Transport and kinetics in electroactive polymers

Advances in Chemical Physics

Volumn 94, Issue , 1996, Pages 297-624

  Lyons, Michael E G ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53349095606     PISSN: 00652385     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (491)

1. (a) R. W. Murray, in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 13, A. J. Baird, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (1984) pp. 191-368.
2. (b) R. W. Murray, An. Rev. Mater. Sci. 14, 145 (1984).
3. (c) R. W. Murray, Acc. Chem. Res. 13, 135 (1980).
4. W. J. Albery and A. R. Hillman in Ann. Repts. Progr. Chem., Vol. 78, Section C, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1981, pp. 377-437.
5. A. R. Hillman, in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, Vol. 1, R. G. Linford, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, 1987, pp. 103-239, 241-291.
6. (a) H. D. Abruna, Coord. Chem. Rev., 86, 135 (1988).
7. (b) H. D. Abruna, in Electroresponsive Molecular and Polymeric Systems, Vol. 1, T. A. Skotheim, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988, pp. 98-160.
8. G. P. Evans, in Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, H. Gerisher and C. W. Tobias, eds., VCH, Weinheim, 1990, pp. 1-74.
9. W. H. Smyrl and M. Lien, in Applications of Electroactive Polymers, B. Scrosati, ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993, pp. 29-74.
10. R. B. Kaner, in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, Vol. 2, R. G. Linford, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1990, pp. 97-147.
11. R. A. Pethrick, in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, Vol. 2, R. G. Linford, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1990, pp. 149-199.
12. M. E. G. Lyons, Ann. Rep. C., R. Soc. Chem. 87, 119 (1990).
13. R. W. Murray, ed., Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. XXII, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992.
14. M. Majda, in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, R. W. Murray, ed., Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. XXII, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992, pp. 159-206.
15. N. Oyama and T. Ohsaka, in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, R. W. Murray, ed., Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. XXII, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992, pp. 333-402. This reference contains a wealth of experimental data on ionic diffusion coefficients in electroactive polymers.
16. R. W. Murray in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, R. W. Murray, ed., Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. XXII, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992, pp. 1-48.
17. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, R. W. Murray, ed., Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. XXII, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992, pp. 207-270.
18. Charge Transfer in Polymeric Systems, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., R. Soc. Chem., London, Vol. 88, 1989. This volume considers both polymer ionics and modified electrodes based on electroactive polymers.
19. M. E. G. Lyons, ed., Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry: Part 1: Fundamentals, Plenum Press, New York, 1994.
20. M. E. G. Lyons, Analyst 119 (1994) 805.
21. B. Scrosati, ed., Applications of Electroactive Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
22. C. A. Vincent, in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, Vol. 2, R. G. Linford, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1990, pp. 47-96.
23. R. G. Linford in Applications of Electroactive Polymers, B. Scrosati, ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993, pp. 1-28.
24. J. R. Owen, in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, Vol. 1, R. G. Linford, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987, pp. 45-66.
25. J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews, Vol. 1, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1988.
26. E. F. Dalton, N. A. Surridge, J. C. Jernigan, K. O. Wilbourn, J. S. Facci, and R. W. Murray, Chem. Phys. 141, 143 (1990).
27. (a) C. M. Clear, J. M. Kelly, D. C. Pepper, and J. G. Vos, Inorg. Chim. Acta 33, 139 (1979).
28. (b) C. M. Clear, J. M. Kelly, C. M. O'Connell, and J. G. Vos, J. Chem. Res. (M), 3037 (1981).
29. (a) O. Haas and J. G. Vos., J. Electroanal. Chem. 113, 139 (1980).
30. (b) O. Haas, M. Kriens, and J. G. Vos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 1318 (1981).
31. (c) O. Haas, H. R. Zumbrunnen, and J. G. Vos, Electrochim. Acta 30, 1551 (1985).
32. (d) S. M. Geraty and J. G. Vos, J. Electroanal. Chem. 176, 389 (1984);
33. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 3073 (1987).
