical modelling; Remobilisation

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS; COMPUTER TESTING; DEFORMATION; FLOW OF FLUIDS; FORESTRY; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; LAND USE; LEAD; LEAD ALLOYS; LEAD ZINC DEPOSITS; METALS; NUMERICAL METHODS; ORES; RESTORATION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SILVER; SILVER DEPOSITS; STRATIGRAPHY; ZINC; ZONING;

3D STRUCTURAL MODEL; BASIN EVOLUTION; FLUID FLOW; NUMERICAL MODELLING; REMOBILISATION;

THREE DIMENSIONAL;

BASIN EVOLUTION; DEFORMATION; FAULT ZONE; FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD; FLUID FLOW; NUMERICAL MODEL; ORE DEPOSIT; REMOBILIZATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; VISUALIZATION; ZINC;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND;

EID: 53849140427     PISSN: 00983004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2007.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. In: Amstutz G.C., El-Goresy A., Frenzel G., Kluth C., Moh G.H., Wauschkuhn A., and Zimmermann R.A. (Eds). Ore Genesis; The State Of The Art (1982), Springer, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany 804pp
2. Andrews, S.J., 1998. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the upper McNamara Group, Lawn Hills region, Northwest Queensland. In: Williams, P.J. (Ed.), Metallogeny of the McArthur River-Mount Isa-Cloncurry minerals province. Economic Geology 93 (8), 1132-1152.
3. Bartier P.M., and Keller C.P. Multivariate interpolation to incorporate thematic surface data using inverse distance weighting (IDW). Computers & Geosciences 22 7 (1996) 795-799
4. Bethke C.M. A numerical model of compaction-driven groundwater flow and heat transfer and its application to the paleohydrology of intracratonic sedimentary basins. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 8 (1985) 6817-6828
5. Betts P.G., and Lister G.S. Geodynamically indicated targeting strategy for shale-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag mineralisation in the Western Fold Belt, Mt Isa terrain. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 6 (2002) 985-1010
6. Betts P.G., Giles D., and Lister G.S. Aeromagnetic patterns of half-graben and basin inversion: implications for sediment-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag exploration. Journal of Structural Geology 26 6-7 (2004) 1137-1156
7. Bohm W., Farin G., and Kahmann J. A survey of curve and surface methods in CAGD. Computer Aided Geometric Design 1 1 (1984) 1-60
8. Bresser, H.A., 1992. Origin of base metal vein mineralisation in the Lawn Hill mineral field. Honour Thesis, North-Western Queensland, James Cook University of North Queensland, Key Centre in Economic Geology, 115pp.
9. Broadbent, G.C., 1999. Geology and origin of the century zinc deposit. PhD Dissertation, James Cook University, 216pp.
10. Broadbent G.C., Myzers R.E., and Wright J.V. In: Baker T., Rotherham J.F., Richmond J.M., Mark G., and Williams P.J. (Eds). Geology and Origin of Shale-Hosted Zn-Pb-Ag Mineralisation at the Century Mine, Northwest Queensland (1996), James Cook University of North Queensland, Geology Department, Townsville, Qld., Australia 24-27
11. Broadbent G.C., Myers R.E., and Wright J.V. Geology and origin of shale-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization at the Century Deposit, Northwest Queensland, Australia. Metallogeny of the McArthur River-Mount Isa-Cloncurry minerals province. Economic Geology 93 8 (1998) 1264-1294
12. Broadbent G.C., Andrews S.J., and Kelso I.J. A decade of new ideas: geology and exploration history of the Century Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Northwestern Queensland, Australia. In: Goldfarb R.J., and Nielsen R.L. (Eds). Integrated Methods for Discovery: Global Exploration in the Twenty-First Century vol. 9 (2002), Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication SPE.3 119-140
13. Carr G.R. Primary geochemical and mineralogical dispersion in the vicinity of the Lady Loretta Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Northwest Queensland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 22 1-3 (1984) 217-238
14. Carr, G.R., Sun, S., Page, R.W., Hinman, M., 1996. Recent developments in the use of lead isotope model ages in Proterozoic terrains [abs.]. In: Baker, T., Rotherham, J.F., Richmond, J.M., Mark, G., Williams, P.J. (Eds.), James Cook University of North Queensland, Economic Geology Research Unit Contribution 55, pp. 33-35.
