Radiographic Staging of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Thoracic Surgery Clinics

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 349-361

  Groth, Shawn S ^a   Whitson, Bryan A ^a   Maddaus, Michael A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; TRACER;

ASPIRATION BIOPSY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG UPTAKE; ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MEDIASTINUM LYMPH NODE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSBRONCHIAL ASPIRATION; TUMOR BIOPSY;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEDIASTINUM; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 53849098393     PISSN: 15474127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2008.07.002     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Mountain C.F. Revisions in the International System for staging lung cancer. Chest 111 6 (1997) 1710-1717
2. Naruke T., Goya T., Tsuchiya R., et al. Prognosis and survival in resected lung carcinoma based on the new international staging system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96 3 (1988) 440-447
3. Rusch V.W., Albain K.S., Crowley J.J., et al. Surgical resection of stage IIIA and stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer after concurrent induction chemoradiotherapy. A Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105 1 (1993) 97-104 [discussion: 104-6]
4. Rosell R., Gomez-Codina J., Camps C., et al. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 330 3 (1994) 153-158
5. Roth J.A., Fossella F., Komaki R., et al. A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86 9 (1994) 673-680
6. Bueno R., Richards W.G., Swanson S.J., et al. Nodal stage after induction therapy for stage IIIA lung cancer determines patient survival. Ann Thorac Surg 70 6 (2000) 1826-1831
7. Voltolini L., Luzzi L., Ghiribelli C., et al. Results of induction chemotherapy followed by surgical resection in patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: the importance of the nodal down-staging after chemotherapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20 6 (2001) 1106-1112
8. Faling L.J., Pugatch R.D., Jung-Legg Y., et al. Computed tomographic scanning of the mediastinum in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Am Rev Respir Dis 124 6 (1981) 690-695
9. Martini N., Heelan R., Westcott J., et al. Comparative merits of conventional, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing mediastinal involvement in surgically confirmed lung carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90 5 (1985) 639-648
10. Webb W.R., Gatsonis C., Zerhouni E.A., et al. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 178 3 (1991) 705-713
11. Lyn B.E., Ayoub A.W., Saunders M.I., et al. Chest radiography or computed tomography in the assessment of lung cancer prior to radiography. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 4 3 (1992) 148-153
12. Little A.G., Rusch V.W., Bonner J.A., et al. Patterns of surgical care of lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg 80 6 (2005) 2051-2056
13. Eggeling S., Martin T., Bottger J., et al. Invasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer-a prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22 5 (2002) 679-684
14. Kerr K.M., Lamb D., Wathen C.G., et al. Pathological assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer: implications for non-invasive mediastinal staging. Thorax 47 5 (1992) 337-341
15. Daly Jr. B.D., Faling L.J., Bite G., et al. Mediastinal lymph node evaluation by computed tomography in lung cancer. An analysis of 345 patients grouped by TNM staging, tumor size, and tumor location. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94 5 (1987) 664-672
16. Shimoyama K., Murata K., Takahashi M., et al. Pulmonary hilar lymph node metastases from lung cancer: evaluation based on morphology at thin-section, incremental, dynamic CT. Radiology 203 1 (1997) 187-195
17. Boiselle P.M., Patz Jr. E.F., Vining D.J., et al. Imaging of mediastinal lymph nodes: CT, MR, and FDG PET. Radiographics 18 5 (1998) 1061-1069
18. Quint L.E., Francis I.R., Wahl R.L., et al. Preoperative staging of non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung: imaging methods. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 6 (1995) 1349-1359
19. Patterson G.A., Ginsberg R.J., Poon P.Y., et al. A prospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy in the preoperative assessment of mediastinal node status in bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94 5 (1987) 679-684
20. Webb W.R., Sarin M., Zerhouni E.A., et al. Interobserver variability in CT and MR staging of lung cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17 6 (1993) 841-846
21. Silvestri G.A., Tanoue L.T., Margolis M.L., et al. The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: the guidelines. Chest 123 Suppl 1 (2003) 147S-156S
22. Ohno Y., Hatabu H., Takenaka D., et al. Metastases in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: quantitative and qualitative assessment with STIR turbo spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 231 3 (2004) 872-879
23. Kim H.Y., Yi C.A., Lee K.S., et al. Nodal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: accuracy of 3.0-T MR imaging. Radiology 246 2 (2008) 596-604