34. (e) M. E. G. Lyons, H. G. Fay, J. G. Vos, and A. J. Kelly, J. Electroanal. Chem. 250, 207 (1988).
35. (f) R. J. Forster, A. J. Kelly, J. G. Vos, and M. E. G. Lyons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 270, 365 (1989).
36. (g) R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos, Macromolecules, 23, 4372; (1990);
37. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 1, 67 (1991).
38. (h) R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos, J. Electroanal. Chem. 314, 135 (1991);
39. Electrochim. Acta 37, 159 (1992).
40. R. J. Forster, J. G. Vos, and M. E. G. Lyons, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 3761, 3769 (1991).
41. A. P. Clarke and J. G. Vos, Trends Electrochem. 1, 167 (1992).
42. R. J. Gale, ed., Spectroelectrochemistry: Theory and Practice, Plenum Press, New York, 1988.
43. V. G. Levich, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Eng. 4, 314 (1966).
44. I. Ruff, Electrochim. Acta 15, 1059 (1970).
45. (a) F. B. Kaufman and M. B. Engler, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 547 (1979).
46. (b) F. B. Kaufmann, A. M. Schroeder, E. M. Engler, S. R. Kramer, and J. Q. Chambers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 483 (1980).
47. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 111, 377 (1980).
48. E. Laviron, J. Electroanal. Chem. 112, 1 (1980).
49. I. Ruff and L. Botar, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 1292 (1985).
50. L. Botar and I. Ruff, Chem. Phys. Lett. 126, 348 (1986).
51. H. Dahms, J. Phys. Chem. 72, 362 (1968).
52. (a) I. Ruff, V. J. Friedrich, K. Demeter, and K. Csillag, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 3303 (1971).
53. (b) I. Ruff and V. J. Friedrich, J. Phys. Chem. 75 3297 (1971).
54. M. Sharp, B. Lindholm, and E. L. Lind, J. Electroanal. Chem. 274, 35 (1989).
55. D. N. Blauch and J. M. Saveant, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 3323 (1992).
56. I. Fritsch-Faules and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 263, 237 (1989).
57. L. R. Faulkner, Electrochim. Acta 34, 1699 (1989).
58. P. He and X. Chen, J. Electroanal. Chem. 256, 353 (1988).
59. S. R. Broadbent and J. M. Hammersley, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 53, 629 (1957).
60. V. K. S. Shante and S. Kirkpatrick, Adv. Phys. 20, 325 (1971).
61. S. Kirkpatrick, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 574 (1973).
62. R. Zallen, The Physics of Amorphous Solids, Wiley, New York, 1983, Chapter 4.
63. G. S. Grest, I. Webman, S. A. Safran, and A. L. R. Bug, Phys. Rev. A 33, 2842 (1986).
64. A. L. R. Bug and Y. Gefen, Phys. Rev. A 35, 1301 (1987).
65. S. D. Druger, A. Nitzan, and M. A. Ratner, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 3133 (1983).
66. S. D. Druger, M. A. Ratner, and A. Nitzan, Phys. Rev. B 31, 3939 (1985).
67. M. A. Ratner and A. Nitzan, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 19 (1989).
68. R. Granek and A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 3784 (1989).
69. R. Granek, A. Nitzan, S. D. Druger, and M. A. Ratner, Solid State Ionics 28/30, 128 (1988).
70. S. D. Druger, M. A. Ratner, and A. Nitzan, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 190, 171 (1990).
71. J. H. Noggle, Physical Chemistry, Little Brown, Boston, 1985, pp. 430-439.
72. K. W. Kehr, R. Kutner, and K. Binder, Phys. Rev. B 23, 4931 (1981).
73. R. Kutner and K. W. Kehr, Philos. Mag. A 48, 199 (1983).
74. (a) K. Nakazato and K. Kitahara, Prog. Theor. Phys. 64, 2261 (1980).
75. (b) M. Koiwa and S. Ishioka, J. Stat. Phys. 30, 477 (1983).