15. Cartwright, I., Oliver, N.H.S., 2000. Metamorphic fluids and their relationship to the formation of metamorphosed and metamorphogenic ore deposits. In: Spry, P.G., Marshall, B., Vokes, F.M. (Eds.), Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology 11, pp. 81-96.
16. Chapman L.H. Geology and mineralization styles of the George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Mount Isa, Australia. Economic Geology 99 2 (2004) 233-255
17. Choi K.S., Khim B.K., and Woo K.S. Spherulitic siderites in the Holocene coastal deposits of Korea (eastern Yellow Sea): elemental and isotopic composition and depositional environment. Marine Geology 202 1-2 (2003) 17-31
18. Clifford, M., Kelso, I.J., 2003. Pasminco Century Mine mineral resource statement. Annual Report (Unpublished), Garbutt, Queensland, Australia, 25pp.
19. Cooke D.R., Bull S.W., Large R.R., and McGoldrick P.J. The importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Australian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (sedex) deposits. Economic Geology 95 1 (2000) 1-17
20. Cooke D.R., Bull S.W., and Large R.R. Processes of ore formation in the stratiform sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits of Northern Australia: testing the Century model. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79 4 (2003) 519-524
21. Couzens-Schultz B.A., Vendeville B.C., and Wiltschko D.V. Duplex style and triangle zone formation: insights from physical modeling. Journal of Structural Geology 25 10 (2003) 1623-1644
22. Cox S.F. Deformation controls on the dynamics of fluid flow in mesothermal gold systems. In: McCaffery K.J.W., Lonergan L., and Wilkinson J.J. (Eds). Fractures, Fluid Flow and Mineralization vol. 155 (1999), Geological Society of London Special Publications 123-139
23. Davis T.P. Mine-scale structural controls on the Mount Isa Zn-Pb-Ag and Cu orebodies. Economic Geology 99 3 (2004) 543-559
24. de Kemp E.A. 3-D visualization of structural field data: examples from the Archean Caopatina Formation, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada. Computers & Geosciences 26 5 (2000) 509-530
25. Dewers T., and Ortoleva P. A coupled reaction/transport/mechanical model for intergranular pressure solution, stylolites, and differential compaction and cementation in clean sandstones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 6 (1990) 1609-1625
26. Dewers T., and Ortoleva P. Differentiated structures arising from mechano-chemical feedback in stressed rocks. Earth-Science Reviews 29 1-4 (1990) 283-298
27. Dewers T., and Ortoleva P. Nonlinear dynamical aspects of deep basin hydrology; fluid compartment formation and episodic fluid release. American Journal of Science 294 6 (1994) 713-755
28. Doyle M.G., and Allen R.L. Subsea-floor replacement in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews 23 3-4 (2003) 183-222
29. Etheridge M.A., Wall V.J., and Vernon R.H. The role of the fluid phase during regional metamorphism and deformation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1 3 (1983) 205-226
30. Etheridge M.A., Wall V.J., and Cox S.F. High fluid pressure during regional metamorphism and deformation: implications for mass transport and deformation mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 6 (1984) 4344-4358
31. Farquharson R.B., and Richards J.R. Isotopic remobilization in the Mount Isa tuff beds. Chemical Geology 16 2 (1975) 73-88
32. Feltrin L., Oliver N.H.S., Kelso I.J., and King S. Basement metal scavenging during basin evolution; Cambrian and Proterozoic interaction at the Century Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Northern Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79 (2003) 159-162
33. Galera C., Bennis C., Moretti I., and Mallet J.L. Construction of coherent 3D geological blocks. Computers & Geosciences 29 8 (2003) 971-984
34. Garven G. The role of regional fluid flow in the genesis of the Pine Point deposit, western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Economic Geology 80 2 (1985) 307-324
35. Garven G., and Freeze R.A. Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits. 2. Quantitative results. American Journal of Science 284 10 (1984) 1125-1174
36. Gauthier, L., Hall, G., Stein, H., Schaltegger, U., 2001. The Osborne deposit, Cloncurry district: a 1595 Ma Cu-Au skarn deposit. In: Williams, P.J. (Ed.), A Hydrothermal Odyssey, Extended Conference Abstracts. Economic Geology Research Unit, James Cook University, Contribution 59, pp. 58-59.
