Prospects for democracy in Serbia and Croatia

East European Quarterly

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 508-528

  Basom, Kenneth E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 53349102077     PISSN: 00128449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. The concept, but not this term for it, comes from Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics (October 1990), pp. 1-21.
2. Guillermo O'Donnell and Phillippe C. Schmitter, Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986);
3. Judy Batt, East Central Europe from Reform to Transformation (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991), pp. 43-71.
4. Increased restrictions on freedom of the press in both Croatia and Serbia during the recent wars in Croatia and Bosnia are far from isolated examples of this point. See Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization," pp. 1-21;
5. and Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1985), pp. 229-288.
6. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3.
7. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review, vol. 53 (March 1959).
8. Tatu Vanhanen, The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988 (New York: Crane Russak, 1990), pp. 100-117;
9. and Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
10. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963).
11. Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
12. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, "Associated-Dependent Development: Theoretical and Practical Implications," in Alfred Stepan, ed., Authoritarian Brazil (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 142-178;
13. and Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley, CA: University of California, Institute for International Studies, 1973).
14. Leonard Binder, et al., eds., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971).
15. By way of example, Larry Diamond states that "If there is any common thread running through the democratic prospects of all ten of the countries [examined] in this volume, it is the crucial importance of effective and democratically committed leadership." Larry Diamond, "Introduction: Persistence, Erosion, Breakdown and Renewal," p. 49 in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries: Volume Three, Asia (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989).
16. Vesna Pusić, "Constitutional Politics in Croatia," Praxis International, vol. 13, no. 4 (January 1994), pp. 389-404.
17. Interviews conducted by this author in Yugoslavia in 1985 and 1986 while on an IREX grant; Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia 1963-1983 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984);
18. and Dennison Rusinow, ed., Yugoslavia: A Fractured Federalism (Washing, D.C.: The Wilson Center Press, 1988).
19. Vojislav Koštunica and Kosta Čavoški, Stranacki Plralizam ili Monizam: Društveni Pokreti i Politički Sistem u Jugoslaviji 1944-1949 (Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut društvenih nauka, Centar za Filozofiju i društvenu Teoriju, 1983).
20. Edvard Kardelj, Socialism and War: A Survey of Chinese Criticism of the Policy of Coexistence, trans. Alec Brown (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960), p. 229.
21. Adam Przeworski, "Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy," in Guillermo O'Donnell, Phillippe C. Scmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 58-59.
22. This increase in competition among a restricted elite (liberalization) was combined with a gradual increase in participation in not very powerful workers councils. These two trends threatened to combine into real democratization in the late 1960s. At that point, Tito tightened the SKJ's monopoly on politics.
23. "The Generals' Game," Eastern Europe Newsletter, vol. 6, no. 10 (May 11, 1992), pp. 1-3.
24. Ramet, Nationalism.
25. The Serbian Socialist Party Congress of October 1992 made it clear that the organization of factions within the Party, which might contest the leadership, was not allowed. This Congress emphasized that democracy does not bring into question the existence of the SPS leadership, which "has firm convictions and enjoys authority among the membership." The implication being that the leadership's authority derives not from democratic principles (which would necessarily periodically bring into question the current leadership's continuation in power) but from its firmness and assumed authority among the members. See "Documents and Statute Presented to SPS Congress," Tanjug (21 October 1992) in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (October 26, 1992), p. EE/1521/C1/1.
26. Radu Ciobotea, Cornea Raiko, Interview with former FRY President, Dobrica Čosić, "I Knew I was to be Removed by Means of a Coup," Evenimentul Silei (June 15, 1993), p. 8 in FBIS-EEU-93-116 (June 18, 1993), pp. 43-44.
27. "Croatia's Fatal Mistake," Eastern Europe Newsletter, vol. 7, no. 14 (July 6, 1993), pp. 2-3.
28. Velizar Brajović, "Attacks on the Muslims: A Shot in the Back," Vreme (May 24, 1991), p. 16 in FBIS-EEU-93-120 (June 24, 1993), p. 59.
