Fasting as a penitential rite: A biblical phenomenon?

Harvard Theological Review

Volumn 96, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 477-512

  Lambert, David ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53349141190     PISSN: 00178160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0017816003000531     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Edward Westermarck, "The Principles of Fasting," Folklore 18 (1907) 391.
2. Edward B. Tylor (Primitive Culture [New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1958] 2:496-502),
3. John A. MacCulloch, "Fasting," ERE (1912) 5:759.
4. Rosemary Rader, "Fasting," ER (1987) 5:286-90.
5. K. Wagtendonk introduces his Fasting in the Koran (Leiden: Brill, 1968)
6. S. Lowy's "The Motivation of Fasting in Talmudic Literature," JJS 9 (1958) 19.
7. Rudolf Arbesmann, "Fasting and Prophecy in Pagan and Christian Antiquity," Traditio 7 (1949) 1-71.
8. Herbert Musurillo, "The Problem of Ascetical Fasting in the Greek Patristic Writers," Traditio 12 (1950) 1-64,
9. Caroline W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987) 31-69.
10. Hendrik A. Brongers, "Fasting in Israel in Biblical and Post-Biblical Times," in Instruction and Interpretation (ed. H. A. Brongers et al.; Leiden: Brill, 1977) 1-21;
11. John Muddiman, "Fasting," ABD 2:773-74;
12. Jacob Milgrom, "Fasting and Fast Days," EncJud 6:1190;
13. Harvey Guthrie, Jr., "Fast, Fasting," IDB 2:241-43.
14. (Jacob Licht, "Fasting," Encyclopedia Miqra'it [Jerusalem: Bialik, 1971] 6:691-92).
15. Thomas Podella (Scombining dot belowom-Fasten: Kollektive Trauer um den verborgenen Gott im Alten Testament [Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1989] 117-223)
16. Gary A. Anderson, "Introduction: The Expression of Emotion in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in A Time to Mourn, A Time to Dance: The Expression of Grief and Joy in Israelite Religion [University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991] 1-18.)
17. Mayer I. Gruber (Aspects of Nonverbal Communication in the Ancient Near East [2 vols.; Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1980] 2:401-79)
18. David P. Wright, Ritual In Narrative: The Dynamics of Feasting, Mourning, and Retaliation Rites in the Ugaritic Tale of Aqhat (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2001) 139-97.
19. Patrick D. Miller (They Cried to the Lord: The Form and Theology of Biblical Prayer [Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994] 52-54)
20. Moshe Greenberg (Biblical Prose Prayer: as a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983] 48-51),
21. James L. Kugel (The God of Old [New York: Free Press, 2003] 55)
22. Michael Carasik's ("The Limits of Omniscience," JBL 119 [2000] 221-32)
23. Richard N. Boyce, The Cry to God in the Old Testament (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988).
24. Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) 3-11.
25. Othmar Keel's (The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms [trans. T. J. Hallett; Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1997] 319-20).
26. Victor Turner (The Drums of Affliction: A Study of Religious Processes among the Ndembu of Zambia [Oxford: Clarendon, 1968] 22)
27. (E. Farrell, "The Poetics of Renunciation: Form and Content in Ritual Fasting," The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 8 [1985] 253).
28. Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003), Susan Sontag
29. Walter Brueggemann ("A Shape for Old Testament Theology, I: Structure Legitimation," and "A Shape for Old Testament Theology, II: Embrace of Pain," CBQ 47 [1985] 28-46 and 395-415)
30. Claus Westermann (Praise and Lament in the Psalms [trans. K. R. Crim and R. N. Soulen; Atlanta: John Knox, 1981] 264)
31. Klaus Koch, "Is There a Doctrine of Retribution in the Old Testament?" (trans. T. H. Trapp), in Theodicy in the Old Testament (ed. James L. Crenshaw; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983) 57-87.
32. Joel 2:13; 4 Ezra 7:133; Sir 5:6-7; and Pr. Man. 7. James L. Kugel, Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible as It Was at the Start of the Common Era (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998) 721-27.
33. Michael Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985) 335-50.
34. Patrick D. Miller, "Trouble and Woe: Interpreting the Biblical Laments," Interpretation 37 (1983) 34.
35. b. Ber. 31a-31b.
36. Carol Meyers, "The Hannah Narrative in Feminist Perspective," in "Go to the Land I Will Show You": Studies in Honor of Dwight W. Young (ed. Joseph E. Coleson and Victor H. Matthews; Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1996) 117-26.
37. James Kugel, "Wisdom and the Anthological Temper," Prooftexts 17 (1997) 19.
38. Walter Brueggemann, "From Hurt to Joy, From Death to Life," Interpretation 28 [1974] 8-19.
39. Marc Brettler, "The Composition of 1 Samuel 1-2," JBL 116 (1997) 602-3.
40. Lam. Rab. 1:22.
41. 1 Sam 1:5 P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., I Samuel (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1980) 51-52.
42. Stanley D. Walters, "Hannah and Anna: The Greek and Hebrew Texts of 1 Samuel 1," JBL 107 (1988) 385-412, esp. 390;
43. Emmanuel Tov, "Different Editions of the Song of Hannah and of Its Narrative Framework," in Tehillah le-Moshe: Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenberg (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1997) 149-70.
44. Victor Turner, "Humility and Hierarchy: The Liminality of Status Elevation and Reversal," in The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1969) 166-203,
45. Sifra Ahcombining dot belowarê Mot 5:7, c); m. Yoma 8:1
46. Ezra 8:21 and Dan 10:12.
47. Fritz Stolz, TLOT 2:1066,
48. Ps 69:11, 14, quoted, in part, below, and Ps 35:13,
49. Scholars have longed debated the relative weight of complaint, on the one hand, and supplication, on the other, in the lament literature. See Patrick D. Miller, Interpreting the Psalms (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986) 9.
50. Hermann Gunkel and Joachim Begrich (Introduction to Psalms: The Genres of the Religious Lyric of Israel [trans. J. D. Nogalski; Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1998] 149)
51. 2 Sam 6:16.
52. Ruth 1:19-21 and 4:14-17.
53. Sigmund Mowinckel (The Psalms In Israel's Worship [Oxford: Blackwell, 1962] 2-4, 6-8)
54. Klaus Seybold and Ulrich B. Mueller, Sickness and Healing (trans. D. W. Stott; Nashville: Abingdon, 1981) 43-56.
55. See Gruber, Aspects of Nonverbal Communications, 1:347-2:479.
56. Ps 102:5.
57. Fredrik Lindström, Suffering and Sin: Interpretation of Illness in the Individual Complaint Psalms (trans. M. McLamb; Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 1994).
58. Samuel E. Balentine, The Hidden God: The Hiding of the Face of God in the Old Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) 50-56.
59. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (trans. W. R. Trask, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964) 33-66;
60. b. Mo'ed Qat. 23b.
61. John J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993) 372 n. 24;
62. David Satran, "Daniel: Seer, Philosopher, Holy Man," in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and Paradigms (ed. J. J. Collins and G. W. E. Nickelsburg; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1980) 35-36.
63. R. H. Charles (A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel [Oxford: Clarendon, 1929] 255)
64. Alexander A. Di Lella (AB; Daniel [Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978] 151)
65. Michael E. Stone, Fourth Ezra (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990) 114, 118-19.
66. Deut 9:18 and Jer 14:12.
67. Michael E. Stone, "A Reconsideration of Apocalyptic Visions," HTR 96 (2003) 167-80.
68. 2 Bar. 20:5-6: (A. F. J. Klijn, "2 [Syriac Apocalypse of] Baruch," in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha [ed. James H. Charlesworth; 2 vols.; New York: Doubleday, 1983] 1:627).
69. Mordechai Cogan, 1 Kings (New York: Doubleday, 2001) 483;
70. John Gray, I & II Kings: A Commentary (2d rev. ed.; London: SCM Press, 1970) 443. Pesiqta de-Rab Kahana 24:10.
71. Judg 3:30, 2 Kgs 22:19.
72. m. Ta'an. 2:2.