37. Giles D., and Nutman A.P. SHRIMP U-Pb monazite dating of 1600-1580 Ma amphibolite facies metamorphism in the southeastern Mt. Isa Block, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 3 (2002) 455-465
38. Giles D., and Nutman A.P. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the host rocks of the Cannington Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, southeastern Mt. Isa Block, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50 3 (2003) 295-309
39. Goodfellow, W.D., Lydon, J.W., Turner, R.J.W., 1993. Geology and genesis of stratiform sediment-hosted (SEDEX) zinc-lead-silver sulphide deposits. In: Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., Duke, J.M. (Eds.), Mineral Deposit Modeling, Special Paper 40, Geological Association of Canada, pp. 201-251.
40. Guidish T.M., Kendall C.G.S.C., Lerche I., Toth D.J., and Yarzab R.F. Basin evaluation using burial history calculations; an overview. AAPG (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) Bulletin 69 1 (1985) 92-105
41. Gustafson L.B., and Williams N. Sediment-hosted stratiform deposits of copper, lead, and zinc. Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume, Economic Geology 75 (1981) 139-178
42. Hand, M., Rubatto, D., 2002. The scale of the thermal problem in the Mt. Isa Inlier. In: Proceedings of the Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia, p. 173.
43. Hobbs B.E. Principles involved in mobilization and remobilization. Ore Geology Reviews 2 1-3 (1987) 37-45
44. Holk G.J., Kyser T.K., Chipley D., Hiatt E.E., and Marlatt J. Mobile Pb-isotopes in Proterozoic sedimentary basins as guides for exploration of uranium deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 80 2-3 (2003) 297-320
45. Houlding S.W. 3D Geoscience Modeling; Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization (1994), Springer, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany 309pp
46. Itasca. FLAC, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua Command Reference. second ed (2003), Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minnesota, USA 362pp
47. Kelso I., Briggs T., and Basford P. The Century zinc deposit; a geological update. Northern Queensland exploration and mining 2000; extended abstracts. Bulletin-Australian Institute of Geoscientists 31 (2000) 79-81
48. King, S., 2002. Cross section construction and fault modelling of the northern block, Century zinc mine NW Queensland. Solid Geology Report (Unpublished), Brisbane, Australia, 54pp.
49. Krassay A.A., Domagala J., Bradshaw B.E., and Southgate P.N. Lowstand ramps, fans and deep-water Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic facies of the Lawn Hill Platform; the Term, Lawn, Wide and Doom supersequences of the Isa Superbasin, northern Australia. Carpentaria-Mt. Isa Belt; basement framework, chronostratigraphy and geodynamic evolution of Proterozoic successions. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 47 3 (2000) 563-597
50. Large R.R., Bull S.W., Cooke D.R., and McGoldrick P.J. A genetic model for the H.Y.C. Deposit, Australia; based on regional sedimentology, geochemistry, and sulfide-sediment relationships. Metallogeny of the McArthur River-Mount Isa-Cloncurry minerals province. Economic Geology 93 8 (1998) 1345-1368
51. Large R.R., Bull S.W., and McGoldrick P.J. Lithogeochemical halos and geochemical vectors to stratiform sediment hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits; Part 2, HYC Deposit, McArthur River, Northern Territory. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 68 1-2 (2000) 105-126
52. Mallet J.L. Discrete smooth interpolation. ACM (Association for Computing Machinery). Transactions on Graphics 8 2 (1989) 121-144
