메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1668-1679

Toll-like receptor 4 agonists adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide adjuvant attenuate ovalbumin-specific allergic airway disease: Role of MyD88 adaptor molecule and interleukin-12/interferon-γ axis

Author keywords

Airway hyper reactivity; Allergic airway inflammation; LPS; MyD88; TLR4 signaling

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; ALUMINUM POTASSIUM SULFATE; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR AGONIST; ER 803022; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1 ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G2A; INTERLEUKIN 12; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; OVALBUMIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4 AGONIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 53749099495     PISSN: 09547894     EISSN: 13652222     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03036.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (63)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 0037317763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immune sensing and its roots: The story of endotoxin
    • Beutler B, Rietschel ET. Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 : 169 76.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 169-76
    • Beutler, B.1    Rietschel, E.T.2
  • 2
    • 0030831210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
    • Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997 388 : 394 7.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 394-7
    • Medzhitov, R.1    Preston-Hurlburt, P.2    Janeway Jr., C.A.3
  • 4
    • 0034904034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin-stimulated innate immunity: A contributing factor for asthma
    • Reed CE, Milton DK. Endotoxin-stimulated innate immunity: a contributing factor for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 : 157 66.
    • (2001) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.108 , pp. 157-66
    • Reed, C.E.1    Milton, D.K.2
  • 7
    • 0033856713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy
    • von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schierl R et al. Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30 : 1230 4.
    • (2000) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.30 , pp. 1230-4
    • Von Mutius, E.1    Braun-Fahrlander, C.2    Schierl, R.3
  • 8
    • 0024417450 scopus 로고
    • Hay fever, hygiene, and household size
    • Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989 299 : 1259 60.
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.299 , pp. 1259-60
    • Strachan, D.P.1
  • 9
    • 0030451097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity of asthma is related to endotoxin in house dust
    • Michel O, Kips J, Duchateau J et al. Severity of asthma is related to endotoxin in house dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 154 : 1641 6.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1641-6
    • Michel, O.1    Kips, J.2    Duchateau, J.3
  • 10
  • 12
    • 0038448226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial lipopolysaccharide signaling through toll-like receptor 4 suppresses asthma-like responses via nitric oxide synthase 2 activity
    • Rodriguez D, Keller AC, Faquim-Mauro EL et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide signaling through toll-like receptor 4 suppresses asthma-like responses via nitric oxide synthase 2 activity. J Immunol 2003 171 : 1001 8.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 1001-8
    • Rodriguez, D.1    Keller, A.C.2    Faquim-Mauro, E.L.3
  • 13
    • 0037121946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen
    • Eisenbarth SC, Piggott DA, Huleatt JW, Visintin I, Herrick CA, Bottomly K. Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen. J Exp Med 2002 196 : 1645 51.
    • (2002) J Exp Med , vol.196 , pp. 1645-51
    • Eisenbarth, S.C.1    Piggott, D.A.2    Huleatt, J.W.3    Visintin, I.4    Herrick, C.A.5    Bottomly, K.6
  • 14
    • 0035031353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the late-phase response to allergen by altering nitric oxide synthase activity and interleukin-10
    • Tulic MK, Knight DA, Holt PG, Sly PD. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the late-phase response to allergen by altering nitric oxide synthase activity and interleukin-10. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001 24 : 640 6.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.24 , pp. 640-6
    • Tulic, M.K.1    Knight, D.A.2    Holt, P.G.3    Sly, P.D.4
  • 15
    • 33646490101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR4 signaling attenuates ongoing allergic inflammation
    • Hollingsworth JW, Whitehead GS, Lin KL et al. TLR4 signaling attenuates ongoing allergic inflammation. J Immunol 2006 176 : 5856 62.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.176 , pp. 5856-62
    • Hollingsworth, J.W.1    Whitehead, G.S.2    Lin, K.L.3
  • 16
    • 9244245182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent effects of endotoxins on allergen sensitization and challenge in the mouse
    • Delayre-Orthez C, de Blay F, Frossard N, Pons F. Dose-dependent effects of endotoxins on allergen sensitization and challenge in the mouse. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 : 1789 95.
    • (2004) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.34 , pp. 1789-95
    • Delayre-Orthez, C.1    De Blay, F.2    Frossard, N.3    Pons, F.4
  • 17
    • 14944375918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MyD88-dependent induction of allergic Th2 responses to intranasal antigen
    • Piggott DA, Eisenbarth SC, Xu L et al. MyD88-dependent induction of allergic Th2 responses to intranasal antigen. J Clin Invest 2005 115 : 459 67.