24. Vassallo P., Matei C., Heston W.D., et al. AMI-227-enhanced MR lymphography: usefulness for differentiating reactive from tumor-bearing lymph nodes. Radiology 193 2 (1994) 501-506
25. Weissleder R., Cheng H.C., Bogdanova A., et al. Magnetically labeled cells can be detected by MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 7 1 (1997) 258-263
26. Hara T., Kosaka N., Suzuki T., et al. Uptake rates of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-choline in lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis: a positron emission tomography study. Chest 124 3 (2003) 893-901
27. Hara T., Inagaki K., Kosaka N., et al. Sensitive detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer with 11C-choline PET. J Nucl Med 41 9 (2000) 1507-1513
28. Menda Y., Bushnell D.L., Madsen M.T., et al. Evaluation of various corrections to the standardized uptake value for diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy. Nucl Med Commun 22 10 (2001) 1077-1081
29. Patz Jr. E.F., Lowe V.J., Hoffman J.M., et al. Focal pulmonary abnormalities: evaluation with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning. Radiology 188 2 (1993) 487-490
30. Hellwig D., Graeter T.P., Ukena D., et al. 18F-FDG PET for mediastinal staging of lung cancer: which SUV threshold makes sense?. J Nucl Med 48 11 (2007) 1761-1766
31. Gupta N.C., Graeber G.M., and Bishop H.A. Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose in evaluation of small (3 cm) lymph node lesions. Chest 117 3 (2000) 773-778
32. Bryant A.S., Cerfolio R.J., Klemm K.M., et al. Maximum standard uptake value of mediastinal lymph nodes on integrated FDG-PET-CT predicts pathology in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 82 2 (2006) 417-422 [discussion: 422-3]
33. Cerfolio R.J., and Bryant A.S. Ratio of the maximum standardized uptake value on FDG-PET of the mediastinal (N2) lymph nodes to the primary tumor may be a universal predictor of nodal malignancy in patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 83 5 (2007) 1826-1829 [discussion: 1829-30]
34. Sasaki R., Komaki R., Macapinlac H., et al. SUV by FDG-PET predicts outcomes of NSCLC. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 Suppl 2 (2003) S166
35. Higashi K., Ueda Y., Arisaka Y., et al. 18F-FDG uptake as a biologic prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 43 1 (2002) 39-45
36. Vansteenkiste J.F., Stroobants S.G., Dupont P.J., et al. Prognostic importance of the standardized uptake value on (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in non-small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of 125 cases. Leuven Lung Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 17 10 (1999) 3201-3206
37. Ahuja V., Coleman R.E., Herndon J., et al. The prognostic significance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 83 5 (1998) 918-924
38. Cerfolio R.J., Bryant A.S., Ohja B., et al. The maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography of a non-small cell lung cancer predict stage, recurrence, and survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 1 (2005) 151-159
39. Downey R.J., Akhurst T., Gonen M., et al. Preoperative F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value predicts survival after lung cancer resection. J Clin Oncol 22 16 (2004) 3255-3260
40. Pieterman R.M., van Putten J.W., Meuzelaar J.J., et al. Preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med 343 4 (2000) 254-261
41. Bury T., Paulus P., Dowlati A., et al. Staging of the mediastinum: value of positron emission tomography imaging in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur Respir J 9 12 (1996) 2560-2564
42. Cerfolio R.J., Ojha B., Bryant A.S., et al. The role of FDG-PET scan in staging patients with nonsmall cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 76 3 (2003) 861-866
43. Fritscher-Ravens A., Bohuslavizki K.H., Brandt L., et al. Mediastinal lymph node involvement in potentially resectable lung cancer: comparison of CT, positron emission tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography with and without fine-needle aspiration. Chest 123 2 (2003) 442-451
44. Luketich J.D., Friedman D.M., Meltzer C.C., et al. The role of positron emission tomography in evaluating mediastinal lymph node metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2 3 (2001) 229-233
45. Magnani P., Carretta A., Rizzo G., et al. FDG/PET and spiral CT image fusion for medistinal lymph node assessment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 40 5 (1999) 741-748
46. Antoch G., Stattaus J., Nemat A.T., et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 229 2 (2003) 526-533
47. Vesselle H., Pugsley J.M., Vallieres E., et al. The impact of fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron-emission tomography on the surgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 3 (2002) 511-519
48. Halpern B.S., Schiepers C., Weber W.A., et al. Presurgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer: positron emission tomography, integrated positron emission tomography/CT, and software image fusion. Chest 128 4 (2005) 2289-2297
49. Chin Jr. R., Ward R., Keyes J.W., et al. Mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152 6 Pt 1 (1995) 2090-2096