76. G. E. Murch and R. J. Thorn, Philos, Mag. A 39, 673 (1979).
77. P. A. Fedders and O. F. Sankey, Phys. Rev. B 18, 18 (1978).
78. S. Chandrasekhar, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 1 (1943).
79. (a) J. R. Miller, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 5173 (1972).
80. (b) J. R. Miller, Science 189, 221 (1975).
81. (c) J. V. Bietz and J. R. Miller, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 4579 (1979);
82. (c) J. V. Bietz and J. R. Miller, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6746 (1981).
83. (d) J. R. Miller, K. W. Hartman, and S. Abrash, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4296 (1982).
84. (e) J. R. Miller, J. V. Beitz, and R. K. Huddleston, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 5057 (1984).
85. (f) J. R. Miller, N. J. Chem. 11, 83 (1987).
86. S. W. Feldberg, J. Electroanal. Chem. 198, 1 (1986).
87. (a) J. J. Hopfield, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 71, 3640 (1974).
88. (b) J. J. Jortner, J. Chem. Phys. 64, 4860 (1976).
89. (c) B. Chance, D. DeVault, H. Frauenfelder, R. A. Marcus, J. R. Schrieffer, and N. Sutin, eds., Tunnelling in Biological Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1979.
90. (d) S. J. Larsson, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. II. 79, 1375 (1983).
91. (e) A. A. S. daGama, Theor. Chim. Acta 68, 159 (1985).
92. T. J. Lewis, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 189 (1989).
93. The literature on electron transfer in metalloproteins is extensive. For a list of pertinent references see ref. 8 on the Fritsch-Faules/Faulkner study (ref. 39) and also J. R. Bolton, N. Mataga, and G. McLendon, eds., Electron Transfer in Inorganic, Organic and Biological Systems, Advances in Chemistry Series 228, ACS, Washington, DC, 1991, especially pp. 71-90, pp. 191-200, pp. 201-214, and pp. 229-246.
94. (a) J. S. Facci, R. H. Schmehl, and R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4959 (1982).
95. (b) M. Majda and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 169, 77 (1984).
96. (a) M. Majda and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 137, 149 (1982).
97. (b) M. Majda and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 169, 97 (1984).
98. (a) D. A. Buttry and F. C. Anson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 130, 333 (1982).
99. (b) D. A. Buttry and F. C. Anson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 685 (1983).
100. M. Von Smoluchowski, Z. Phys. Chem. 92, 129 (1917).
101. (a) R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 24, 966 (1956),
102. R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 867, 872 (1957);
103. Can. J. Chem., 37, 155 (1959).
104. (b) R. A. Marcus in Special Topics in Electrochemistry, P. A. Rock, ed., Elsevier, New York, 1977, pp. 161, 180.
105. (c) R. A. Marcus, Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 19, 423 (1957).
106. (d) R. A. Marcus, J. Phys. Chem. 67, 853 (1963).
107. (e) R. A. Marcus, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 15, 155 (1964).
108. (f) R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 679 (1965).
109. (g) R. A. Marcus, Electrochim. Acta 13, 997 (1968).
110. (h) R. A. Marcus, J. Phys. Chem. 72, 891 (1968).
111. (i) R. A. Marcus, Int. J. Chem. Kin. 13, 865 (1981).
112. (j) R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Inorg. Chem. 14, 21 (1975).
113. (k) R. A. Marcus, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 29, 21 (1960);
114. R. A. Marcus, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 74, 7 (1982).
115. (a) H. Heitele, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 32, 359 (1993).
116. (b) K. V. Mikkelsen and M. A. Ratner, Chem. Rev. 87, 113 (1987).
117. J. R. Bolton and M. D. Archer in Electron Transfer in Inorganic, Organic and Biological Systems, J. R. Bolton, N. Mataga, and G. McLendon, eds., Advances in Chemistry Series 228, ACS, Washington DC, 1991, pp. 7-23.
118. (a) R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811, 265 (1985).