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 459-67
    • Piggott, D.A.1    Eisenbarth, S.C.2    Xu, L.3
  • 18
    • 0036569813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 4 is required for optimal development of Th2 immune responses: Role of dendritic cells
    • Dabbagh K, Dahl ME, Stepick-Biek P, Lewis DB. Toll-like receptor 4 is required for optimal development of Th2 immune responses: role of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2002 168 : 4524 30.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 4524-30
    • Dabbagh, K.1    Dahl, M.E.2    Stepick-Biek, P.3    Lewis, D.B.4
  • 19
    • 0142149108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin contamination of ovalbumin suppresses murine immunologic responses and development of airway hyper-reactivity
    • Watanabe J, Miyazaki Y, Zimmerman GA, Albertine KH, McIntyre TM. Endotoxin contamination of ovalbumin suppresses murine immunologic responses and development of airway hyper-reactivity. J Biol Chem 2003 278 : 42361 8.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 42361-8
    • Watanabe, J.1    Miyazaki, Y.2    Zimmerman, G.A.3    Albertine, K.H.4    McIntyre, T.M.5
  • 20
    • 27844559733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to endotoxins during sensitization prevents further endotoxin-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma
    • Delayre-Orthez C, Becker J, de Blay F, Frossard N, Pons F. Exposure to endotoxins during sensitization prevents further endotoxin-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005 138 : 298 304.
    • (2005) Int Arch Allergy Immunol , vol.138 , pp. 298-304
    • Delayre-Orthez, C.1    Becker, J.2    De Blay, F.3    Frossard, N.4    Pons, F.5
  • 21
    • 34247135082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway exposure levels of lipopolysaccharide determine type 1 versus type 2 experimental asthma
    • Kim YK, Oh SY, Jeon SG et al. Airway exposure levels of lipopolysaccharide determine type 1 versus type 2 experimental asthma. J Immunol 2007 178 : 5375 82.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 5375-82
    • Kim, Y.K.1    Oh, S.Y.2    Jeon, S.G.3
  • 22
    • 1242276212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin 18 acts on memory T helper cells type 1 to induce airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a naive host mouse
    • Sugimoto T, Ishikawa Y, Yoshimoto T, Hayashi N, Fujimoto J, Nakanishi K. Interleukin 18 acts on memory T helper cells type 1 to induce airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a naive host mouse. J Exp Med 2004 199 : 535 45.
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.199 , pp. 535-45
    • Sugimoto, T.1    Ishikawa, Y.2    Yoshimoto, T.3    Hayashi, N.4    Fujimoto, J.5    Nakanishi, K.6
  • 23
    • 18244364622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel class of endotoxin receptor agonists with simplified structure, toll-like receptor 4-dependent immunostimulatory action, and adjuvant activity
    • Hawkins LD, Ishizaka ST, McGuinness P et al. A novel class of endotoxin receptor agonists with simplified structure, toll-like receptor 4-dependent immunostimulatory action, and adjuvant activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002 300 : 655 61.
    • (2002) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.300 , pp. 655-61
    • Hawkins, L.D.1    Ishizaka, S.T.2    McGuinness, P.3
  • 24
  • 25
    • 0033120081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product
    • Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T et al. Cutting edge: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol 1999 162 : 3749 52.
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.162 , pp. 3749-52
    • Hoshino, K.1    Takeuchi, O.2    Kawai, T.3
  • 26
    • 0024997246 scopus 로고
    • Removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by phase separation using Triton X-114
    • Aida Y, Pabst MJ. Removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by phase separation using Triton X-114. J Immunol Methods 1990 132 : 191 5.
    • (1990) J Immunol Methods , vol.132 , pp. 191-5
    • Aida, Y.1    Pabst, M.J.2
  • 27
    • 31944447525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchial suppression of asthma-like responses by mucosal tolerance
    • Keller AC, Mucida D, Gomes E et al. Hierarchial suppression of asthma-like responses by mucosal tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 117 : 283 90.
    • (2006) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.117 , pp. 283-90
    • Keller, A.C.1    Mucida, D.2    Gomes, E.3
  • 28
    • 27744586059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both hemopoietic and resident cells are required for MyD88-dependent pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin
    • Noulin N, Quesniaux VF, Schnyder-Candrian S et al. Both hemopoietic and resident cells are required for MyD88-dependent pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin. J Immunol 2005 175 : 6861 9.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 6861-9
    • Noulin, N.1    Quesniaux, V.F.2    Schnyder-Candrian, S.3
  • 30
    • 0035031606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of asthma-like responses in different mouse strains by oral tolerance
    • Russo M, Nahori MA, Lefort J et al. Suppression of asthma-like responses in different mouse strains by oral tolerance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001 24 : 518 26.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.24 , pp. 518-26
    • Russo, M.1    Nahori, M.A.2    Lefort, J.3
  • 31
    • 0000138655 scopus 로고
    • Properties of guinea pig 7S antibodies. II. Identification of antibodies involved in passive cutaneous and systemic anaphilaxis
    • Ovary Z, Benecerraf B, Bloch KJ. Properties of guinea pig 7S antibodies. II. Identification of antibodies involved in passive cutaneous and systemic anaphilaxis. J Exp Med 1963 117 : 951.