50. Guhlmann A., Storck M., Kotzerke J., et al. Lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer: evaluation by [18F]FDG positron emission tomography (PET). Thorax 52 5 (1997) 438-441
51. Sasaki M., Ichiya Y., Kuwabara Y., et al. The usefulness of FDG positron emission tomography for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a comparative study with x-ray computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 23 7 (1996) 741-747
52. Sazon D.A., Santiago S.M., Soo Hoo G.W., et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 1 (1996) 417-421
53. Scott W.J., Gobar L.S., Terry J.D., et al. Mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and positron emission tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 3 (1996) 642-648
54. Steinert H.C., Hauser M., Allemann F., et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 202 2 (1997) 441-446
55. Vansteenkiste J.F., Stroobants S.G., De Leyn P.R., et al. Mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis of 50 cases. Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Chest 112 6 (1997) 1480-1486
56. Weng E., Tran L., Rege S., et al. Accuracy and clinical impact of mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET imaging in potentially resectable lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 23 1 (2000) 47-52
57. Ebihara A., Nomori H., Watanabe K., et al. Characteristics of advantages of positron emission tomography over computed tomography for N-staging in lung cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 36 11 (2006) 694-698
58. Birim O., Kappetein A.P., Stijnen T., et al. Meta-analysis of positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic imaging in detecting mediastinal lymph node metastases in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 79 1 (2005) 375-382
59. Alongi F., Ragusa P., Montemaggi P., et al. Combining independent studies of diagnostic fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and computed tomography in mediastinal lymph node staging for non-small cell lung cancer. Tumori 92 4 (2006) 327-333
60. Dwamena B.A., Sonnad S.S., Angobaldo J.O., et al. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s-meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology 213 2 (1999) 530-536
61. Toloza E.M., Harpole L., and McCrory D.C. Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence. Chest 123 Suppl 1 (2003) 137S-146S
62. Gould M.K., Kuschner W.G., Rydzak C.E., et al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 139 11 (2003) 879-892
63. Cerfolio R.J., and Bryant A.S. The role of integrated positron emission tomography-computerized tomography in evaluating and staging patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 19 3 (2007) 192-200
64. Lardinois D., Weder W., Hany T.F., et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 348 25 (2003) 2500-2507
65. Cerfolio R.J., Ojha B., Bryant A.S., et al. The accuracy of integrated PET-CT compared with dedicated PET alone for the staging of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 78 3 (2004) 1017-1023 [discussion: 1017-23]
66. The NCCN non-small cell lung cancer clinical practice guidelines in oncology (version 1.2007). Available at:. http://www.nccn.org Accessed August 25, 2007
67. Van Schil P., van der Schoot J., Poniewierski J., et al. Remediastinoscopy after neoadjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 37 3 (2002) 281-285
68. Mateu-Navarro M., Rami-Porta R., Bastus-Piulats R., et al. Remediastinoscopy after induction chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 70 2 (2000) 391-395
69. De Leyn P., Stroobants S., De Wever W., et al. Prospective comparative study of integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan compared with remediastinoscopy in the assessment of residual mediastinal lymph node disease after induction chemotherapy for mediastinoscopy-proven stage IIIA-N2 Non-small-cell lung cancer: a Leuven Lung Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 24 21 (2006) 3333-3339
70. Coughlin M., Deslauriers J., Beaulieu M., et al. Role of mediastinoscopy in pretreatment staging of patients with primary lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 40 6 (1985) 556-560
71. Cybulsky I.J., and Bennett W.F. Mediastinoscopy as a routine outpatient procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 58 1 (1994) 176-178
72. Hammoud Z.T., Anderson R.C., Meyers B.F., et al. The current role of mediastinoscopy in the evaluation of thoracic disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118 5 (1999) 894-899
73. Lemaire A., Nikolic I., Petersen T., et al. Nine-year single center experience with cervical mediastinoscopy: complications and false negative rate. Ann Thorac Surg 82 4 (2006) 1185-1189 [discussion: 1189-90]
74. Luke W.P., Pearson F.G., Todd T.R., et al. Prospective evaluation of mediastinoscopy for assessment of carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91 1 (1986) 53-56
75. Pauwels M., Van Schil P., De Backer W., et al. Repeat mediastinoscopy in the staging of lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 14 3 (1998) 271-273