119. (b) R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Comments Inorg. Chem. 5, 119 (1986).
120. (a) M. J. Weaver in Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, R. G. Compton, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, Vol. 27, Electrode Kinetics: Reactions, pp. 1-60 and references therein.
121. (b) J. T. Hupp and M. J. Weaver, J. Electroanal. Chem. 152, 1 (1983).
122. (c) J. T. Hupp and M. J. Weaver, J. Electroanal. Chem. 145, 43 (1983).
123. (d) J. T. Hupp and M. J. Weaver, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 2795 (1985) and references therein.
124. (e) M. J. Weaver and G. E. McManis III, Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 294 (1990).
125. (f) M. J. Weaver, Chem. Rev. 92, 463 (1992).
126. (a) N. Sutin, Prog. Inorg. Chem., vol. 30, S. J. Lippard, ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1983, pp. 441-498 and references therein.
127. (b) N. Sutin, in Electron Transfer in Inorganic, Organic and Biological Systems, J. R. Bolton, N. Mataga, and G. McLendon, eds., Advances in Chemistry Series 228, ACS, Washington DC 1991, pp. 25-43.
128. (c) N. Sutin, Acc. Chem. Res. 15, 275 (1982).
129. M. D. Newton and N. Sutin, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 35, 437 (1984).
130. (a) W. J. Albery, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31, 227 (1980).
131. (b) W. J. Albery, Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975, pp. 92-124.
132. J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 201, 211 (1986).
133. J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 238, 1 (1987).
134. J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 242, 1 (1988).
135. J. M. Saveant, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 4526 (1988).
136. J. M. Saveant, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 1011 (1988).
137. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6761 (1988).
138. R. P. Buck, J. Electroanal. Chem. 219, 23 (1987).
139. (a) R. P. Buck, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 4196 (1988).
140. (b) R. P. Buck, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6445 (1988).
141. R. P. Buck, J. Electroanal. Chem. 243, 279 (1988).
142. (a) R. P. Buck, J. Electroanal. Chem. 258, 1 (1989).
143. (b) R. P. Buck, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 6212 (1989).
144. C. J. Baldy, C. M. Elliott, and S. W. Feldberg, J. Electroanal. Chem. 283, 53 (1990).
145. W. J. Albery, Z. Chen, B. R. Horrocks, A. R. Mount, P. J. Wilson, D. Bloor, A. T. Monkman, and C. M. Elliott, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 247 (1989).
146. I. Rubenstein, E. Sabatani, and J. Rishpon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 3078 (1987).
147. R. P. Buck, J. Electroanal. Chem. 210, 1 (1986).
148. W. J. Albery, C. M. Elliott, and A. R. Mount, J. Electroanal. Chem. 288, 15 (1990).
149. W. J. Albery and A. R. Mount, J. Electroanal. Chem. 305, 3 (1991).
150. W. J. Albery and A. R. Mount, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89 327 (1993).
151. W. J. Albery and A. R. Mount in Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry, Part 1: Fundamentals, M. E. G. Lyons, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1994, pp. 443-483.
152. S. Fletcher, J. Electroanal. Chem. 337, 127 (1992).
153. S. Fletcher, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89, 311 (1993).
154. Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen and J. M. Luck, cited in Adv. Phys. 39, 191 (1990).
155. (a) K. Doblhofer and M. Vorotyntsev in Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry, Part 1: Fundamentals, M. E. G. Lyons, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1994, pp. 375-442.
156. (b) A. Eisenberg, Macromolecules, 3, 147 (1970).
157. (c) K. A. Mauritz and A. J. Hopfinger in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 16, J. O'M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, and R. E. White, eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1982, pp. 425-508.
158. (a) S. Roth and H. Bleier, Adv. Phys. 36, 385 (1987).
159. (b) S. Roth, H. Bleier, and W. Pukacki, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 223 (1989).
160. A. J. Heeger, S. Kivelson, J. R. Schrieffer, and W. P. Su, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 781 (1988).