    • (1963) J Exp Med , vol.117 , pp. 951
    • Ovary, Z.1    Benecerraf, B.2    Bloch, K.J.3
  • 32
    • 0036570079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual role for nitric oxide in paracoccidioidomycosis: Essential for resistance, but overproduction associated with susceptibility
    • Nascimento FR, Calich VL, Rodriguez D, Russo M. Dual role for nitric oxide in paracoccidioidomycosis: essential for resistance, but overproduction associated with susceptibility. J Immunol 2002 168 : 4593 600.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 4593-600
    • Nascimento, F.R.1    Calich, V.L.2    Rodriguez, D.3    Russo, M.4
  • 33
    • 0344585385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Th1- and Th2-mediated airway inflammation by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720
    • Sawicka E, Zuany-Amorim C, Manlius C et al. Inhibition of Th1- and Th2-mediated airway inflammation by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720. J Immunol 2003 171 : 6206 14.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 6206-14
    • Sawicka, E.1    Zuany-Amorim, C.2    Manlius, C.3
  • 35
    • 0033215121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: Mouse IgG1 antibodies comprise two functionally distinct types that are differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-12
    • Faquim-Mauro EL, Coffman RL, Abrahamsohn IA, Macedo MS. Cutting edge: mouse IgG1 antibodies comprise two functionally distinct types that are differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-12. J Immunol 1999 163 : 3572 6.
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.163 , pp. 3572-6
    • Faquim-Mauro, E.L.1    Coffman, R.L.2    Abrahamsohn, I.A.3    MacEdo, M.S.4
  • 36
    • 0043176281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
    • Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H et al. Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 2003 301 : 640 3.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 640-3
    • Yamamoto, M.1    Sato, S.2    Hemmi, H.3
  • 37
    • 0028177647 scopus 로고
    • IFN-alpha inhibits antigen-induced eosinophil and Cd4+T-cell recruitment into tissue
    • Nakajima H, Nakao A, Watanabe Y, Yoshida S., Iwamoto I. IFN-alpha inhibits antigen-induced eosinophil and Cd4+T-cell recruitment into tissue. J Immunol 1994 153 : 1264 70.
    • (1994) J Immunol , vol.153 , pp. 1264-70
    • Nakajima, H.1    Nakao, A.2    Watanabe, Y.3    Yoshida, S.4    Iwamoto, I.5
  • 38
    • 0030748776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-beta prevents antigen-induced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice
    • Maeda Y, Musoh K, Shichijo M, Tanaka H, Nagai H. Interferon-beta prevents antigen-induced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice. Pharmacology 1997 55 : 32 43.
    • (1997) Pharmacology , vol.55 , pp. 32-43
    • Maeda, Y.1    Musoh, K.2    Shichijo, M.3    Tanaka, H.4    Nagai, H.5
  • 39
    • 0037313578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity
    • Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 : 133 46.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 133-46
    • Trinchieri, G.1
  • 40
    • 33645101274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MyD88-mediated stabilization of interferon-gamma-induced cytokine and chemokine mRNA
    • Sun D, Ding A. MyD88-mediated stabilization of interferon-gamma-induced cytokine and chemokine mRNA. Nat Immunol 2006 7 : 375 81.
    • (2006) Nat Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 375-81
    • Sun, D.1    Ding, A.2
  • 41
    • 39049088716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CpG-ODN inhibits airway inflammation at effector phase through down-regulation of antigen-specific Th2-cell migration into lung
    • Ashino S, Wakita D, Zhang Y, Chamoto K, Kitamura H, Nishimura CpG-ODN inhibits airway inflammation at effector phase through down-regulation of antigen-specific Th2-cell migration into lung. Int Immunol 2007 20 : 259 66.
    • (2007) Int Immunol , vol.20 , pp. 259-66
    • Ashino, S.1    Wakita, D.2    Zhang, Y.3    Chamoto, K.4    Kitamura, H.5    Nishimura6
  • 42
    • 0036592999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid a (MPL): An immunostimulatory adjuvant
    • Baldrick PRD, Elliott G, Wheeler AW. Safety evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL): an immunostimulatory adjuvant. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2002 35 : 398 413.
