The influence of hope on the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms

Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 231-244

  Banks, Kira Hudson ^a   Singleton, Jennifer L ^b   Kohn Wood, Laura P ^c  

^a ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Southwestern Indiana Mental Health Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53849091334     PISSN: 08838534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2008.tb00085.x     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Banks, K. H., & Kohn-Wood, L. (2007). The influence of racial identity profiles on the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 331-354.
2. Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and psychological distress. Community Mental Health, 42, 555-570.
3. Barbee, E. L. (1992). African American women and depression: A review and critique of the literature. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6, 257-265.
4. Barnes, P. W., & Lightsey, O. R. (2005). Perceived racist discrimination, coping, stress, and life satisfaction. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 48-61.
5. Biasco, F., Goodwin, E. A., & Vitale, K. L. (2001). College students' attitudes towards racial discrimination. College Student Journal, 35, 523-528.
6. Chang, E. C., & Banks, K. H. (2007). The color and texture of hope: Some preliminary findings and implications for hope theory and counseling among diverse racial/ethnic groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 94-103.
7. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
8. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Cokley, K., & Helm, K. (2007). The relationship between African American enculturation and racial identity. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35, 142-153.
10. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
11. Danoff-Burg, S., Prelow, H. M., & Swenson, R. R. (2004). Hope and life satisfaction in Black college students coping with race-related stress. Journal of Black Psychology, 30, 208-228.
12. Davidson, M. M., Yakushka, O. F., & Sanford-Martens, T. C. (2004). Racial and ethnic minority clients' utilization of a university counseling center: An archival study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32, 259-271.
13. Deitch, E. A., Barsky, A., Butz, R. M., Chan, S., Brief, A. P., & Bradley, J. C. (2003). Subtle yet significant: The existence and impact of everyday racial discrimination in the workplace. Human Relations, 56, 1299-1324.
14. Diemer, M. A. (2007). Two worlds: African American men's negotiation of predominantly White educational and occupational worlds. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35, 2-14.
15. Fischer, A. R., & Shaw, C. M. (1999). African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 395-407.
16. Harrell, S. P. (1997). The Racism and Life Experiences Scales. Unpublished manuscript.
17. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42-57.
18. Huprich, S. K., & Frisch, M. B. (2004). The Depressive Personality Disorder Inventory and its relationship to quality of life, hopefulness, and optimism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 22-28.
19. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230.
20. Kwon, P. (2000). Hope and dysphoria: The moderating role of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 68, 199-233.
21. Kwon, P. (2002). Hope, defense mechanisms, and adjustment: Implications for false hope and defensive hopelessness. Journal of Personality, 70, 207-231.
22. McGonagle, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1990). Chronic stress, acute stress, and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 681-706.
23. Radloff, L. S. (1977). A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
24. Reed, M., McLeod, S., Randall, Y., & Walker, B. (1996). Depressive symptoms in African-American women. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24, 6-14.
25. Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, N. J. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1079-1092.
26. Shorey, H. S., Snyder, C. R., Yang, X., & Lewin, M. R. (2003). The role of hope as a mediator in recollected parenting, adult, attachment, and mental health. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 685-715.
27. Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 355-360.
28. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory. Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-275.
29. Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race and ethnicity - A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved August 4, 2008, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/cre/sma-01-3613.pdf