161. W. P. Su, J. R. Schrieffer, and A. J. Heeger, Phys. Rev., B 22, 2209 (1980); erratum, 28, 1138 (1983).
162. S. Kivelson and A. J. Epstein, Phys. Rev. B 29, 336 (1984).
163. J. C. Scott, P. Pfluger, M. Krombi, and G. B. Street, Phys. Rev. B 28, 40 (1983).
164. (a) N. F. Mott, Conduction in Noncrystalline Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987, p. 28.
165. (b) N. F. Mott and E. A. Davis, Electronic Processes in Noncrystalline Materials, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979.
166. A. J. Epstein in Handbook of Conducting Polymers, Vol. 2, T. Skotheim, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986, p. 1041.
167. R. Zallen, The Physics of Amorphous Solids, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1983, pp. 135-204.
168. D. Stauffer, Introduction of Percolation Theory, Taylor and Francis, London, 1985.
169. D. Kim, H. Reiss, and H. M. Rabeony, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 2673 (1988).
170. W. D. Murphy, H. M. Rabeony, and H. Reiss, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 7007 (1988).
171. A. Prock and W. P. Giering, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 2192 (1989).
172. A. Prock and W. P. Giering, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 8382 (1989).
173. (a) P. N. Bartlett and J. W. Gardner, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., in press.
174. (b) J. W. Gardner and P. N. Bartlett, Synth. Met., in press.
175. J. J. Hermans, J. Colloid Sci. 2, 387 (1947).
176. H. S. Carlsaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959, p. 284.
177. J. Callaway, Quantum Theory of the Solid State, Academic Press, New York, 1974.
178. W. Jones and N. H. March, Theoretical Solid State Physics, Dover, New York, 1973.
179. (a) J. L. Bredas and R. R. Chance, Phys. Rev. B. 26, 2886 (1982).
180. (b) J. L. Bredas, R. R. Chance, and R. Silbey, Phys. Rev. B. 26, 5843 (1982).
181. R. R. Chance, D. S. Boudreaux, J. F. Wolf, L. W. Shacklette, R. Silbey, B. Themans, J. M. Andre, and J. L. Bredas, Synth. Met. 15, 105 (1986) and references therein.
182. J. L. Bredas, B. Themans, J. M. Andre, R. R. Chance, D. S. Boudreaux, and R. Silbey, J. Phys. Colloq. C3, 44, 374 (1983).
183. A. R. Bishop, D. K. Campbell, and K. Fesser, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 77, 253 (1980).
184. S. Kivelson, Phys. Rev. B 25, 3798 (1982).
185. P. D. Townsend and R. H. Friend, Synth. Met. 28, 735 (1989);
186. Phys. Rev. B 40, 3112 (1989).
187. R. R. Chance, J. L. Bredas, and R. Sibley, Phys. Rev. B 29, 4491 (1984).
188. R. H. Friend and J. H. Burroughs, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 213 (1989).
189. J. L. Bredas and G. B. Street, Acc. Chem. Res. 18, 309 (1985).
190. J. L. Bredas, B. Themans, and J. M. Andre, Phys. Rev. B 27, 7827 (1983).
191. J. L. Bredas, B. Themans, J. G. Fripiat, J. M. Andre, and R. R. Chance, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6761 (1984).
192. J. L. Bredas, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 118, 49 (1985).
193. A. J. Heeger, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 203 (1989).
194. A. J. Heeger, S. Kivelson, J. R. Schrieffer, and W. P. Su, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 781 (1988).
195. S. Kivelson and A. J. Heeger, Synth. Met. 22, 371 (1988).
196. D. S. Pearson, P. A. Pincus, G. W. Heffner, and S. J. Dahman, Macromolecules 26, 1570 (1993).
197. P. G. de Gennes, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. 2 302, 1 (1986).
198. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959. Chapter XIV.
199. J. Moulton and P. Smith, Synth. Met. 40, 13 (1991).
200. (a) S. Tokito, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, Polymer 32, 464 (1991).