76. Vansteenkiste J., Stroobants S., Hoekstra C., et al. 18Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) in the assessment of induction chemotherapy (IC) in stage IIIa-N2 NSCLC: a multi-center prospective study. [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20 313A (2001) 1250
77. Akhurst T., Downey R.J., Ginsberg M.S., et al. An initial experience with FDG-PET in the imaging of residual disease after induction therapy for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 73 1 (2002) 259-264 [discussion: 264-6]
78. Ryu J.S., Choi N.C., Fischman A.J., et al. FDG-PET in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: correlation with histopathology. Lung Cancer 35 2 (2002) 179-187
79. Cerfolio R.J., Ojha B., Mukherjee S., et al. Positron emission tomography scanning with 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose as a predictor of response of neoadjuvant treatment for non-small cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 4 (2003) 938-944
80. Port J.L., Kent M.S., Korst R.J., et al. Positron emission tomography scanning poorly predicts response to preoperative chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 77 1 (2004) 254-259 [discussion: 259]
81. Hellwig D., Graeter T.P., Ukena D., et al. Value of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after induction therapy of locally advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 6 (2004) 892-899
82. Cerfolio R.J., and Bryant A.S. When is it best to repeat a 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan on patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy?. Ann Thorac Surg 84 4 (2007) 1092-1097
83. Cerfolio R.J., Bryant A.S., and Ojha B. Restaging patients with N2 (stage IIIA) non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a prospective study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 6 (2006) 1229-1235
84. Cerfolio R.J., Bryant A.S., Winokur T.S., et al. Repeat FDG-PET after neoadjuvant therapy is a predictor of pathologic response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 78 6 (2004) 1903-1909 [discussion: 1909]
85. Belhocine T., De Barsy C., Hustinx R., et al. Usefulness of (18)F-FDG PET in the post-therapy surveillance of endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 9 (2002) 1132-1139
86. Ryu S.Y., Kim M.H., Choi S.C., et al. Detection of early recurrence with 18F-FDG PET in patients with cervical cancer. J Nucl Med 44 3 (2003) 347-352
87. Yen T.C., and Lai C.H. Positron emission tomography in gynecologic cancer. Semin Nucl Med 36 1 (2006) 93-104
88. Yeung, Dwc, Yeung, et al. Improving reproducibility of SUV by FDG dose adjusted for body size and serum glucose level. Clin Positron Imaging 3 4 (2000) 177
89. Rudd J.H., Warburton E.A., Fryer T.D., et al. Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation 105 23 (2002) 2708-2711
90. Asad S., Aquino S.L., Piyavisetpat N., et al. False-positive FDG positron emission tomography uptake in nonmalignant chest abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 4 (2004) 983-989
91. Bryant A.S., and Cerfolio R.J. The clinical stage of non-small cell lung cancer as assessed by means of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic scanning is less accurate in cigarette smokers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132 6 (2006) 1363-1368
92. Yamada K., Endo S., Fukuda H., et al. Experimental studies on myocardial glucose metabolism of rats with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Eur J Nucl Med 10 7-8 (1985) 341-345
93. Hoekstra C.J., Stroobants S.G., Smit E.F., et al. Prognostic relevance of response evaluation using [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 33 (2005) 8362-8370
94. Patlak C.S., Blasberg R.G., and Fenstermacher J.D. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3 1 (1983) 1-7
95. Hoekstra C.J., Hoekstra O.S., Stroobants S.G., et al. Methods to monitor response to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer with 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 43 10 (2002) 1304-1309
96. Lee W.W., Chung J.H., Jang S.J., et al. Consideration of serum glucose levels during malignant mediastinal lymph node detection in non-small-cell lung cancer by FDG-PET. J Surg Oncol 94 7 (2006) 607-613
97. Gorenberg M., Hallett W.A., and O'Doherty M.J. Does diabetes affect [(18)F]FDG standardised uptake values in lung cancer?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 10 (2002) 1324-1327
98. Langen K.J., Braun U., Rota Kops E., et al. The influence of plasma glucose levels on fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in bronchial carcinomas. J Nucl Med 34 3 (1993) 355-359
99. Mountain C.F., and Dresler C.M. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest 111 6 (1997) 1718-1723
100. Truong M.T., Erasmus J.J., Munden R.F., et al. Focal FDG uptake in mediastinal brown fat mimicking malignancy: a potential pitfall resolved on PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 4 (2004) 1127-1132
101. Heyneman L.E., and Patz E.F. PET imaging in patients with bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 38 3 (2002) 261-266
102. Yap C.S., Schiepers C., Fishbein M.C., et al. FDG-PET imaging in lung cancer: how sensitive is it for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 9 (2002) 1166-1173
