Neonatal Hypertonia: I. Classification and Structural-Functional Correlates

Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 301-306

  Scher, Mark S ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN MATURATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA; MUSCLE TONE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA; MUSCLE TONUS; PYRAMIDAL TRACTS;

EID: 53649102097     PISSN: 08878994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Volpe J.J. Neuromuscular disorders: levels above the lower motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction. Neurology of the newborn. 4th ed. (2001), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 642-70
2. Bodensteiner J.B. The evaluation of the hypotonic infant. Semin Pediatr Neurol 15 (2008) 10-20
3. Almli C.R., Ball R.H., and Wheeler M.E. Human fetal and neonatal movement patterns: gender differences and fetal-to-neonatal continuity. Dev Psychobiol 38 (2001) 252-273
4. de Vries J.I., and Fong B.F. Changes in fetal motility as a result of congenital disorders: an overview. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29 (2007) 590-599
5. Lüchinger A.B., Hadders-Algra M., van Kan C.M., and de Vries J.I. Fetal onset of general movements. Pediatr Res 63 (2008) 191-195
6. Touwen B.C.L. The brain and development of function. Dev Rev 18 (1998) 504-526
7. Rees S., Harding R., and Walker D. An adverse intrauterine environment: implications for injury and altered development of the brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 26 (2008) 3-11
8. Derrick M., Luo N.L., Bregman J.C., et al. Preterm fetal hypoxia-ischemia causes hypertonia and motor deficits in the neonatal rabbit: a model for human cerebral palsy?. J Neurosci 24 (2004) 24-34
9. Derrick M., Drobyshevsky A., Ji X., and Tan S. A model of cerebral palsy from fetal hypoxia-ischemia. Stroke 38 Suppl (2007) 731-735
10. Eyre J.A., Miller S., Clowry G.J., Conway E.A., and Watts C. Functional corticospinal projections are established prenatally in the human foetus permitting involvement in the development of spinal motor centres. Brain 123 (2000) 51-64
11. Martin J.H. The corticospinal system: from development to motor control. Neuroscientist 11 (2005) 161-173
12. ten Donkelaar H.J., Lammens M., Wesseling P., Hori A., Keyser A., and Rotteveel J. Development and malformations of the human pyramidal tract. J Neurol 25 (2004) 1429-1442
13. Johnson M.H. Sensitive periods in functional brain development: problems and prospects. Dev Psychobiol 46 (2005) 287-292
14. Sanger T.D., Delgado M.R., Gaebler-Spira D., Hallett M., Mink J.W., and Task Force on Childhood Motor Disorders. Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood. Pediatrics 111 (2003) e89-e97
15. Baxter P. Neurological examination of the motor system: in need of standardization. Dev Med Child Neurol 50 (2008) 83
16. Scher M.S. Fetal neurologic consultations. Pediatr Neurol 29 (2003) 193-202
17. Scher M.S. Prenatal contributions to epilepsy: lessons from the bedside. Epileptic Disord 5 (2003) 77-91
18. Allen M.C., and Capute A.J. Tone and reflex development before term. Pediatrics 85 (1990) 393-399
19. Lipkin P.H. Towards creation of a unified view of the neurodevelopment of the infant. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 11 (2005) 103-106
20. Dubowitz L., Ricciw D., and Mercuri E. The Dubowitz neurological examination of the full-term newborn. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 11 (2005) 52-60
21. Sanger T.D. Use of surface electromyography (EMG) in the diagnosis of childhood hypertonia: a pilot study. J Child Neurol 23 (2008) 644-648
22. Amiel-Tison C., Korobkin R., and Esque-Vaucouloux M.T. Neck extensor hypertonia: a clinical sign of insult to the central nervous system of the newborn. Early Hum Dev 1 (1977) 181-190
23. Sander J.E., Layzer R.B., and Goldsobel A.B. Congenital stiff-man syndrome. Ann Neurol 8 (1980) 195-197
24. Farrell S.A., Davidson R.G., and Thorp P. Neonatal manifestations of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Am J Med Genet 27 (1987) 799-805
25. Bakker M.J., van Dijk J.G., van den Maagdenberg A.M., and Tijssen M.A. Startle syndromes. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006) 513-524
26. Scher MS. Neonatal hypertonia: II. Differential diagnosis and proposed neuro protection. Pediatr Neurol [in press].
