Heavy metals in alkaline and zinc-carbon dry cells as pollution indicators of spent batteries

European Journal of Scientific Research

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 593-603

  Osibanjo, O ^a   Eyanohonre, A E ^a   Nnorom, I C ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN   (Nigeria)

^b ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^c Department of Industrial Chemistry Abia State University ^*  (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Battery; Dry cell; Heavy metals; Nigeria; Pollution

Indexed keywords

EID: 53649101183     PISSN: 1450216X     EISSN: 1450202X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ammann, P.(1995) Economic considerations of battery recycling based on the Recytec Process. J. Power Sources 57: 41-44.
2. Andrade-Tacca, C.A., and Duarte, M.M.E. (2005) Acid leaching and electrochemical recovery of manganese from spent alkaline batteries. 2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering (4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering).EMPROMER, Costa Verde-RJ-Brasil, 2005. http://dpi.eq.ufrj.br/CENPROMER2005/nukleo/pdfs/1143_empromer.pdf
3. Bertoul, D.A., Bernardes, A.M., Holeczek, H., and Fetzer, H.J.(2006) Spent NiMH batteries-Rare earths recovery and leach liquor purification through selective precipitation. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca. 12: 13-19.
4. Castillo, S., Samala, N.K., Manwaring, K., Izadi, B., and Radhakrishan, D.(2004) Experimental analysis of batteries under continuous and intermittent operation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Systems and Applications. pp. 18-24. June 2004.
5. De Souze, C.C.B.M., and Tenorio, J.A.S.(2004) Simultaneous recovery of zinc and manganese dioxide from household alkaline batteries through hydrometallurgical process. J. Power Sources 136: 191-196.
6. DEHNR. (1996) Guidelines for business and industries- proper management of spent dry cell batteries. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, North Carolina. Waste Reduction. June, 1996.
7. Dell, R.M.(2000) Batteries: Fifty years of material development. Solid State Ionics (Elsevier Science B.V), 134:139-158.
8. ENVIROGREEN. Battery Disposal in the UK. http://www.envirogreen.co.uk/ waste-management-services-licences.htm Accessed on 15/08/2005.
9. EPA. (1992) Characterization of products containing mercury in municipal solid waste in the United States: 1970 to 2000. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste, Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division. April, 1992.
10. Espinosa, D.C.R., Bernardes, A.M., and Tenorio, J.A.S.(2004b) An overview on current processes for recycling of batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 133: 311-319.
11. Espinosa, D.C.R., Bernardes, A.M., and Tenorio, J.A.S.(2004a) Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies. Journal of Power Sources. 130: 291-298.
12. Ferella, F., Michelis, I.D., Pagnanelli, F., Beolchini, F., Furlani, G., Navarra, M., Veglio, F., and Toro, L.(2006) Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries by different leaching systems. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 12: 95-104.
13. Freitas, M.B.J.G., and De Pietre, M.K.(2004) Electrochemical recycling of the zinc from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries. J. Power Sources. 128: 343-349.
14. Gega, J., Walkowiak, W.(2001) Hydrometallurgical methods of metal recovery from spent batteries. XVIth ARS SEPARATORIA- Browno, Poland, 2001.
15. Greacen, C., and Green, D.(2001) The role of bypass diodes in the failure of solar battery charging stations in Thailand. Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells. 70, 141-149.
16. Jones, C.J., McGugan, P.J., and Lawrence, P.F.(1978) An investigation of the degradation of some dry cell batteries under domestic landfill conditions. J. Hazardous Materials 2: 259-289.
17. Lankey, R., and McMicheal, F.(1999) Rechargeable battery management and recycling. A Green Design Education Module. Green Design Initiative Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University. pp. 1-14, February, 1999.
18. Lindermann, W., Dombrowsky, C., Sewing, D., Muller, M., Engel, S., and Joppien, R.(1994) The BETANUS process for recycling battery waste. In: Proceedings of Impurity Control and Disposal in Hydrometallurgical Processes. Toronto, Ontario Canada. pp. 197-204, 21-24 August, 1994
19. Lupi, C., and Pilone, D.(2002) Ni-MH spent batteries: a raw material to produce Ni-Co alloys. Waste Management. 22: 871-874, 2002.
20. Malloy, M. (1994) Batteries. Waste Age. 25, 117-118, 1994.
21. Nnorom I.C., and Osibanjo O.(2006a) Estimation consumption emissions of lead and cadmium from dry cell battery importation in Nigeria: 1980-1998. J. Applied Sc. 6(7): 1499-1505.
22. Nnorom, I.C., Osibanjo, O. (2006b) Determination of lead and cadmium contents of dry cell batteries available in Nigeria. J. Appl. Sc. Environ. Mgt 10 (3):37-41.
23. Osibanjo, O.(1982) Environmental pollution problems in Africa: their assessment and control. Trends in Analytical Chemistry (In The News). 1, (16): IV-VII.
24. Panero, S., Romoli, C., Achilli, M., Cardarelli, E., and Scrosati, B.(1995) Impact of household batteries in landfills. J. Power Sources 47: 9-12.
25. Pietrelli, L., Bellomo, B., Fontana, D., and Montereali, M.(2005) Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for recovery of metals. Waste Management. 25: 221-226.
26. Reutlinger, N., and De Grassi, D.(1991) Household battery recycling: numerous obstacles, few solutions. Resources Recycling. April 1991.
27. Salgado, A.L., and Mansur, M.B.(2003) Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries by liquid-liquid extraction with Cyanex 272. Journal of Power Sources 115: 367-373.
28. Scholl, G., Baumann, W., and Muth, A.(1997) European Ecolabel for batteries for consumer goods. Final summary Report. Heidelberg (FRG). July, 1997.
29. Shapek R.A.(1996) Dry cells battery, health and environmental hazards and disposal options. J. Solid Waste Technol. Mgt. 23 (1), 53-64.
30. Smith, M.J., and Vincent, C.A. (2002) Why do some batteries last longer than others? Journal of Chemical Education 79 (7): 851-853.
31. Tzunetakis, N., and Scott, K.(2004) Recycling of nickel-metal hydride batteries I: Dissolution and solvent extraction of metals. J. Chemical Technol. Biotechnol. 79: 919-926.
32. Veloso, L.S.R., Rodrigues, L.E.O.C., Ferreira, D.A., Magalhaes, F.S., and Mansur, M.B.(2005) Development of a hydrometallurgical route for the recovery of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries. J. Power Sources 136: 191-196, 2005.
33. Wamukonya, N., and Davis, M.(2001) Socio-economic impact of rural electrification in Namibia: comparison between grid, solar and unelectrified households. Energy for Sustainable Development. Vol. V, No. 3, pp. 5-9, September 2001.
34. Wiaux, J.P., and. Waefler, J.P.(1995) Recycling zinc batteries: an economical challenge in consumer waste management. J. Power Sources 57: 61-65, 1995.
35. Xara, S., Silva, M., Almeida, M.F., and Costa, C.(1999) Life cycle analysis and solid waste management: Household batteries. In: Proceedings Sardinia'99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium. S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy. 4-8 October,1999 (CISA Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Cagliar
36. Yanez, L., Ortiz, D., Calderon, J., Batres, L., Carrizales, L., Mejia, J., Martinez, L., Garcia-Nieto, E., Diaz-Barriga, D.(2002) Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: problems facing developing countries. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (Supplement 6), 901-909, 2002.