201. (b) Y. Cao, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, Polymer 32, 1210 (1991).
202. (a) P. Pincus, G. Rossi, and M. E. Gates, Europhys. Lett. 4, 41 (1987).
203. (b) D. R. Spiegel, P. Pincus, and A. J. Heeger, Polym. Commun. 29, 264 (1988).
204. (c) A. Viallat and P. A. Pincus, Polymer 30, 1997 (1989).
205. (a) K. Y. Jen, R. Oboodi, and R. L. Elsenbaumer, Polym. Mater. Sci. 53, 79 (1985).
206. (b) M. Sato, S. Tanaka, and K. Kaeriyama, Chem. Commun. 873 (1986).
207. (c) A. O. Patil, Y. Ikenoue, N. Basescu, J. Chem, F. Wudl, and A. J. Heeger, Synth. Met. 20, 151 (1987).
208. (d) D. Spiegel and A. J. Heeger, Polym. Commun. 29, 266 (1988).
209. P. J. Flory, Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules, Wiley, Interscience, New York, 1969.
210. (a) K. Aoki and Y. Tezuka, J. Electroanal. Chem. 267, 55 (1989).
211. (b) Y. Tezuka, K. Aoki, and K. Shinozaki, Synth. Met. 30, 369 (1989).
212. (c) Y. Tezuka and K. Aoki, J. Electroanal. Chem. 273, 161 (1989).
213. (a) K. Aoki, Y. Tezuka, K. Shinozaki, and H. Sato, J. Electrochem. Soc. Jpn. 57, 397 (1989).
214. (b) K. Aoki, J. Electroanal. Chem. 292, 53 (1990).
215. K. Aoki, J. Electroanal. Chem. 310, 1 (1991).
216. K. Aoki, T. Aramoto, and Y. Hoshino, J. Electroanl. Chem. 340, 127 (1992).
217. M. Kalaji, L. M. Peter, L. M. Abrautes, and J. C. Mesquita, J. Electroanal. Chem. 274, 289 (1989).
218. A. Bunde and S. Havlin, eds., Fractals and Disordered Systems, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993.
219. K. Aoki, J. Cao, and Y. Hoshino, Electrochim. Acta 38, 1711 (1993).
220. K. Aoki, J. Cao, and Y. Hoshino, Electrochim. Acta 39, 2291 (1994).
221. T. Koyayashi, H. Yoneyama, and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem. 177, 281 (1984).
222. C. Barbero, M. C. Miras, O. Haas, and R. Kotz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138, 669 (1991).
223. (a) B. J. Feldmann, P. Burgmayer, and R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 872 (1985).
224. (b) W. W. Focke and G. E. Wnek, J. Electroanal. Chem. 256, 343 (1988).
225. A. G. Macdiarmid, J. C. Chiang, A. F. Richer, and A. J. Epstein, Synth. Met. 18, 285 (1986).
226. A. B. Brown and F. C. Anson, Anal. Chem. 49, 1589 (1977).
227. W. J. Albery, M. G. Boutelle, P. J. Colby, and A. R. Hillman, J. Elecroanal. Chem. 133, 135 (1982).
228. E. Laviron, J. Electroanal. Chem. 63, 245 (1975).
229. H. Matsuda, K. Aoki, and K. Tokuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 217, 1 (1987);
230. H. Matsuda, K. Aoki, and K. Tokuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 217, 15 (1987).
231. H. Daifuku, K. Aoki, K. Tokuda, and H. Matsuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 183, 1 (1985).
232. C. E. D. Chidsey and R. W. Murray, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 1479 (1986).
233. D. Ellis, M. Eckhoff, and V. D. Neff, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 1225 (1981).
234. S. T. Coleman, W. R. McKinnon, and J. R. Dahn, Phys. Rev. B 29, 4147 (1984).
235. R. J. Gale, ed., Spectroelectrochemistry: Theory and Practice, Plenum Press, New York, 1988, and references therein.