27. Sarnat H.B. Functions of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts in the human newborn. J Pediatr Neurol 1 (2003) 3-8
28. Hakamada S., Hayakawa F., Kuno K., and Tanaka R. Development of the monosynaptic reflex pathway in the human spinal cord. Brain Res 470 (1988) 239-246
29. Lawrence D.G., and Kuypers H.G. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain 91 (1968) 1-14
30. Lawrence D.G., and Kuypers H.G. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathways. Brain 91 (1968) 15-36
31. Zafeiriou D.I. Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatr Neurol 31 (2004) 1-8
32. Wolfberg A.J., Dammann O., and Gressens P. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory strategies to protect the perinatal brain. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 12 (2007) 296-302
33. Khwaja O., and Volpe J.J. Pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury of prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 93 (2008) F153-F161
34. Segovia K.N., McClure M., Moravec M., et al. Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury. Ann Neurol 63 (2008) 520-530
35. Nelson K.B., and Ellenberg J.H. Antecedents of cerebral palsy: multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med 315 (1986) 81-86
36. Adamson S.J., Alessandri L.M., Badawi N., Burton P.R., Pemberton P.J., and Stanley F. Predictors of neonatal encephalopathy in full-term infants. BMJ 311 (1995) 598-602
37. Badawi N., Kurinczuk J.J., Keogh J.M., et al. Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ 317 (1998) 1554-1558
38. Badawi N., Kurinczuk J.J., Keogh J.M., et al. Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ 317 (1998) 1549-1553
39. Low J.A. Determining the contribution of asphyxia to brain damage in the neonate. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 30 (2004) 276-286
40. Reiner A. Functional circuitry of the avian basal ganglia: implications for basal ganglia organization in stem amniotes. Brain Res Bull 57 (2002) 513-528
41. Jain M., Armstrong R.J., Barker R.A., and Rosser A.E. Cellular and molecular aspects of striatal development. Brain Res Bull 55 (2001) 533-540
42. Itoh K., Suzuki K., Bise K., Itoh H., Mehraein P., and Weis S. Apoptosis in the basal ganglia of the developing human nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 101 (2001) 92-100
43. Ito M. Controller-regulator model of the central nervous system. J Integr Neurosci 1 (2002) 129-143
44. Konczak J., and Timmann D. The effect of damage to the cerebellum on sensorimotor and cognitive function in children and adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 (2007) 1101-1113
45. Schwarz C., and Thier P. Binding of signals relevant for action: towards a hypothesis of the functional role of the pontine nuclei. Trends Neurosci 22 (1999) 443-451
46. Poretti A., Boltshauser E., and Plecko B. Brainstem disconnection: case report and review of the literature. Neuropediatrics 38 (2007) 210-212
47. Raspall M., Ortega-Aznar A., del Toro M., Roig M., and Macaya A. Neonatal rigid-akinetic syndrome and dentato-olivary dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol 34 (2006) 132-134
48. Hashimoto K., Takeuchi Y., Kida Y., et al. Three siblings of fatal infantile encephalopathy with olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia and microcephaly. Brain Dev 20 (1998) 169-174
49. Kammoun F., Tanguy A., Boesplug-Tanguy O., Bensahel H., Khouri N., and Landrieu P. Club feet with congenital perisylvian polymicrogyria possibly due to bifocal ischemic damage of the neuraxis in utero. Am J Med Genet A 126A (2004) 191-196
50. Sugama S., Ariga M., Hoashi E., and Eto Y. Brainstem cranial-nerve lesions in an infant with hypoxic cerebral injury. Pediatr Neurol 29 (2003) 256-259
51. Scher M.S. Ontogeny of EEG-sleep from neonatal through infancy periods. Sleep Med 9 (2008) 615-636
52. Parmelee A., and Stern R. Development of states in infants. In: Clemente D., Purpura D.P., and Mayer F.E. (Eds). Sleep and the maturing nervous system (1972), Academic Press, New York 199-228
53. Kohyama J. REM sleep atonia: responsible brain regions, quantification, and clinical implication. Brain Dev 22 Suppl. 1 (2000) S136-S142
54. Datta S., and Maclean R.R. Neurobiological mechanisms for the regulation of mammalian sleep-wake behavior: reinterpretation of historical evidence and inclusion of contemporary cellular and molecular evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 (2007) 775-824