73. Zech 7:5.
74. Hans W. Wolff, Joel and Amos [trans. W. Janzen et al.; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977] 29, 33;
75. James L. Crenshaw, Joel [New York: Doubleday, 1995] 98, 101, 105;
76. Theodore Hiebert, "Joel, Book of," ABD 3:875, 877
77. Willem S. Prinsloo, The Theology of the Book of Joel [Berlin: de Gruyter, 1985] 52-53.
78. Paul L. Redditt, "The Book of Joel and Peripheral Prophecy," CBQ 48 [1986] 227-28,
79. James L. Crenshaw, "Who Knows What YHWH Will Do? The Character of God in the Book of Joel," in Fortunate the Eyes That See: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Seventieth Birthday [eds. Astrid B. Beck et al.; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995] 185-86.)
80. m. Ta'an. 2:1.
81. Sara Japhet, The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and its Place in Biblical Thought (trans. A. Barber; Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1997) 176-91.
82. Joseph Blenkinsopp (Ezra-Nehemiah [London: SCM Press, 1989] 168)
83. Jon D. Levenson, Esther: A Commentary (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997) 78.
84. Carey A. Moore, Esther (AB; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971) 47.
85. Jeffrey Tigay (The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy [Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996] 101),
86. Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy 1-11 (AB; New York: Doubleday, 1991) 410-11.
87. R. J. Thompson, Penitence and Sacrifice in Early Israel Outside the Levitical Law (Leiden: Brill, 1963) 92-93;
88. Robert G. Boling, Judges (AB; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975) 286.
89. Francis I. Andersen, "The Socio-Juridical Background of the Naboth Incident," JBL 85 (1966) 56.
90. Jonah 1:4-16. Alexander Rofé ("The Vineyard of Naboth: The Origin and Message of the Story," VT 38 [1988] 92)
91. 2 Sam 21:14.
92. Claus Westermann, Isaiah 40-66 (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969) 335-36.
93. Brevard S. Childs (Isaiah [Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001] 478)
94. Uriel Simon, Jonah (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1999) 30;
95. James Limburg, Jonah: A Commentary (London: SCM Press, 1993) 80;
96. Jack M. Sasson, Jonah (New York: Doubleday, 1990) 244-45, 255, 257;
97. Joel 1:18 Jdt 4:10.
98. Thomas B. Dozeman, "Inner-Biblical Interpretation of YHWH'S Gracious and Compassionate Character," JBL (1989) 207-23. m. Ta'an. 2:1
99. Esth 4:3 and also Zech 7:5.
100. David P. Wright, The Disposal of Impurity: Elimination Rites in the Bible and in Hittite and Mesopotamian Literature (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987) 16-21.
101. Israel Knohl, The Sanctuary of Silence: The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995) 27-34.
102. Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (AB; New York: Doubleday, 1991) 1066.
103. Rodney A. Werline, Penitential Prayer in Second Temple Judaism: The Development of a Religious Institution (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998);
104. Mark J. Boda, Praying the Tradition: The Origin and Use of Tradition in Nehemiah 9 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1999).
105. Hans W. Hertzberg, I & II Samuel: A Commentary (London: SCM Press, 1964) 67;
106. Louis F. Hartman, Daniel (AB; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978) 136;
107. Translation from H. W. Hollander and M. de Jonge, The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: A Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 1985) 88.
108. James Kugel, "Reuben's Sin with Bilhah in the Testament of Reuben" in Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom (ed. David P. Wright, David N. Freedman, and Avi Hurvitz; Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1995) 525-54.
109. Hans Dieter Betz, The Sermon on the Mount (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995) 343-46.
110. Tob 4:8-10 and Sir 3:3-4. A. Marmorstein, "The Treasures in Heaven and upon Earth," London Quarterly Review 132 (1919) 216-28. Luke 12:33 and 1 Tim 6:17-19, and m. Abot 6:9.
111. F. Rosenthal, "Sedaka, Charity" HUCA 23 (1950-1951) 411-30, esp. 427-28.
112. T. Ab., Recension A 12:11-18 and Recension B 9:8. E. P. Sanders (Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion [London: SCM Press, 1977] 128-47)
113. Mary Boyce (A History of Zoroastrianism [3 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1975] 3:414 and n. 236)
114. David Winston ("The Iranian Component in the Bible, Apocrypha, and Qumran: A Review of the Evidence," History of Religions 5:2 [1966] 194).
115. Translation from R. B. Wright, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2:655.
116. C. Burchard, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2:202-47.