Third Party Liability for Hezbollah Attacks against Israel

German Law Journal

Volumn 7, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 777-784

  Kirchner, Stefan ^a  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53849126579     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2071832200005083     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. S.C. Res. 1701, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1701 (August 11, 2006).
2. Nasrallah wins the war, THE ECONOMIST, August 19-25, 2006, at p. 9.
3. Amos Harel and Avi Issacharoff, The Rocket Menace That no One Wanted to Acknowledge, HAARETZ - ONLINE EDITION, 17 July 2006, available at http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/739067.html.
4. David A. Fulghum and Robert Wall, Lebanon Intermission; Israel Starts Examining the Military's Roles, Missions and Technology During Lull in Lebanon Fighting, 165 AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY 32 (No. 8, August 21, 2006).
5. Hussein Dakroub, Hezbollah Says it Fired New Rocket in Strike on Israeli City South of Haifa, ASSOCIATED PRESS WORLDSTREAM, July 28, 2006, 4:46 PM GMT.
6. See Anatoly Tsyganok, A No-contact War Against Partisans Didn't Work Out - Why Hezbollah Gunmen Believe They Defeated the Israeli Army, 94 DEFENSE AND SECURITY (August 25, 2006) (also: 32 VOENNOPROMYSHLENNY KURIER 2 (August 2006)).
7. Carol Rosenberg, Hezbollah Army Is a Powerful Blueprint, How 2-decade Program Turned Guerillas Into a Force of Depth, Might, CHARLOTTE OBSERVER, August 19, 2006, at p. 1A.
8. Youval A. Zoulay et al., Rockets Strike Afula, Jezreel Valley for First Time; Hezbollah: We Can Hit Anywhere, HAARETZ - ONLINE EDITION, 17 July 2006, available at http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/738747.html.
9. Joachim Wolf, Zurechnungsfragen bei Handlungen von Privatpersonen, 45 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT (ZaöRV) 232 (1985).
10. See United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v. Iran), 1980 I.C.J. 3, 35 (May 24).
11. XUE HANGIN, TRANSBOUNDARY DAMAGE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 (2003).
12. Thomas Gehring and Markus Jachtenfuchs, Liability for Transboundary Environmental Damage - Towards a General Liability Regime, 4 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 92, 107 (1993)
13. Daniel Bodanksy and John R. Crook, Symposium: The ILC's State Responsibility Articles - Introduction and Overview, 96 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 773, 781 (2002).
14. ALFRED VERDROSS AND BRUNO SIMMA, UNIVERSELLES VÖLKERRECHT § 1262 (1984).
15. Particularly instructive are the IUCN Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development, which contains a difference between liability (Art. 48) and responsibility (Art. 47), as well as Art. 139 (1) (responsibility) and (2) (liability) of the 1984 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).
16. Art. 51 (2) First Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions. See G.A. Res. 2444 (XXIII), U.N. Doc. A/7433 (December 19, 1968);
17. Institute de droit international, Art. 4 of the Resolution on September 9, 1969, AIDI 53 II (1969), at p. 375.
18. Art. 51 (4) First Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions.
19. PETER SCHOLL-LATOUR, KAMPF DEM TERROR - KAMPF DEM ISLAM? 261 (2003).
20. S.C. Res. 1559, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1559 (September 2, 2004).
21. On the liability for actions of a state's organs, see Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion, 1999 I.C.J. 62, 87 (April 29);
22. Francisco Mallén (United Mexican States) v. United States, 4 R.I.A.A. 173, 174 (1927).
23. See GABY BORNHEIM, HAFTUNG FÜR GRENZÜBERSCHREITENDE UMWELTBEEINTRÄCHTIGUNGEN IM VÖLKERRECHT UND IM INTERNATIONALEN PRIVATRECHT 276 (1995);
24. Juraj Andrassy, Les relations internationales de voisinage, 79 RECUEIL DES COURS 79 (1951 II).
25. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark / Federal Republic of Germany v. The Netherlands), 1969 I.C.J. 3, 77 (February 20).
26. Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), 1948 I.C.J. 4 (March 25).
27. ANTONIO CASSESE, INTERNATIONAL LAW 390-91 (2001).
28. S.C. Res. 1373, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373 (September 28, 2001).
29. S.C. Res. 1368, ¶ 4, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1368 (September 12, 2001).
30. S.C. Res. 1373, ¶ 2, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373 (September 28, 2001).
31. Mark A. Drumbl, Trail Smelter and the International Law Commission's Work on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts and State Liability, in TRANSBOUNDARY HARM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LESSONS FROM THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 85 (Rebecca M Bratspies and Russell A. Miller eds., 2006).
32. Daniel Bodansky and John R. Crook, Symposium: The ILC's State Responsibility Articles - Introduction and Overview, 96 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 773, 781 (2002).
33. S.C. Res. 1373, ¶ 2(c), U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373 (September 28, 2001).
34. See Cristina Hoss and Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Trail Smelter and Terrorism: International Mechanisms to Combat Transboundary Harm, in TRANSBOUNDARY HARM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LESSONS FROM THE TRAIL-SMELTER-ARBITRATION 225, 236 (Rebecca M. Bratspies and Russell A. Miller eds., 2006).
35. Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 15, 63 (June 27).
36. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1, Appeals Chamber, Judgment (Merits), ¶ 137 (July 15, 1999).
37. Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 15 (June 27).
38. Reflecting existing customary international law, a control requirement is also found in Art. 139 LOSC.
39. Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 15, 63 (June 27).
40. See Schering Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 5 Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal 361, 370 (1984).
41. Id. On the requirement that the government issue orders, see Flexi-Van Leasing Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 12 Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal 335, 349 (1986).
42. Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 15, 63 (June 27).
43. United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v. Iran), 1980 I.C.J. 3, 34 (May 24).
44. See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Israel's Fight for Life in the name of the West, WEEKEND AUSTRALIAN, August 19, 2006, at 27.