236. D. A. Buttry and M. D. Ward, Chem. Rev. 92, 1355 (1992).
237. J. H. Kaufman, K. K. Kanazawa, and G. B. Street, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2461 (1984).
238. S. Burckenstein and M. Shay, J. Electroanal. Chem. 188, 131 (1985).
239. S. Bruckenstein and S. Swathirajan, Electrochim. Acta 30, 851 (1985).
240. P. T. Vanneau and D. A. Buttry, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 1292 (1987).
241. D. Orata and D. A. Buttry, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3574 (1987).
242. M. D. Ward, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 2049 (1988).
243. A. R. Hillman, D. C. Loveday, M. J. Swann, R. M. Eales, A. Mamnett, S. J. Higgins, S. Bruckenstein, and C. P. Wilde, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 151 (1989).
244. A. R. Hillman, D. C. Loveday, S. Bruckenstein, and C. P. Wilde, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 437 (1990).
245. G. Suaerbrey, Z. Phys. 155, 206 (1959).
246. S. Bruckenstein and A. R. Hillman, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 4837 (1988).
247. C. K. Baker and J. P. Reynolds, J. Electroanal. Chem. 251, 307 (1988).
248. A. J. Kelly and N. Oyama, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 9579 (1991).
249. S. Bruckenstein, C. P. Wilde, M. Shay, A. R. Hillman, and D. C. Loveday, J. Electroanal. Chem. 258, 457 (1989).
250. A. R. Hillman, M. J. Swann, and S. Bruckenstein, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 3271 (1991).
251. A. R. Hillman, D. C. Loveday, and S. Bruckenstein, J. Electroanal. Chem. 300, 67 (1991).
252. A. R. Hillman and S. Bruckenstein, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 339 (1993).
253. B. S. H. Royce, D. Voss, and A. Bocarsly, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 325 (1983).
254. J. Pawliszyn, M. F. Weber, M. J. Dignam, A. Mandelis, R. D. Venter, and S. M. Park, Anal. Chem. 58, 236 (1986).
255. J. Pawliszyn, M. F. Weber, M. J. Dignam, A. Mandelis, R. D.Venter, and S. M. Park, Anal. Chem. 58, 239 (1986).
256. J. Pawliszyn, Anal. Chem. 60, 1751 (1988).
257. R. E. Russon, F. R. McLarnon, J. D. Spear, and E. J. Cairns, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 2783 (1987).
258. A. Mandelis and B. S. H. Royce, Appl. Opt. 23, 2892 (1984).
259. E. M. Genies, M. Lapkowski, and C. Tsintavis, N. J. Chem. 12, 181 (1988).
260. A. Kitiani, I. Izumi, J. Yano, Y. Hiromoto, and K. Sasaki, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, 2254 (1984).
261. G. Horanyi and G. Inzelt, Electrochim. Acta 33, 947 (1988).
262. W. W. Focke, G. E. Wnek, and Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 5813 (1987).
263. T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama, and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem. 177 281 (1984).
264. W. S. Huang, B. D. Humphrey, and A. G. MacDiarmid, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 82, 2385 (1986).
265. K. Shimazu, K. Murakoshi, and K. Kita, J. Electroanal. Chem. 277, 347 (1990).
266. C. Barbero, M. C. Miras, O. Haas, and R. Kotz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138, 669 (1991).
267. O. Haas, Faraday Discuiss. Chem. Soc. 88, 123 (1989).
268. (a) J. H. Edwards and W. J. Feast, Polymer 21, 595 (1980).
269. (b) J. H. Edwards, W. J. Feast, and D. C. Bott., Polymer 25, 395 (1984).