    • (2002) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 398-413
    • Baldrick, P.R.D.1    Elliott, G.2    Wheeler, A.W.3
  • 43
    • 0027172740 scopus 로고
    • Induction of early gene expression in murine macrophages by synthetic lipid a analogs with differing endotoxic potentials
    • Perera PY, Manthey CL, Stutz PL, Hildebrandt J, Vogel SN. Induction of early gene expression in murine macrophages by synthetic lipid A analogs with differing endotoxic potentials. Infect Immun 1993 61 : 2015 23.
    • (1993) Infect Immun , vol.61 , pp. 2015-23
    • Perera, P.Y.1    Manthey, C.L.2    Stutz, P.L.3    Hildebrandt, J.4    Vogel, S.N.5
  • 44
    • 0023818702 scopus 로고
    • The role of helper T cell products in mouse B cell differentiation and isotype regulation
    • Coffman RL, Seymour BWP, Lebman DA et al. The role of helper T cell products in mouse B cell differentiation and isotype regulation. Immunol Rev 1988 102 : 5 28.
    • (1988) Immunol Rev , vol.102 , pp. 5-28
    • Coffman, R.L.1    Seymour, B.W.P.2    Lebman, D.A.3
  • 45
    • 0027409773 scopus 로고
    • Interferon gamma regulates antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the mouse airways by inhibiting the infiltration of CD4+ T cells
    • Iwamoto I, Nakajima H, Endo H, Yoshida S. Interferon gamma regulates antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the mouse airways by inhibiting the infiltration of CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 1993 177 : 573 6.
    • (1993) J Exp Med , vol.177 , pp. 573-6
    • Iwamoto, I.1    Nakajima, H.2    Endo, H.3    Yoshida, S.4
  • 46
    • 2942701975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotion of B cell immune responses via an alum-induced myeloid cell population
    • Jordan MB, Mills DM, Kappler J, Marrack P, Cambier JC. Promotion of B cell immune responses via an alum-induced myeloid cell population. Science 2004 304 : 1808 10.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 1808-10
    • Jordan, M.B.1    Mills, D.M.2    Kappler, J.3    Marrack, P.4    Cambier, J.C.5
  • 47
    • 0032756730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminium hydroxide adjuvant initiates strong antigen-specific Th2 responses in the absence of IL-4- or IL-13-mediated signaling
    • Brewer JM, Conacher M, Hunter CA, Mohrs M, Brombacher F, Alexander J. Aluminium hydroxide adjuvant initiates strong antigen-specific Th2 responses in the absence of IL-4- or IL-13-mediated signaling. J Immunol 1999 163 : 6448 54.
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.163 , pp. 6448-54
    • Brewer, J.M.1    Conacher, M.2    Hunter, C.A.3    Mohrs, M.4    Brombacher, F.5    Alexander, J.6
  • 48
    • 0037450804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory T cells selectively express toll-like receptors and are activated by lipopolysaccharide
    • Caramalho I, Lopes-Carvalho T, Ostler D, Zelenay S, Haury M, Demengeot J. Regulatory T cells selectively express toll-like receptors and are activated by lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 2003 197 : 403 11.
    • (2003) J Exp Med , vol.197 , pp. 403-11
    • Caramalho, I.1    Lopes-Carvalho, T.2    Ostler, D.3    Zelenay, S.4    Haury, M.5    Demengeot, J.6
  • 49
    • 0031225598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption to aluminum hydroxide promotes the activity of IL-12 as an adjuvant for antibody as well as type 1 cytokine responses to HIV-1 gp120
    • Jankovic D, Caspar P, Zweig M et al. Adsorption to aluminum hydroxide promotes the activity of IL-12 as an adjuvant for antibody as well as type 1 cytokine responses to HIV-1 gp120. J Immunol 1997 159 : 2409 17.
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.159 , pp. 2409-17
    • Jankovic, D.1    Caspar, P.2    Zweig, M.3
  • 50
    • 33749436870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll-like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis
    • Creticos PS, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG et al. Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll-like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 1445 55.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 1445-55
    • Creticos, P.S.1    Schroeder, J.T.2    Hamilton, R.G.3
  • 51
    • 9644291636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy: Experimental results and clinical perspectives
    • Francis JN, Durham SR. Adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy: experimental results and clinical perspectives. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 4 : 543 8.
    • (2004) Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 543-8
    • Francis, J.N.1    Durham, S.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.