53. Mallet J.L. Geomodeling (2002), Oxford University Press, New York 593pp
54. Mansell, P., 2005. Zinifex Ltd. Annual Report (Unpublished), Melbourne, Australia, 93pp.
55. Marcoux E., and Moelo Y. Lead isotope geochemistry and paragenetic study of inheritance phenomena in metallogenesis; examples from base metal sulfide deposits in France. Economic Geology 86 1 (1991) 106-120
56. Marshall B., and Gilligan L.B. An introduction to remobilization: information from ore-body geometry and experimental considerations. Ore Geology Reviews 2 1-3 (1987) 87-131
57. Marshall, B., Vokes, F.M., Larocque, A.C.L., 2000. Regional metamorphic remobilization; upgrading and formation of ore deposits. In: Spry, P.G., Marshall, B., Vokes, F.M. (Eds.), Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Reviews in Economic Geology 11, pp. 19-38.
58. McBride E.F. Quartz cement in sandstones; a review. Earth-Science Reviews 26 2 (1989) 69-112
59. McLellan, J.G., 2000. Structural controls and numerical modelling of mineralisation at the Osborne Cu-Au deposit. Mount Isa Block, NW Queensland, James Cook University, Honour Thesis (Unpublished), 153pp.
60. McLellan J.G., Oliver N.H.S., and Schaubs P.M. Fluid flow in extensional environments; numerical modelling with an application to Hamersley iron ores. Journal of Structural Geology 26 6-7 (2004) 1157-1171
61. Nesbitt B.E., and Muehlenbachs K. Origins and movement of fluids during deformation and metamorphism in the Canadian Cordillera. Science 245 4919 (1989) 733-736
62. O'Dea M.G., Lister G., MacCready T., Betts P.G., Oliver N.H.S., Pound K.S., Huang W., and Valenta R.K. Geodynamic evolution of the Proterozoic Mount Isa terrain. In: Burg J.-P., and Ford M. (Eds). Orogeny Through Time (1997), Geological Society of London Special Publication 121 99-122
63. Oliver J. Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts; their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena. Geology (Boulder) 14 2 (1986) 99-102
64. Oliver N.H.S., Ord A., Valenta R.K., and Upton P. Deformation, fluid flow, and ore genesis in heterogeneous rocks, with examples and numerical models from the Mount Isa District, Australia. Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews 14 (2001) 51-74
65. Ord A. Deformation of rock: a pressure-sensitive, dilatant material. Pure and Applied Geophysics 137 4 (1991) 337-366
66. Ord A. Fluid flow through patterned shear zones. In: Beer G., Booker J.R., and Carter J.P. (Eds). Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (1991), Balkema, Rotterdam 393-398
67. Ord A., and Oliver N.H.S. Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism: some numerical models. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 15 3 (1997) 345-359
68. Ord A., Hobbs B.E., Zhang Y., Broadbent G.C., Brown M., Willetts G., Sorjonen-Ward P., Walshe J.L., and Zhao C. Geodynamic modelling of the Century deposit, Mt. Isa Province, Queensland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 6 (2002) 1011-1039
69. Page R.W., Jackson M.J., and Krassay A.A. Constraining sequence stratigraphy in North Australian basins; SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology between Mt. Isa and McArthur River. Carpentaria-Mt. Isa Belt; basement framework, chronostratigraphy and geodynamic evolution of Proterozoic successions. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 47 3 (2000) 431-459
70. Perkins W.G. Mount Isa lead-zinc orebodies: replacement lodes in a zoned syndeformational copper-lead-zinc system?. Ore Geology Reviews 12 2 (1997) 61-110
71. Phillips O.M. Flow and Reactions in Permeable Rocks (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 285pp
72. Pye K. SEM analysis of siderite cements in intertidal marsh sediments, Norfolk, England. Marine Geology 56 1-4 (1984) 1-12
73. Richards J.R. Lead isotope data on three North Australian galena localities. Mineralium Deposita 10 4 (1975) 287-301
