The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 530, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 74-96

  Portes, Alejandro ^a   Zhou, Min ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5344274614     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716293530001006     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), chap. 8.
2. Defined as native-born children with at least one foreign-born parent or children born abroad who came to the United States before age 12. See Leif Jensen, Children of the New Immigration: A Comparative Analysis of Today's Second Generation, paper commissioned by the Children of Immigrants Research Project, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, reprinted as Institute for Policy Research and Evaluation Working Paper no. 1990-32 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, Aug. 1990).
3. Joan N. First and John W. Carrera, New Voices: Immigrant Students in U.S. Public Schools (Boston: National Coalition of Advocates for Students, 1988).
4. Michael Piore, Birds of Passage (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Herbert Gans, “Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post-1965 American Immigrants,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 15: 173-192 (Apr. 1992).
5. Irving L. Child, Italian or American? The Second Generation in Conflict (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1943).
6. See, for example, Saskia Sassen, “Changing Composition and Labor Market Location of Hispanic Immigrants in New York City, 1960-1980,” in Hispanics in the U.S. Economy, ed. George J. Borjas and Marta Tienda (New York: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 299-322.
7. Jeffrey S. Passel and Barry Edmonston, “Immigration and Race: Recent Trends in Immigration to the United States” (Paper no. PRIP-UI-22, Urban Institute, May 1992), tab. 2.
8. U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Race by Hispanic Origin, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, special tabulation prepared by the Ethnic and Hispanic Branch (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992).
9. In most cases, before age 12. See Jensen, Children of the New Immigration.
10. See Alex Stepick, “Haitian Refugees in the U.S.” (Report no. 52, Minority Rights Group, London, 1982); Alex Stepick and Alejandro Portes, “Flight into Despair: A Profile of Recent Haitian Refugees in South Florida,” International Migration Review, 20: 329-350 (Summer 1986).
11. On the issue of social capital, see James S. Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital,” American Journal of Sociology, supplement, 94: S95-121 (1988); Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou, “Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic Mobility among Immigrant and Domestic Minorities,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15: 491-522 (Oct. 1992). On ethnic entrepreneurship, see Ivan H. Light, Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972); Kenneth Wilson and W. Allen Martin, “Ethnic Enclaves: A Comparison of the Cuban and Black Economies in Miami,” American Journal of Sociology, 88: 135-160 (1982).
12. See W. Lloyd Warner and Leo Srole, The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1945); Thomas Sowell, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981).
13. See Alejandro Portes and Rubén G. Rumbaut, Immigrant America: A Portrait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), chap. 3.
14. See Mercer L. Sullivan, “Getting Paid”: Youth, Crime, and Work in the Inner City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), chaps. 1, 5.
15. U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Public Use Microdata Samples A (MRDF) (Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, 1983).
16. Thomas Bailey and Roger Waldinger, “Primary, Secondary, and Enclave Labor Markets: A Training System Approach,” American Sociological Review, 56: 432-445 (1991).
17. Professionals and executives represented 25.9 percent of Cuban-origin males aged 16 years and over in 1989; the figure for the total adult male population was 26 percent. See Jesus M. García and Patricia A. Montgomery, The Hispanic Population of the United States: March 1990, Current Population Reports, ser. P-20, no. 449 (Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, 1991).
18. Portes and Rumbaut, Immigrant America, pp. 23-25; Robert L. Bach et al., “The Economic Adjustment of Southeast Asian Refugees in the United States,” in World Refugee Survey, 1983 (Geneva: United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 1984), pp. 51-55.
19. The 1990 Immigration Act contains tailor-made provisions to facilitate the legalization of Irish immigrants. Those taking advantage of the provisions are popularly dubbed “Kennedy Irish” in honor of the Massachusetts Senator who coauthored the act. On the 1990 act, see Michael Fix and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Door Remains Open: Recent Immigration to the United States and a Preliminary Analysis of the Immigration Act of 1990” (Working paper, Urban Institute and RAND Corporation, 1991). On the Irish in Boston, see Karen Tumulty, “When Irish Eyes Are Hiding…,” Los Angeles Times, 29 Jan. 1989.
20. Bailey and Waldinger, “Primary, Secondary, and Enclave Labor Markets”; Min Zhou, New York's Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992); Wilson and Martin, “Ethnic Enclaves”; Suzanne Model, “The Ethnic Economy: Cubans and Chinese Reconsidered” (Manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1990).
21. U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, 1987, MB-2 and MB-3 (Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, 1991).
22. Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, “Unwelcome Immigrants: The Labor Market Experiences of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian Refugees in South Florida,” American Sociological Review, 50: 493-514 (Aug. 1985); Zhou, New York's Chinatown; Luis E. Guarnizo, “One Country in Two: Dominican-Owned Firms in New York and the Dominican Republic” (Ph.D. diss. Johns Hopkins University, 1992); Bailey and Waldinger, “Primary, Secondary, and Enclave Labor Markets.”
23. Stepick, “Haitian Refugees in the U.S.”; Jake C. Miller, The Plight of Haitian Refugees (New York: Praeger, 1984).
24. M. G. Matute-Bianchi, “Ethnic Identities and Patterns of School Success and Failure among Mexican-Descent and Japanese-American Students in a California High School,” American Journal of Education, 95: 233-255 (Nov. 1986). This study is summarized in Rubén G. Rumbaut, “Immigrant Students in California Public Schools: A Summary of Current Knowledge” (Report no. 11, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Children, Johns Hopkins University, Aug. 1990).
25. Matute-Bianchi, “Ethnic Identities and Patterns,” p. 253.
26. Rumbaut, “Immigrant Students,” p. 25.
27. M. A. Gibson, Accommodation without Assimilation: Sikh Immigrants in an American High School (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), p. 268.
28. Gibson, Accommodation without Assimilation. The study is summarized in Rumbaut, “Immigrant Students,” pp. 22-23.
29. García and Montgomery, Hispanic Population; U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, MB-2.
30. Portes and Stepick, City on the Edge, chap. 7.
31. Alejandro Portes and Lisandro Perez, Children of Immigrants: The Adaptation Process of the Second Generation (Project conducted at the Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, in progress).