Why don't you exercise? Development of the Amotivation Toward Exercise Scale among older inactive individuals

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 316-341

  Vlachopoulos, Symeon P ^a   Gigoudi, Maria A ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Elderly; Exercise amotivation; Physical activity; Self determination theory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; AMOTIVATION TOWARD EXERCISE SCALE; ARTICLE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTIVATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; RELIABILITY; TAXONOMY;

EID: 53349109144     PISSN: 10638652     EISSN: 1543267X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/japa.16.3.316     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. (1998). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 992-1008.
3. Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
4. Atienza, A.A. (2001). Home-based physical activity programs for middle-aged and older adults: Summary of empirical research. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(Suppl.), 38-58.
5. Bagozzi, R.P., Dholakia, U.M., & Basuroy, S. (2003). How effortful decisions get enacted: The motivating role of decision processes, desires, and anticipated emotions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16, 273-295.
6. Bagozzi, R.P., & Phillips, L. (1982). Representing and testing organizational theories: A holistic construal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 459-489.
7. Bagozzi, R.P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
8. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9. Beach, L.R., & Mitchell, T.R. (1998). The basics of image theory. In L.R. Beach (Ed.), Image theory: Theoretical and empirical foundations (pp. 3-18). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
10. Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
11. Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
12. Bowling, A. (2005). Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. Journal of Public Health, 27, 281-291.
13. Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & S.J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 445 - 455). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
14. Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Byrne, B.M. (2000). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, application, and programming (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. Byrne, B.M., Shavelson, R.J., & Muthen, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466.
18. Chantoin, S., Hazif-Thomas, C., Billon, R., & Thomas, P. (2001). Demotivation scale built and validated for elderly people. Encephale-revue de Psychiatric Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique, 27, 450 - 458.
19. Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R.B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255.
20. Cropley, M., Ayers, S., & Nokes, L. (2003). People don't exercise because they can't think of reasons to exercise: An examination of causal reasoning within the transtheoretical model. Psychology Health and Medicine, 8, 409-414.
21. Damush, T.M., Stump, T.E., Saporito, A., & Clark. D.O. (2001). Predictors of older primary care patients' participation in a submaximal exercise test and a supervised, low impact exercise class. Preventive Medicine, 33, 485-494.
22. Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
23. Dholakia, U.M., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2002). Mustering motivation to enact decisions: How decision process characteristics influence goal realization. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15, 167-188.
24. Eakin, E. (2001). Promoting physical activity among middle-aged and older adults in health care settings. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(Suppl.), 29-37.
25. Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J.L. (2006). A test of self-determination theory in the exercise domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(9), 2240-2265.
26. Emmons, R.A. (1989). The personal strivings approach to personality. In L.A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 87-126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Feather, N.T. (1995). Values, valences, and choice: The influences of values on the perceived attractiveness and choice of alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1135-1151.
28. Floyd, F.J., & Widaman, K.F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
29. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.E (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
30. Fox, K.R., & Corbin, C.B. (1989). The Physical Self-Perception Profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 408-430.
31. Gauvin, L., & Rejeski, J.W. (1993). The Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 403-423.
32. Gollwitzer, P.M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. In P.M. Gollwitzer & J.A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 287-312). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W.F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 265-275.
34. Harter, S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In R.F. Baumeister (Ed.). Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self regard (pp. 87-116). New York: Plenum Press.
35. Heckhausen, H., & Kuhl, J. (1985). From wishes to action: The dead ends and short cuts on the long way to action. In M. Frese & J. Sabini (Eds.), Goal-directed behavior: The concept of action in psychology (pp. 134 - 160). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
36. Hogan, M. (2005). Physical and cognitive activity and exercise for older adults: A review. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60, 95-126.
37. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
38. Hui, E.K.H., & Rubenstein, L.Z. (2006). Promoting physical activity and exercise in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7, 310-314.