74. Rouby D., Raillard S., Guillocheau F., Bouroullec R., and Nalpas T. Kinematics of a growth fault/raft system on the West African margin using 3-D restoration. Journal of Structural Geology 24 4 (2002) 783-796
75. Schaubs P.M., and Zhao C. Numerical models of gold-deposit formation in the Bendigo-Ballarat Zone, Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 6 (2002) 1077-1096
76. Scott D.L., Bradshaw B.E., and Tarlowski C.Z. The tectonostratigraphic history of the Proterozoic Northern Lawn Hill Platform, Australia: an integrated intracontinental basin analysis. Tectonophysics 300 1-4 (1998) 329-358
77. Sibson R.H. Earthquake rupturing as a hydrothermal mineralising agent. Geology 15 8 (1987) 701-704
78. Silver D., and Zabusky N.J. Quantifying visualizations for reduced modeling in nonlinear science: Extracting structures from data sets. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 4 1 (1993) 46-61
79. Simms M.A., and Garven G. Thermal convection in faulted extensional sedimentary basins: theoretical results from finite-element modelling. Geofluids 4 2 (2004) 109-130
80. Southgate P.N., Bradshaw B.E., Domagala J., Jackson M.J., Idnurm M., Krassay A.A., Page R.W., Sami T.T., Scott D.L., Lindsay J.F., et al. Chronostratigraphic basin framework for Palaeoproterozoic rocks (1730-1575 Ma) in northern Australia and implications for base-metal mineralisation. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 47 3 (2000) 461-483
81. Sweet I.P., and Hutton L.J. Geology of the Lawn Hill region (1982), Aust. Gov. Publ. Serv., Queensland, Canberra, Australia 1 sheet, 36pp
82. Taylor Jr. H.P. Oxygen isotope evidence for large-scale interaction between meteoric ground waters and tertiary granodiorite intrusions, Western Cascade Range, Oregon. Journal of Geophysical Research 76 32 (1971) 7855-7874
83. Toth D.J. A theory of groundwater motion in small drainage basins in Central Alberta, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 68 16 (1962) 4795-4812
84. Upton P. Localization of deformation and fluid flow in a compressional Orogen: implications for the Southern Alps of New Zealand. American Journal of Science 298 (1998) 296-323
85. Upton P., Koons P.O., and Chamberlain C.P. Penetration of deformation-driven meteoric water into ductile rocks: isotopic and model observations from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 38 4 (1995) 535-543
86. Vokes F.M., Spry P.G., and Marshall B. Ores and metamorphism; introduction and historical perspectives. In: Spry P.G., Marshall B., and Vokes F.M. (Eds). Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits vol. 11 (2000), Society of Economic Geologists Review, Socorro, NM 1-18
87. Waltho A.E., and Andrews S.J. The Century zinc-lead deposit, Northwest Queensland. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; Centenary Conference (1993), Australas. Inst. Min. and Metall., Parkville, Vic., Australia 41-61
88. Ware C., Knight W., and Wells D. Memory intensive statistical algorithms for multibeam bathymetric data. Computers & Geosciences 17 7 (1991) 985-993
89. Witten A. A MATLAB-based three-dimensional viewer. Computers & Geosciences 30 7 (2004) 693-703
90. Xue Y., Sun M., and Ma A. On the reconstruction of three-dimensional complex geological objects using Delaunay triangulation. Future Generation Computer Systems 20 7 (2004) 1227-1234
91. Zhang Y., Hobbs B.E., Ord A., and Muhlhaus H.-B. Computer simulation of single-layer buckling. Journal of Structural Geology 18 5 (1996) 643-655
92. Zhang Y., Scheibner E., Ord A., and Hobbs B.E. Numerical modelling of crustal stresses in the eastern Australian passive margin. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 43 2 (1996) 161-175
93. Zierenberg R.A., Fouquet Y., Miller D.J., Bahr J.M., Baker P.A., Bjerkgård T., Brunner C.A., Duckworth R.C., Gable R., Gieskes J., et al. The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit. Nature 392 (1998) 485-488