Effects of climate change on animal and zoonotic helminthiases

OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 443-457

  Mas Coma, S ^a   Valero, M A ^a   Bargues, M D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Acanthocephaliasis; Cestodiasis; Climate change; Domestic animal; Nematodiasis Trematodiasis; Wild animal; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES; CESTODA; INVERTEBRATA; SCHISTOSOMA; SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM; TREMATODA; VERMES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 53349117964     PISSN: 02531933     EISSN: 16080645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20506/rst.27.2.1822     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Albon S.D., Stien A., Irvine R.J., Langvatn R., Ropstad E. & Halvorsen O. (2002). - The role of parasites in the dynamics of a reindeer population. Proc. roy. Soc. Lond., B., biol. Sci., 269, 1625-1632.
2. Anderson R.C. (2000). - Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission, 2nd Ed. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom.
3. Arme C. & Pappas P.W., (eds) (1983). - The biology of the Eucestoda. Vols. 1-2. Academic Press Ltd, London.
4. Astrup A. (1995). - Uncinaria stenocephala as a cause of skin disease in man. Acta derm. venereal., 25, 389-392.
5. Bargues M.D., Morchon R., Latorre J.M., Cancrini G., Mas-Coma S. & Simon F. (2006). - Ribosomal DNA second intergenic spacer sequence studies of culicid vectors from an endemic area of Dirofilaria immitis of western Spain. Parasitol. Res., 99, 205-213.
6. Bargues M.D., Vigo M., Horak P., Dvorak J., Patzner R.A., Pointier J.P., Jackiewicz M., Meier-Brook C. & Mas-Coma S. (2001). - European Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), intermediate hosts of trematodiases, based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences. Infect. Genet. Evol., 1 (2), 85-107.
7. Bossaert K., Lonneux J.F., Losson B. & Peters J. (1999). - Fascioliasis incidence forecasts in Belgium by means of climatic data. Ann. Méd. vét., 143, 201-211.
8. Brooker S., Rowlands M., Haller L., Savioli L. & Bundy D.A.P. (2000). - Towards an atlas of human helminth infection in sub-Saharan Africa: the use of geographical information systems (GIS). Parasitol. Today, 16, 303-307.
9. Cancrini G., Allende E., Favia G., Bornay F., Anton F. & Simon F. (2000). - Canine dirofilariosis in two cities of southeastern Spain. Vet. Parasitol., 92, 81-86.
10. Cancrini G., Frangipane di Regalbono A., Ricci I., Tessarin C., Gabrielli S. & Pietrobelli M. (2003). - Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet. Parasitol., 118, 195-200.
11. Cancrini G. & Kramer L.H. (2001). - Insect vectors of Dirofilaria spp. In Heartworm infection in humans and animals (F. Simon & C. Genchi, eds). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 63-82.
12. Cattadori I.M., Haydon D. & Hudson P.J. (2005). - Parasites and climate synchronize red grouse populations. Nature, 43, 1163-1169.
13. Caumes E., Felder-Moinet S., Couzigou C., Darras-Joly C., Latour P. & Leger N. (2003). - Failure of an ointment based on IR3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminoptopionate) to prevent an outbreak of cercarial dermatitis during swimming races across Lake Annecy, France. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol., 97 (2), 157-163.
14. Chamot E., Toscani E. & Rougemont A. (1998). - Public health importance and risk factors for cercarial dermatitis associated with swimming in Lake Leman at Geneva, Switzerland. Epidemiol. Infect., 120, 305-314.
15. Cotton P.A. (2003). - Avian migration phenology and global climate change. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 12219-12222.
16. De Gentile L., Picot H., Bourdeau P., Bardet R., Kerjan M., Piriou M., Guennic A.L., Bayssade-Dufour C., Chabasse D. & Mott K.E. (1996). - La dermatite cercarienne en Europe: un problème de samé publique nouveau? Bull. WHO, 74, 159-163.
17. Dobson A.P. & Hudson P.J. (1992). - Regulation and stability of a free-living host-parasite system, Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. II: Population models. J. anim. Ecol., 61, 487-498.
18. Dobson A.P., Kutz S., Pascual M. & Winfree R. (2003). - Pathogens and parasites in a changing climate. In Climate change and biodiversity: synergistic impacts (L. Hannah & T.E. Lovejoy, eds). Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science 4. Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington DC, United States of America, 33-38.
19. Dubois J.P., Buet A., Cusin I., Deloraine A., Gerdil S., Hedreville L. & Maurin G. (2001). - Epidemiological studies related to cercarial dermatitis in lakes of the Savoy District (France). Helminthologia, 38, 244.
20. Eckert J. & Deplazes P. (1999). - Alveolar echinococcosis in humans: the current situation in central Europe and the need for countermeasures. Parasitol. Today, 15 (8), 315-319.
21. Eckert J., Gottstein B., Heath D. & Liu F.J. (2001). - Prevention of echinococcosis in humans and safety precautions. In WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern (J-Eckert, M.A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin & Z.S. Pawlowski, eds). World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, 238-247.
22. Eckert J., Schantz P.M., Gasser R.B., Torgerson P.R., Besonov A.S., Movsessian S.O., Thakur A., Grimm F. & Nikogossian M.A. (2001). - Geographic distribution and prevalence. In WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern (J-Eckert, M.A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin & Z.S. Pawlowski, eds). World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, 100-142.
23. Erasmus D.A. (1972). - The biology of trematodes. Edward Arnold (Publ.), London.
24. Eysker M., Bakker N., Kooyman F.N.J., Van der Linden D., Schrama C. & Ploeger H.W (2005). - Consequences of the unusually warm and dry summer of 2003 in the Netherlands: poor development of free living stages, normal survival of infective larvae and long survival of adult gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Vet. Parasitol., 133, 313-321.
25. Fenwick A., Rollinson D. & Southgate V. (2007). - Implementation of human schistosomiasis control: challenges and prospects. In Control of human parasitic diseases (D.H. Molyneux, ed.). Elsevier-Academic Press, London, 567-622.
26. Fuentes M.V. & Malone J.B. (1999). - Development of a forecast system for fascioliasis in central Chile using remote sensing and climatic data in a geographic information system. Res. Rev. Parasitol., 59, 129-134.
27. Fuentes M.V., Malone J.B. & Mas-Coma S. (2001). - Validation of a mapping and predicting model for human fasciolosis transmission in Andean very high altitude endemic areas using remote sensing data. Acta trop., 79, 87-95.
28. Fuentes M.V., Sainz-Elipe S., Nieto P., Malone J.P & Mas-Coma S. (2005). - Geographical Information Systems risk assessment models for zoonotic fasciolosis in the South American Andes region. In Geographic information systems and remote sensing in parasitology (J.B. Malone, ed.). Parasitologia (Rome) (Special Issue), 47, 151-156.
29. Fuentes M.V., Valero M.A., Bargues M.D., Esteban J.G., Angles R. & Mas-Coma S. (1999). - Analysis of climatic data and forecast indices for human fascioliasis at very high altitude. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol., 93 (8), 835-850.
30. Galaktionov K.V & Dovrovolskij A.A. (2003). - The biology and evolution of trematodes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
31. Genchi C., Kramer L.H. & Prieto G. (2001). - Epidemiology' of canine and feline dirofilariosis: a global view. In Heartworm infection in humans and animals (F. Simon & C. Genchi, eds). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 63-82.
32. Giraudoux P., Craig P., Delattre P., Bao G., Bartholomot B., Harraga S., Quere J.P., Raoul F., Wang Y., Shi D. & Vuitton D.A. (2003). - Interactions between landscape changes and host communities can regulate Echinococcus multilocularis transmission. Parasitology, 127, S121-131.
33. Giraudoux P., Delattre P., Takahaski K., Raoul F., Quere J.P., Craig P. & Vuitton D.A. (2002). - Transmission ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife: what can be learned from comparative studies and multiscale approaches? In Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis (P. Craig & Z. Pawlowski, eds). IOS Press, Amsterdam, 251-266.