270. E. M. Genies, G. Bidan, and A. F. Diaz, J. Electroanal. Chem. 149, 101 (1983).
271. C. K. Baker and J. R. Reynolds, J. Electroanal. Chem. 251, 307 (1988).
272. A. F. Diaz, J. Crowley, J. Bargon, G. P. Gardini, and J. B. Torrance, J. Electroanal. Chem. 121, 355 (1981).
273. R. J. Waltman and J. Bargon, Tetrahedron 40 3963 (1984).
274. C. K. Baker and J. R. Reynolds, Polym. Prepr. 28, 284 (1987).
275. R. J. Waltman, A. F. Diaz, and J. Bargon, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4343 (1984).
276. R. J. Waltman and J. Bargon, Can. J. Chem. 64, 76 (1986).
277. C. P. Andrieux, P. Adebert, P. Hapiot, and J. M. Saveant, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 10158 (1991).
278. P. Lang, F. Chao, M. Costa, and F. Garnier, Polymer 28, 668 (1987).
279. K. Tanaka, T. Shichiri, S. Wang, and T. Yamabe, Synth. Met. 24, 203 (1988).
280. A. Hamnett, P. A. Christensen, and S. J. Higgins, Analyst 119, 735 (1994).
281. M. Fleischmann and H. R. Thirsk, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Eng. 3, 123 (1963).
282. J. A. Harrison and H. R. Thirsk, Electroanal. Chem. 5, 67 (1971).
283. R. De Levie, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Eng. 13, 1 (1984).
284. Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 12 (1977) and references therein.
285. E. Budevski and W. J. Lorenz, eds., Electrocrystallization, Electrochim. Acta 28, 863-1010 (1983) and references therein.
286. D. Pletcher, A First Course in Electrode Processes, Electrochemical Consultancy, 1991, pp. 37-44.
287. J. B. Zeldovich, Acta Phys. URSS 18, 1 (1943).
288. Southampton Electrochemistry Group, Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1985, pp. 283-316.
289. (a) S. K. Rangarajan, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 12, 101 (1977).
290. (b) H. Angerstein-Kozlowska, B. E. Conway, and J. Klinger, J. Electroanal. Chem. 87, 301, 321 (1978).
291. (a) I. Epelboin, M. Ksouri, and R. Wiart, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 12 115 (1977).
292. (b) C. Cachet, I. Epelboin, M. Keddam, and R. Wiart, J. Electroanal. Chem. 100, 745 (1979).
293. (c) C. Cachet, M. Froment, and R. Wiart, Electrochim. Acta 24, 713 (1979).
294. (d) C. Cachet, C. Gabrielli, F. Huet, M. Keddam, and R. Wiart, Electrochim. Acta 28, 899 (1983).
295. (e) R. Wiart, Electrochim. Acta 35, 1587 (1990).
296. B. Scharifker and G. Hills, Electrochim. Acta 28, 879 (1983).
297. (a) G. Gunawardena, G. J. Hills, I. Montengegro, and B. Scharifker, J. Electroanal. Chem. 138, 225 (1982).
298. (b). G. J. Hills, A. K. Pour, and B. Scharifker, Electrochim. Acta 28, 891 (1983).
299. M. Avrami, J. Chem. Phys. 7, 1130 (1939);
300. M. Avrami, J. Chem. Phys. 8, 212 (1940);
301. M. Avrami, J. Chem. Phys. 9, 177 (1941).
302. Southampton Electrochemistry Group, Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1985, pp. 300-302.
303. J. A. Harrison and S. K. Rangarajan, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 12, 70 (1977).
304. E. Bosco and S. K. Rangarajan, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 77, 1673 (1981).
305. R. D. Armstrong, M. Fleischmann, and H. R. Thirsk, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11, 208 (1966).
306. E. Bosco and S. K. Rangarajan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 134, 213 (1982).
307. E. Bosco and S. K. Rangarajan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 134, 225 (1982).
308. (a) S. Asavapiriyanont, G. K. Chandler, G. A. Gunawardena, and D. Pletcher, J. Electroanal. Chem. 177, 229 (1984);
309. (b) G. K. Chandler and D. Pletcher, Specialist Periodical Reports. Roy. Soc. Chem. 10, 117 (1986).
310. A. J. Downard and D. Pletcher, J. Electroanal. Chem. 206, 139 (1986).
311. A. R. Hillman and E. F. Mallen, J. Electroanal. