"The reflection of England's light": The instructive district nursing association of Boston, 1884-1914

Nursing History Review

Volumn 17, Issue , 2009, Pages 47-79

  Howse, Carrie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 53849108805     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.17.47     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Instructive District Nursing Association (IDNA), 8th Annual Report, 33, Instructive District Nursing Association of Boston Collection, Howard Godieb Archivai Research Center, Boston University (hereafter IDNA Collection), Box 13, Folder 4.
2. See Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing 1850-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 41-43, 109-10;
3. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, No Place Like Home: A History of Nursing and Home Care in the United States (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001), 18-22.
4. Zachary Cope, "The Early History of District Nursing," Nursing Times, August 12, 1955, 885.
5. Rules fot District Nursing Associations in Affiliation with the Queen's Institute, Gloucestershire Record Office (hereafter GRO), D4057/3.
6. See Carrie Howse, "'The Ultimate Destination of All Nursing': The Development of District Nursing in England, 1880-1925," Nursing History Review 15 (2007): 65-94;
7. Carrie Howse, "The Development of Rural District Nursing in Gloucestershire, 1880-1925" (PhD diss., University of Gloucestershire, 2004).
8. Emily M. Mansel to Abbie Howes, December 12, 1885, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 1.
9. W H. H. Hastings to Abbie Howes, November 23, 1885, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 1. The Boston Dispensary was established in 1796. The city was divided into 10 outpatient districts, each covered by a physician who provided free medical and surgical treatment to the poor.
10. Secretary's Notebook, January 19, 1886-January 25, 1887, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 1.
11. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Annual Reports, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 4.
12. Audrey B. Davis, "With Love and Money: Visiting Nursing in Buffalo, New York, 1885-1915," New York History 71, no. 1 (January 1990): 45-67. My thanks to Evelyn Benson for this reference.
13. Minutes of Board of Managers Meeting (hereafter MBMM), March 8, 1887, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 1.
14. Secretary's Notebook, January 19, 1886-January 25, 1887, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 1.
15. Florence Nightingale, letter to the Times, April 14, 1876, 6, British Library Document Supply Centre.
16. Mansel to Howes, Decembet 12, 1885.
17. Emily Mansel, "District Nurses and Their Work," Nursing Record 20 (December 1888): 540-41.
18. Florence Craven, A Guide to District Nurses and Home Nursing (1889; repr., London: Macmillan, 1894), 1-2, 5, 8. Craven was born Florence Sarah Lees in 1841 and grew up in comfortable circumstances in St. Leonards, Sussex. In 1866, she trained at the Nightingale School at St. Thomas's Hospital, then traveled throughout Europe, visiting hospitals and nursing in Germany, France, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, and Italy. During the Ftanco-Prussian War (1870-71), at the request of Crown Princess Frederick (eldest daughter of Queen Victoria), and on the recommendation of Nightingale, Lees organized the nursing in a military hospital in Prussia. In recognition of her war service, Lees became the first woman ever to receive the Prussian Order of the Iron Cross. In 1873, she visited hospitals in the United States and Canada, and on her return to England, she agreed to undertake the 1874 nursing survey diat led to the formation of the MNA.
19. 5th Annual Report, 5, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 4.
20. 9th Annual Report, 10, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 5.
21. Nightingale to the Times, April 14, 1876, 6.
22. Craven, Guide to District Nurses, 1.
23. Florence Nightingale, "Sick-Nursing and Health-Nursing," in Woman's Mission: A Series of Congress Papers on the Philanthropic Work of Women by Eminent Writers, ed. Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1893), 194.
24. 6th Annual Report, 8, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 4.
25. 5th Annual Report, 7.
26. 9th Annual Report, 16.
27. MBMM, November 26, 1896, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Folder 1.
28. MBMM, January 25, 1893, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 1.
29. See Carrie Howse, "From Lady Bountiful to Lady Administrator: Women and the Administration of Rural District Nursing in England, 1880-1925," Women's History Review 15, no. 3 (July 2006): 423-41.
30. Nightingale, "Sick-Nursing and Health-Nursing," 200.
31. Emily Mansel to Abbie Howes, August 11, 1887, Box 1, Folder 1; MBMM, May 3, 1888, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 1.
32. GRO D4057/3.
33. Nightingale to the Times, April 14, 1876.
34. Craven, Guide to District Nurses, 4.
35. GRO D4057/3.
36. Secretary's Notebook, January 19, 1886-January 25, 1887, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 1; 3rd Annual Report, 18, Box 13, Folder 4.
37. 13th Annual Report, 27, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 6.
38. MBMM, November 27, 1888, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 1.
39. MBMM, June 25, 1889, Octobet 30, 1889, January 29, 1890, March 26, 1890, October 8, 1890, Box 8, Envelope 1.
40. MBMM, February 20, 1891, Box 8, Envelope 1.
41. MBMM, December 30, 1891, March 30, 1892, Box 8, Envelope 1.
42. MBMM, October 26, 1892, Box 8, Envelope 1.
43. MBMM, April 28, 1897, Box 8, Envelope 2.
44. Dr. W M. Banks, letter to British Medical Journal 2 (1896): 43.
45. Dr. Alex McCook Weir, letter to British Medical Journal 2 (1896): 1523.
46. MBMM, March 8, 1887.
47. 3rd Annual Report, 6, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 4; MBMM, March 22, 1899, Box 8, Envelope 2.
48. MBMM, March 8, 1887.
49. MBMM, March 26, 1898, March 22, 1899, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
50. 7th Annual Report, 10-11, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 4.
51. MBMM, December 29, 1897, January 12, 1898, April 21, 1898, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
52. 11th Annual Report, 12, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 5.
53. Minutes of Committee on Nurses Meeting, November 4, 1898, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 3.
54. MBMM, November 30, 1898, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
55. Minutes of Committee on Nurses Meeting, December 30, 1898, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 3.
56. 6th Annual Report, 26.
57. 7th Annual Report, 26-67.
58. 8th Annual Report, 38.
59. Margaret Loane, Outlines of Routine in District Nursing (London: Scientific Press, 1905), 146, 148, 150. The date of Loane's birth is unknown, but her father was a captain in the Royal Navy and she spent her early life in Portsmouth. She trained as a nurse at die Charing Cross Hospital in London and worked as a Sister both there and at the Salop Infirmary before training as a district nurse. She then worked both in rural and urban areas of England before returning to Portsmouth as Superintendent of District Nurses.
60. Amy Hughes, "Some Responsibilities of Queen's Nurses," Queen's Nurses' Magazine (hereafter QNM) 1, Part 1 (May 1904): 11-13.
61. 24th Annual Report, 14-15, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 8.
62. 7th Annual Report, 26.
63. 11th Annual Report, 11.
64. MBMM, June 25, 1889, Box 8, Envelope 1; November 26, 1896, Box 8, Folder 1.
65. 4th Annual Report, 10-11; 6th Annual Report, 13-14.
66. 8th Annual Report, 38.
67. 8th Annual Report, 13.
68. MBMM, May 23, 1898, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
69. For example, see William Rathbone to Board of Managers, May 8, 1894, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 1.
70. 10th Annual Report, 1985, 16, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 5. See also Abbie C. Howes, "Account of a morning spent with a District Nurse in London," IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 7.
71. MBMM, March 28, 1900, April 25, 1900, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
72. MBMM, May 29, 1900, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 2.
73. "Articles of Agreement between IDNA and Annie Ethel Beer, singlewoman of Boston," May 12, 1900, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 3.
74. Miss Beer's Report, November 20, 1900, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Folder 3.
75. Superintendent's Monthly Report, April 17, 1901, IDNA Collection, Box 9, Folder 40.
76. Minutes of Committee on Nurses Meeting, May 24, 1900, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 3.
77. Miss Beer's Report.
78. MBMM, January 30, 1901, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 4.
79. Articles of Agreement.
80. Miss Beer's Report.
81. MBMM, March 5, 1901, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Envelope 4.
82. Miss Beer's Report.
83. 21st Annual Report, 14, 18, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 7.
84. Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting, May 8, 1906, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Folder 6.
85. Moses Williams to Elizabeth Cordner, June 20, 1906, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 1.
86. Miss Beer's Report.
87. Superintendent's Monthly Report, November 1902.
88. Q.N., "Some Reminiscences-And a Moral," QNM 10, Part 4 (October 1913): 97-98.
89. 21st Annual Report, 50, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 7.
90. Hugh Cabot to Elizabeth Cordner, February 25, 1908, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 2. These "other parts of the work" included talks to promote the work of the IDNA throughout the city and visits to gain knowledge of similar schemes elsewhere. In 1903 Stark visited the Henry Street Settlement in New York; in 1907 she observed the work of district nurses in Philadelphia; and in 1909 she attended the Jubilee Congress of District Nursing in Liverpool, England, where she gave a 15-minute talk on the work of the IDNA. While in Liverpool, she visited the District Nurses' Home and accompanied a nurse on her rounds. She then toured the country, observing district nursing in Chester, Leamington, Stratford, and Oxford, before arriving in London at the invitation of Amy Hughes, Superintendent General of QVJI, whom she had met at the Congress. In the capital, she visited hospitals and districts in Shoreditch and Whitechapel, among the poorest areas not only in London, but in England. See Martha Stark, Report of Jubilee Congress of District Nursing, Liverpool, May 12-14, 1909, IDNA Collection, Box 11, Folder 8.
91. Minutes of Executive Committee Meetings, January 7, 1910, February 4, 1910, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Folder 6.
92. Michael Davis to Mrs. E. A Codman, April 27, 1911, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 3.
93. 27th Annual Report, 22, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 10.
94. MBMM, January 11, 1911, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Folder 2.
95. MBMM, February 8, 1911, March 1, 1911, October 18, 1911, December 13, 1911, IDNA Collection, Box 8, Folder 2. See also "Reasons for Miss Stark not being asked to accept position of Head of Whole Work," IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 3. This undated document, filed with correspondence from 1911, consists of a page of rough notes, each in a different handwriting, which suggests that the paper was passed around at a Board of Managers meeting with each member asked to add her opinion. The unequivocal comments include, "No true administrative power"; "Suspicious nature"; "Tremendously quick temper"; "Does not get along with other workers well"; and "Tampers with the truth."
96. MBMM, March 1, 1911, October 18, 1911, December 13, 1911, Box 8, Folder 2; 26th Annual Report, 9, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 9. See also Ida Cannon to Mrs. E. A. Codman, February 15, 1911; Edna Foley to Mrs. E. A. Codman, June 28, 1911; Ella Crandall to Mrs. E. A. Codman, August 25, 1911; Ellen LaMotte to Mrs. E. A. Codman, September 26, 1911 and October 3, 1911; Ella Crandall to Mrs. E. A. Codman, November 9, 1911, November 21,1911, IDNA Collection, Box 1, Folder 3.
97. 27th Annual Report, 16, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 9.
98. 27th Annual Report, 16, 26-27.
99. 27th Annual Report, 16, 28, 25-26.
100. 26th Annual Report, 10; 29th Annual Report, 19, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Folder 10.
101. 27th Annual Report, 29; 29th Annual Report, 18.
102. 27th Annual Report, 42-43; 28th Annual Report, 21-22, IDNA Collection, Box 13, Foldet 10.
103. 26th Annual Report, 13.
104. 29th Annual Report, 26.
105. Harriet Fulmer, "History of Visiting Nurse Work in America," American Journal of Nursing (hereafter AJN) 11 (March 1902): 415.
106. 28th Annual Report, June 24, 1918, 20-21; Report of Atlantic City Convention for Public Health Nursing, June 1913, IDNA Collection, Box 2, Foldet 6.
107. Fulmer, "History," 424; Mary Sewall Gardner, "Twenty-Five Years Ago," Public Health Nurse Quarterly (hereafter PHN) 29 (March 1937): 142.
108. Gardner, "Twenty-Five Years Ago," 142; Isabel W Lowman, "The Need of a Standard for Visiting Nursing," Visiting Nurse Quarterly 4 (January 1912): 9.
109. Fulmer, "History," 412-13.
110. Mary E. Lent, "Report of the Committee on Visiting Nursing," AJN 10 (June 1910): 868;
111. Annie W. Goodrich, "The Need of Orientation," AJN 13 (February 1913): 340.
112. Lowman, "Standard," 9, 15, 16.
113. Mary Beard, "Generalization in Public Health Nursing," PHN 5 (October 1913): 47.
114. Eliza J. Moore, "Visiting Nursing," AJN 1 (October 1900): 21;
115. Mayanna B. Tomlinson, "Compensation in Visiting Nursing," PHN 6 (January 1914): 77-78.
116. Beard, "Generalization," 45-46.
117. One of the Older Women, "A Decade of Change," PHN 5 (January 1913): 66-69.
118. Craven, Guide to District Nurses, 8-9.
119. Loane, Outlines of Routine, vii, 150.
120. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, "False Dawn: The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing in America, 1900-1930," in Nursing History: New Perspectives, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann (New York: Teachers College Press, 1983), 99-100.
121. See also Diane Hamilton, "The Cost of Caring: The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's Visiting Nurse Service, 1909-1953," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 63 (Fall 1989): 414-34.