34. Githeko A.K., Lindsay S.W., Confalonieri U.E. & Patz J.A. (2000). - Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull. WHO, 78 (9), 1136-1147.
35. Handeland K. & Slettbakk T. (1994). - Outbreaks of clinical cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tamndus) in Finnmark, Norway, and their relation to climatic conditions. J. vet. Med., B, 41, 407-410.
36. Harvell C.D., Mitchel C.E., Ward J.R., Altizer S., Dobson A.P., Ostfeld R.S. & Samuel M.D. (2002). - Climate warming and disease risk for terrestrial and marine biota. Science, 296, 2158-2162.
37. Hoberg E.P., Kutz S.J., Galbreath K. & Cook J. (2001). - Arctic biodiversity: from discovery to faunal baseline - revealing the history of a dynamic ecosystem. J. Parasitol., 89, S84-S95.
38. Horak P., Kolarova L. & Adema C. (2000). - Biology of the schistosome genus Trichobilharzia. Adv. Parasitol., 52, 155-233.
39. Hudson P.J. (1986). - The effect of a parasitic nematode on the breeding production of red grouse. J. anim. Ecol., 55, 85-94.
40. Hudson P.J., Cattadori I.M., Boag B. & Dobson A.P. (2006). - Climate disruption and parasite-host dynamics: patterns and processes associated with warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events. J. Helminthol., 80, 175-182.
41. Hudson P.J., Dobson A.P. & Newborn D. (1998). - Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science, 282, 2256-2258.
42. Hudson P.J., Newborn D. & Dobson A.P. (1992). - Regulation and stability of a free-living host-parasite system, Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. I: Monitoring and parasite reduction experiments. J. anim. Ecol., 61, 477-486.
43. Huh O.K. & Malone J.B. (2001). - New tools: potential medical applications of data from new and old environmental satellites. Acta trop., 79 (1), 35-47.
44. Jenkins D.J., Romig T. & Thompson R.C.A. (2005). - Emergence/re-emergence of Echinococcus spp. - a global update. Int. J. Parasitol., 35, 1205-1219.
45. Jenkins E.J., Veitch A.M., Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P & Polley L. (2006). - Climate change and the epidemiology of protostrongylid nematodes in northern ecosystems: Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi in Dall's sheep (Ovis d. dalli). Parasitology, 132, 387-401.
46. Joyeux Ch. & Baer J.G. (1961). - Classe des cestodes. Cestoidea Rudolphi. In Traité de zoologie, Vol. 4, Part 1 (P.P. Grassé, ed.). Masson et Cie, Pans, 347-560.
47. Khan R.A. & Chandra C.V. (2006). - Influence of climaticchanges on the parasites of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua off coastal Labrador, Canada. J. Helminthol., 80, 193-197.
48. Khan R.A. & Thulin J. (1991). - Influence of pollution on parasites of aquatic animals. Adv. Parasitol., 30, 201-238.
49. Klose C., Mravak S., Geb M., Bienzle U. & Meyer C.G. (1996). - Autochthonous cutaneous larva migrans in Germany. Trop. Med. int. Hlth, 1 (4), 503-504.
50. Kolarova L., Skirnisson K. & Horak P. (1999). - Schistosome cercanae as the causative agent of swimmer's itch in Iceland. J. Helminthol., 73, 215-220.
51. Konishi E. (1989). - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antigens of Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae) larvae in Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. med. Entomol., 26, 113-117.
52. Kramer L.H., Kartashev V.V., Grandi G., Morchon R., Nagornii S.A. & Karanis P. (2007). - Human subcutaneous dirofilariosis in Russia. Emerg. infect. Dis., 13, 150-152.
53. Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P., Nagy J., Polley L. & Elkin B. (2004). - 'Emerging' parasitic infections in arctic ungulates. Integr. comp. Biol., 44, 109-118.
54. Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P., Nishi J. & Polley L. (2002). - Development of the muskox lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (Protostrongylidae), in gastropods in the Arctic. Can. J. Zool., 80, 1977-1985.
55. Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P. & Polley L. (2001). - A new lungworm in muskoxen: an exploration in Arctic parasitology. Trends Parasitol., 17 (6), 276-280.
56. Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P., Polley L. & Jenkins E.J. (2005). - Global warming is changing the dynamics of Arctic hostparasite systems. Proc. roy. Soc. Lond., B, biol. Sci., 272 (1581), 2571-2576. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3285.
57. Kutz S.J., Hoberg E.P. & Polley L. (2001). - Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in gastropods: larval morphology, morphometrics, and development rates. J. Parasitol., 87, 527-535.
58. Lindblade K.A. (1998). - The epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis and its association with limnological characteristics of a northern Michigan lake. J. Parasitol., 84 (1), 19-23.
59. Lodge D.M., Brown K.M., Klosiewski S.P., Stein R.A., Covich A.P., Leathers B.K. & Bronmark C. (1987). - Distribution of freshwater snails: spatial scale and the relative importance of physicochemical and biotic factors. Am. malacol. Bull., 5, 73-84.
60. Malone J.B., Bergquist N.R., Huh O.K., Bavia M.E., Bernardi M., El Bahy M.M., Fuentes M.V., Kristensen T.K., McCarroll J.C., Yilma J.M. & Zhou X.N. (2001). - A global network for the control of snail-borne disease using satellite surveillance and geographic information systems. Acta trop., 79(1), 7-12.
61. Malone J.B., Fehler D.P., Loyacano A.F. & Zukowski S.H. (1992). - Use of LANDSAT MSS Imagery and soil type in a geographic information system to assess site-specific risk of fascioliasis on Red River Basin farms in Louisiana. In Tropical veterinary medicine: current issues and perspectives (J.C. Williams, K.M. Kocan & P.J. Gibbs, eds). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 653, 389-397.
62. Malone J.B., Gommes R., Hansen J., Yilma J.M., Slingenberg J., Snijders E., Nachtergaele F. & Ataman E. (1998). - A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in east Africa based on Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Vet. Parasitol., 78, 87-101.
63. Malone J.B., Williams T.E., Muller R.A., Geaghan J.P. & Loyacano A.F. (1987). - Fascioliasis in cattle in Louisiana: development of a system to predict disease risk by climate, using the Thornthwaite water budget. Am. J. vet. Res., 48, 1167-1170.
64. Malone J.B. & Yilma J.M. (1999). - Predicting outbreaks of fasciolosis: from Ollerenshaw to satellites. In Fasciolosis (J.P Dalton, ed.), CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom, 151-183.
65. Mas-Coma S. (2004). - Human fascioliasis. In Waterborne zoonoses: identification, causes and control (J.A. Cotruvo, A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, R. Carr, D.O. Cliver, G.F Craun, R. Fayer & V.P.J. Gannon, eds). Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by IWA Publishing, London, 305-322.
66. Mas-Coma S. (2005). - Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. J. Hdminthol., 79 (3), 207-216.
67. Mas-Coma S., Angles R., Esteban J.G., Bargues M.D., Buchon P., Franken M. & Strausss W. (1999). - The Northern Bolivian Altiplano: a region highly endemic for human fascioliasis. Trop. Med. int. Hlth, 4 (6), 454-467.
68. Mas-Coma S. & Bargues M.D. (1997). - Human liver flukes: a review. Res. Rev. Parasitol., 57 (3-4), 145-218.
69. Mas-Coma S., Bargues M.D. & Valero M.A. (2005). - Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. Int. J. Parasitol, 35, 1255-1278.
70. Mas-Coma S., Bargues M.D., Valero M.A. & Fuentes M.V (2003). - Adaptation capacities of Fasciola hepatica and their relationships with human fascioliasis: from below sea level up to the very high altitude. In Taxonomy, ecology and evolution of metazoan parasites (C. Combes & J. Jourdane, eds). Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, Perpignan, France, 2, 81-123.
71. Mas-Coma S., Funatsu I.R. & Bargues M.D. (2001). - Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America. Parasitology, 123, S115-S127.
72. Michel J.F (1974). -Arrested development of nematodes and some related phenomena. Adv. Parasitol, 12, 279-366.
73. Minchella D.J. & Scott M.E. (1991). - Parasitism: a cryptic determinant of animal community structure. Trends Ecol. Evol., 6, 250-254.
74. Mitchell G.B. (2002). - Update on fascioliasis in cattle and sheep. In Practice, 24, 378-385.
75. Mitchell G.B. & Somerville D.K. (2005). - Effects of climate change on helminth diseases in Scotland. SAC Veterinary Centre Auchincruive, Ayr, United Kingdom, 1-11.
76. Miterparkova M., Dubinsky P., Reiterova K., Stanko M., Stefanik P., Rybanska L., Cervenska M., Kuzma L. & Kasencak M. (2006). - The effect of climatic and ecological factors on spreading of tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in the territory of Slovakia - results of long-term monitoring. Slov. vet. Casopis, 31 (4), 232-235.
77. Moodley I., Kleinschmidt I., Sharp B., Craig M. & Appleton C. (2003). - Temperature-suitability maps for schistosomiasis in South Africa. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol., 97, 617-627.
78. Morchon R., Bargues M.D., Latorre J.M., Melero-Alcibar R., Pou-Barreto C., Mas-Coma S. & Simon F. (2007). - Haplotype Hl of Culex pipiens implicated as natural vector of Dirofllaria immitis in an endemic area of Western Spain. Vector-borne zoon. Dis., 7 (4), 653-658.
79. Morgan J.A.T., De Jong R.J., Snyder S.D., Mkoji G.M. & Loker E.S. (2001). - Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends. Parasitology, 123, S211-S228.
80. Mouritsen K.N. & Poulin R. (2002). - Parasitism, community structure and biodiversity in intertidal ecosystems. Parasitology, 124, S101-S117.
81. Mowlavi G.R., Massoud J., Mobedi I., Solaymani-Mohammadi S., Gharagozlou M.J. & Mas-Coma S. (2006). - Very highly prevalent Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infection of wild boar Sus scroja in Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Helminthologia, 43 (2), 86-91.
82. Neafie R.C. & Marty A.M. (2000). - Acanthocephaliasis. In Pathology of infectious diseases, Vol. 1. Helminthiases (W.M. Meyers, R.C. Neafie, A.M. Marty & D.J. Wear, eds). Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, 519-529.
83. Ollerenshaw C.B. (1971). - The influence of climate on the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica in Britain with some observations on the relationship between climate and the incidence of fasciolasis in the Netherlands. In Facts and reflections, Symposium proceedings (3 June 1971). Parasitology Department of the Centraal Diergeneeskundig Institut, Lelystad, the Netherlands, 41-63.
84. Ollerenshaw C.B. (1973). - A comment on the epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica in Italy. Ann. Fac. Med. vet. (Tor.), 20, 83-121.
85. Ollerenshaw C.B. & Rowlands W.T. (1959). - A method of forecasting the incidence of fascioliasis in Anglesey. Vet. Rec., 71, 591-598.
86. Ollerenshaw C.B. & Smith L.P. (1969). - Meteorological factors and forecast of helminthic diseases. Adv. Parasitol, 7, 283-232.
87. Patz J.A., Graczyk T.K., Geller N. & Vittor A.Y. (2000). - Effect of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int. J. Parasitol., 30, 1395-1405.
88. Poulin R. (2006). - Global warming and temperature-mediated increases in cercarial emergence in trematode parasites. Parasitology, 132, 143-151.
89. Pritchbard G.C., Forbes A.B., Williams D.J.L., Salimi-Bejestami M.R. & Daniel R.G. (2005). - Emergence of fasciolosis in cattle in East Anglia. Vet. Rec., 157, 578-582.
90. Prociv P. & Croese J. (1990). - Human eosinophilic enteritis caused by dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Lancet, 335, 1299-1302.