39. Kasser, T. (2002). Sketches for a self-determination theory of values. In E.L. Deci & R.M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 123-140). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
40. Legault, L., Green-Demers, I., & Pelletier, L. (2006). Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom? Toward an understanding of academic amotivation and the role of social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 567-582.
41. Li, F., Harmer, P., & Acock, A. (1996). The task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire: Construct equivalence and mean differences across gender. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 228-238.
42. Li, F., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N.R., Duncan, T.E., & Duncan, S.C. (2002). Tai Chi as a means to enhance self-esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21, 70-89.
43. Linnan, L.A., & Marcus, B. (2001). Worksite-based physical activity programs and older adults: Current status and priorities for the future. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(Suppl), 59-70.
44. Little, T.D. (1997). Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: Practical and theoretical issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 53-76.
45. Marcus, B.H., & Forsyth, L.H. (2003). Motivating people to be physically active. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
46. Marin, R.S., Biedrzycki, R.C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38, 143-162.
47. McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 103-113.
48. McAuley, E., & Courneya, K.S. (1994). The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES): Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 163-177.
49. McAuley, E., Mihalko, S.L., & Bane, S.M. (1997). Exercise and self-esteem in middle-aged adults: Multidimensional relationships and physical fitness and self-efficacy influences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 67-83.
50. Miller, M.E., Rejeski, W.J., Reboussin, B.A., Ten Have, T.R., & Ettinger, W.H. (2000). Physical activity, functional limitations, and disability in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 1264-1272.
51. Netz, Y., Wu, M., Becker, B.J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2005). Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20, 272-284.
52. Ntoumanis, N., Pensgaard, A-M., Martin, C., & Pipe, K. (2004). An idiographic analysis of amotivation in compulsory school physical education. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 197-214.
53. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
54. Oppenheim, A.N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing, and attitude measurement. New York: Pinter.
55. Pelletier, L.G., Dion, S., Tuson, K., & Green-Demers, I. (1999). Why do people fail to adopt environmental protective behaviors? Toward a taxonomy of environmental amotivation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2481-2504.
56. Pelletier, L.G., Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., & Briere, N.M. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 279-306.
57. Pleis, J.R., & Lefhbridge-Cejku, M. (2006). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics, 10, 232.
58. Resnick, B., Zimmerman, S.I., Orwig, D., Furstenberg, A.L., & Magaziner, J. (2000). Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale: Utility and psychometrics. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, S352-S356.
59. Ryan, R.M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427.
60. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.
61. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
62. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In E.L. Deci & R.M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
63. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L., & Cury, F (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21-month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 395-418.
64. Schoenborn, C.A., Adams, P.F., Barnes, P.M., Vickerie, J.L., & Schiller, J.S. (2004). Health behaviors of adults: United States, 1999-2001. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics, 10, 219.
65. Streiner, D.L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 135-140.
66. Stryker, J.H., & Burke, P.J. (2000). The past, present, and future of identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 284-297.
67. Svenson, O. (1992). Differentiation and consolidation theory of human decision making: A frame of reference for the study of pre- and post-decision processes. Acta Psychologica, 80, 143-168.
68. Turner, E.E., Rejeski, W.J., & Brawley, L.R. (1997). Psychological benefits of physical activity are influenced by the social environment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 119-130.
69. U.S. Surgeon General. (1996). U.S. Surgeon General's report. Physical activity and health. Washington. DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
70. Vallerand, R.J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M.P Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 271-360). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
71. Vallerand, R.J. (2001). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise. In G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 263-319). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
72. Vallerand, R.J., & Rousseau, F.L. (2001). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise: A review using the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In R.N. Singer, H.A. Hausenblas, & C.M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 389-416). New York: Wiley & Sons.
73. Vandenberg, R.J., & Lance, C.E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70.
74. Vlachopoulos, S.P., & Michailidou, S. (2006). Development and initial validation of a measure of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10, 179-201.