103. Schimmer C., Neukam K., and Elert O. Staging of non-small cell lung cancer: clinical value of positron emission tomography and mediastinoscopy. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 5 4 (2006) 418-423
104. Meyers B.F., Haddad F., Siegel B.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of routine mediastinoscopy in computed tomography- and positron emission tomography-screened patients with stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 4 (2006) 822-829 [discussion: 8229]
105. Cerfolio R.J., Bryant A.S., and Eloubeidi M.A. Routine mediastinoscopy and esophageal ultrasound fine-needle aspiration in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who are clinically N2 negative: a prospective study. Chest 130 6 (2006) 1791-1795
106. Cerfolio R.J., Bryant A.S., Ojha B., et al. Improving the inaccuracies of clinical staging of patients with NSCLC: a prospective trial. Ann Thorac Surg 80 4 (2005) 1207-1213 [discussion: 1213-4]
107. Herth F.J., Eberhardt R., Vilmann P., et al. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes. Thorax 61 9 (2006) 795-798
108. Yasufuku K., Chiyo M., Koh E., et al. Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 50 3 (2005) 347-354
109. Vincent B.D., El-Bayoumi E., Hoffman B., et al. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lymph node aspiration. Ann Thorac Surg 85 1 (2008) 224-230
110. Herth F.J., Rabe K.F., Gasparini S., et al. Transbronchial and transoesophageal (ultrasound-guided) needle aspirations for the analysis of mediastinal lesions. Eur Respir J 28 6 (2006) 1264-1275
111. Yasufuku K., Nakajima T., Motoori K., et al. Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and CT for lymph node staging of lung cancer. Chest 130 3 (2006) 710-718
112. Caddy G., Conron M., Wright G., et al. The accuracy of EUS-FNA in assessing mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging patients with NSCLC. Eur Respir J 25 3 (2005) 410-415
113. Wallace M.B., Pascual J.M., Raimondo M., et al. Minimally invasive endoscopic staging of suspected lung cancer. JAMA 299 5 (2008) 540-546
114. Gress F.G., Savides T.J., Sandler A., et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography, fine-needle aspiration biopsy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography, and computed tomography in the preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a comparison study. Ann Intern Med 127 8 Pt 1 (1997) 604-612
115. Allen M.S., Darling G.E., Pechet T.T., et al. Morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary resections in patients with early-stage lung cancer: initial results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial. Ann Thorac Surg 81 3 (2006) 1013-1019
116. Doddoli C., Aragon A., Barlesi F., et al. Does the extent of lymph node dissection influence outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 27 4 (2005) 680-685
117. Gajra A., Newman N., Gamble G.P., et al. Effect of number of lymph nodes sampled on outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 6 (2003) 1029-1034
118. Keller S.M., Adak S., Wagner H., et al. A randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with completely resected stage II or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. N Engl J Med 343 17 (2000) 1217-1222
119. Whitson B.A., Groth S.S., and Maddaus M.A. Surgical assessment and intraoperative management of mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 84 3 (2007) 1059-1065
120. Egri G., Meszaros Z., Vass G., et al. How effective is the routine mediastinal block dissection in the surgery of non-small cell lung cancer?. Acta Chir Hung 37 1-2 (1998) 85-93
121. Shim S.S., Lee K.S., Kim B.T., et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: prospective comparison of integrated FDG PET/CT and CT alone for preoperative staging. Radiology 236 3 (2005) 1011-1019
122. Graeter T.P., Hellwig D., Hoffmann K., et al. Mediastinal lymph node staging in suspected lung cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and mediastinoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 75 1 (2003) 231-235 [discussion: 235-6]
123. Roberts P.F., Follette D.M., von Haag D., et al. Factors associated with false-positive staging of lung cancer by positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 70 4 (2000) 1154-1159 [discussion: 1159-60]
124. Tournoy K.G., Maddens S., Gosselin R., et al. Integrated FDG-PET/CT does not make invasive staging of the intrathoracic lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer redundant: a prospective study. Thorax 62 8 (2007) 696-701
125. Kuzdzal J., Zielinski M., Papla B., et al. Transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy-the new operative technique and early results in lung cancer staging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 27 3 (2005) 384-390 [discussion: 390]
126. McNeill T.M., and Chamberlain J.M. Diagnostic anterior mediastinotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2 4 (1966) 532-539
127. Herth F., Becker H.D., and Ernst A. Conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial. Chest 125 1 (2004) 322-325
128. Annema J.T., Versteegh M.I., Veselic M., et al. Endoscopic ultrasound added to mediastinoscopy for preoperative staging of patients with lung cancer. JAMA 294 8 (2005) 931-936