Hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease: Cardiovascular update

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 545-547

  Le, Ngoc Anh ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Atlanta GA ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN C3; ATAZANAVIR; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADD ON THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC DISORDER; NOTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS;

EID: 53549094923     PISSN: 09579672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32830f4a57     Document Type: Note

References (18)

1. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance due to HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 1998; 12:F51-F58.
2. Schlay JC, Bartsch G, Peng G, et al. Long-term body composition and metabolic changes in antiretroviral-naïve persons randomized to protease inhibitor-, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or protease inhibitor plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based strategy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44:310-315.
3. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. An extremely different dysmetabolic profile between two available nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: efavirenz and nevirapme. J Acquir Immun Defici Syndr 2005; 38:236-238.
4. Rimland D, Guest JL, Hernandez I, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV positive men is associated with increased apoC-lll in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. HIV Med 2005; 6:326-333.
5. Rimland D, Guest JL, Hernandez-Ramos I, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive women is associated with increased apolipoproteins and total cholesterol. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2006; 42:307-313.
6. Ginsberg HN, Le N-A, Wang-lverson P, et al. Apolipoprotein B metabolism in subjects with deficiency of apolipoprotein C-lll and A-l: evidence that apoC-lll inhibits lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:1287-1295.
7. Mary Klause M, Cotte L, Simon A, et al., for the Clinical Epidemilogy Group from the French Hospital Database. Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HlV-infected men. AIDS 2003; 17:2479-2486.
8. Nguyen ST, Eaton SA, Bain AM, et al. Upid-lowering efficacy and safety after switching to atazanavir-ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28: 323-330. By switching from a protease inhibitor-based regimen to a combination of atazanavir and a lower dose of the proatherogenic protease inhibitor ritonavir, these investigators were able to achieve better lipid profiles while maintaining good CD4+ and viral load for up to 9 months.
9. Busti AJ, Bedimo R, Margolis DM, Hardin DS. Improvement in insulin sensh tivity and dyslipidemia in protease inhibitor-treated adult male patients after switch to atazanavir/ritonavir. J Invest Med 2008; 56:539-544. Significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in HIV-infected patients following switch to azatanavir/ritonavir combination as assessed by hyperinsulinemic clamp.
10. Polgreen PM, Fultz SL, Justice AC, et al. Association of hypocholesterolemia with hepatitix C infection in HlV-infected people. HIV Med 2004; 5:144-150.
11. Bonfanti P, Martinelli C, Ricci E, et al. An Italian approach to postmarketing monitoring: preliminary results from the SCOLTA (Surveillance Cohort Long-Term Toxicity Antiretrovirals) project on the safety of lopinavir/ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39:317-320.
12. De Socio GVL, P Bonfanti, E Ricci, et al. for the CISAI Study Group. Cholesterol levels in HIV-HCV infected patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir: Results from the SCOLTA project. Biomed Pharmacother 62: 16-20. Report from the multtcenter SCOLTA project indicating that total cholesterol level was significantly lower in HIV-positive patients who are coinfected with HCV, in spite of ongoing therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir combination.
13. Cicognani C, Malavolti M, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Serum lipid and lipoprotein patterns in patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:792-796.
14. Almodovar S, Del C, Colon M, Maldonado IM, et al. HIV-1 infection of monocytes is directly related to the success of HAART. Virology 2007; 369:35-46. Interesting article on the expression of HIV vims in freshly isolated monocytes and monocytes cultured in vitro. Data would suggest that effective HAART regimen could prevent the expression of the HIV virus by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Either suboptimal HAART therapy or interruption in HAART therapy will increase the susceptibility of monocytes to express the HIV virus when cultured in vitro.
15. Rich EA, Chen IS, Zack JA, et al. Increased susceptibility of differentiated mononuclear phagocytes to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). J Clin Invest 1992; 89:176-183.
16. Siliciano RF. Scientific rationale for antiretroviral therapy in 2005: vital reservoirs and resistance evolution. Top HIV Med 2005; 13:96-100.
17. May M, Sterne JAC, Shipley M, et al. A coronary heart disease risk model for predicting the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected men. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:1309-1318. Development of a prognostic model to predict CHD risk in HlV-infected men under treatment with HAART. Data from non-HIV controls are derived from four major cohort studies in the USA as well as in Europe. Risk profile in HlV-infected patients is derived from a well conducted cohort study. The take-home message is that the hazard ratio for moderate metabolic complications is 1.46 and 2.28 for severe metabolic complications in HlV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitor based HAART, as compared with non-HIV controls.
18. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, et al. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353:2093-2099.