91. Romi R. (2001). - Aedes albopictus in Italy: an underestimated health problem. Ann. Ist. sup. Sanitá, 37, 241-247.
92. Romig T., Thoma D. & Weible A.K. (2006). - Echinococcus multilocularis - a zoonosis of anthropogenic environments? J. Helminthol., 80, 207-212.
93. Saunders L.M., Tompkins D.M. & Hudson P.J. (2000). - The role of oxygen availability in the embryonation of Heterakis gallinarum eggs. Int. J. Parasitol., 30, 1481-1485.
94. Saunders L.M., Tompkins D.M. & Hudson P.J. (2002). - Stochasticity accelerates nematode egg development? J. Parasitol., 88, 1271-1272.
95. Scott M.E. (1987). - Regulation of mouse colony abundance by Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasitology, 95, 111-124.
96. Schmidt G.D. (1985). - Development and life cycles. In Biology of the Acanthocephala (D.WT. Crompton & B.B. Nickol, eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 273-286.
97. Seto E.Y.W, Wu W.P., Qiu D.C., Liu H.Y., Gu X.G., Chen H.G., Spear R.C. & Davis G.M.(2002). - Impact of soil chemistry on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae) in China. Malacologia, 44, 259-272.
98. Seto E., Xu B., Liang S., Gong P., Wu W.P., Davis G., Qiu D.C., Gu X.G. & Spear R. (2002). - The use of remote sensing for predictive modeling of schistosomiasis in China. Photogr. Engin. remote Sens., 68, 167-174.
99. Simon F., Lopez-Belmonte J., Marcos-Atxutegi C., Morchon R. & Martin-Pacho J.R. (2005). - What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis? Vet. Parasitol., 133, 181-189.
100. Simon-Martin F. & Simon-Vicente F. (1999). - The life cycle of Trichobilharzia salmanticensis n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), related to cases of human dermatitis. Res. Rev. Parasitol, 59, 13-18.
101. Thomas C., Jacquiet P. & Dorchies P. (2007). - La prévalence des helminthoses bovines a-t-elle été modifiée par la canicule de l'été2003 dans le Sud-Ouest de la France? Parasite, 14, 265-268.
102. Thors C. & Linder E. (2001). - Swimmer's itch in Sweden. Helminthologia, 38, 244.
103. Veit P., Bilger B., Schad V., Schafer J., Frank W & Lucius R. (1995). - Influence of environmental factors on the infectivity of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs. Parasitology, 110(1), 79-86.
104. Velez I.D., Montoya M.N., Prieto G., Morchon R. & Simon F. (2001). - Epidemiology of human dirofilariosis. In Heartworm infection in humans and animals (F. Simon & C. Genchi, eds). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 135-146.
105. Venco L. & Vezzoni A. (2001). - Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs and cats. In Heartworm infection in humans and animals (F. Simon & C. Genchi, eds). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 161-177.
106. Yang G.J., Gemperli A., Vounatsou P., Tanner M., Zhou X.N. & Utzinger J. (2006). - A growing degree-days based time series analysis for prediction of Schistosoma japonicum transmission in Jiangsu Province, China. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 75 (3), 549-555.
107. Yilma J.M. & Malone J.B. (1998). - A geographic information system forecast model for strategic control of fascioliasis in Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol., 78, 103-127.
108. Zhou X.N., Lin D.D., Yang H.M., Chen H.G., Sun L.P., Yang G.J., Hong Q.B., Brown L. & Malone J.B. (2002). - Use of Landsat TM satellite surveillance data to measure the impact of the 1998 flood on snail intermediate host dispersal in the lower Yangtze River basin. Ada trap., 82, 199-205.
109. Zhou X.N., Wang L.Y., Chen M.G., Wu X.H., Jiang Q.W., Chen X.Y., Zheng J. & Utzinger J. (2005). - The public health significance and control of schistosomiasis in China - then and now. Acta trop., 96, 97-105.
110. Zhou X.N., Yang G.J., Sun L.P., Hong Q.B., Yang K., Wang R.B. & Hua Z.H. (2002). - Potential impact of global warming on the transmission of schistosomiasis. Chin. J. Epidemiol, 23, 83-86.