29. Eastern Europe Newsletter, vol. 7, no. 14 (July 6, 1993), p. 2.
30. Milan Andrejevich, "Croatia Between Stability and Civil War, Part II," Report on Eastern Europe (September 28, 1990), pp. 42-43.
31. Tanjug (May 31, 1992) in FBIS-EEU-92-105 (June 1, 1992), p. 47.
32. Robert Marquand, "Serbia's State-Run Media Are a Weapon of War," The Christian Science Monitor (January 26, 1993), p. 2.
33. Robert Marquand, "Serbia's State-Run Media Are a Weapon of War," The Christian Science Monitor (1993), p. 2. Ibid.
34. Jasmina Kuzmanović, "Croatia: Government Cracks Down on the Press," Inter Press Service (July 22, 1992).
35. "News Conference with Zoran Hodjera, International Observer for Serbian Elections," Federal Information Systems Corporation, Federal News Service (January 8, 1993).
36. Kuzmanović, "Croatia: Government Cracks Down on the Press."
37. Patrick Moore, "Croatia," in RFE/RL Research Institute Staff, "The Media in Eastern Europe," RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 2, no. 19 (May 7, 1993), pp. 25-26.
38. Marquand, "Serbia's State-Run Media," p. 2.
39. Milan Andrejevich, "Milošević and the Serbian Opposition," Report on Eastern Europe (October 19, 1990), pp. 41-42.
40. Milan Andrejevich, "Unrest in Belgrade: A Symptom of Serbia's Crisis," Report on Eastern Europe (march 29, 1991), pp. 12-18;
41. and D. Pušonjić, "A Serbian Woman as an 'Ustasa Tool'," Borba (May 20, 1992), p. 11, in FBIS-EEU-92-106 (June 2, 1992), p. 43.
42. Slobodan Antonić, "Hostages of TV Journalism: The Media and Changes in the Party Orientation of Belgradians, 1990-92," Vreme (May 25, 1992), pp. 30-31, in FBIS-EEU-92-111 (June 9, 1992), pp. 54-55.
43. Marquand, "Serbia's State-Run Media," p. 2.
44. Marquand, "Serbia's State-Run Media," p. 2.Ibid.
45. "Serbs on Way to Linking Their Territories," Agence France Presse (December 24, 1992).
46. The Economist (May 15, 1993), p. 61.
47. Blaine Harden, "Croatia's Voters Reelect Tudjman, Shun Appeals to Vengeance," Washington Post (August 4, 1993), p. A12.
48. Milan Andrejevich, "The Radicalization of Serbian Politics," RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 2, no. 13 (March 26, 1993), p. 23;
49. and Robert M. Hayden, "Constitutional Nationalism in the formerly Yugoslav Republics," Slavic Review, vol. 51, no. 4 (Winter 1992), p. 668.
50. Harden, "Croatia's Voters Reelect Tudjman," p. A12.
51. Andrejevich, "Milošević and the Serbian Opposition," p. 40.
52. Milan Andrejevich, "Serbia on the Eve of the Elections," Report on Eastern Europe (December 21, 1990), p. 34.
53. Ian Traynor, "Between the Ballot and the Bullets," The Guardian (December 18, 1992), p. 17.
54. Andrejevich, "The Radicalization of Serbian Politics," p. 20.
55. "News Conference with Zoran Hodjera."
56. "News Conference with Zoran Hodjera;" and Laura Silber, "Panić" Cries Foul, Calls for Fresh Elections in Serbia," Los Angeles Times (December 22, 1992), p. A1.
57. Andrejevich, "Unrest in Belgrade," p. 17.
58. Ivo Bičanić and Iva Dominis, "The Multiparty Elections in Croatia: Round Two," RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 2, no. 19 (May 7, 1993), pp. 17-21.
59. Andrejevich, "The Radicalization of Serbian Politics," p. 16.
60. Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1987), p. 31.
61. Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited Ibid., p. 32.
62. Przeworski, "Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy," p. 56.
63. Stephanie Lawson, "Conceptual Issues in the Comparative Study of Regime Change and Democratization," Comparative Politics (January 1993), pp. 183-205.
64. Aleksa Djilas, "Serbia's Milošević: A Profile," Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993), pp. 81-96.
65. Bogdan Ivanišević, "Srbij na Istoku," Nedeljne Informativne Novine (April 16, 1993), p. 22.
66. Article 8, Law on Citizenship, Republic of Croatia, published in Vjesnik (June 27, 1991), JPRS-EEER-91-114-s, pp. 52-54.
67. Hayden, "Constitutional Nationalism," pp. 654-673.
68. Hayden, "Constitutional Nationalism," Ibid., pp. 668-669.
69. Ian Traynor, "Yugoslavia: Kosovo's Albanian Majority Want a Republic," Reuters Textline Guardian (July 20, 1990).
70. Silber, "Panić Cries Foul," p. A1.
71. Traynor, "Between the Ballot and the Bullets," p. 17;
72. Dejan Anastasijević, "Last Day of Campaigning for Elections in Serbia, Montenegro," United Press International (December 17, 1992);
73. and "Other Reports on Election Campaign," Yugoslav News Agency (December 7, 1992) in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (December 10, 1992), p. EE/15601/C1/1.
74. The Economist (June 5, 1993), p. 56.
75. Slavenka Drakulić, "Nazis Among Us," The New York Review of Books (may 27, 1993), pp. 21-22.
76. "Balkanising, Stage 3," Eastern Europe Newsletter, vol. 7, no. 22 (November 2, 1993), pp. 1-4;
77. Stan Markotich, "Croatia: Stalemate over Krajina," RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 3, no. 26 (July 1, 1994), pp. 18-24; Interviews in Croatia conducted by this author while on an ACTR research grant, June 1994.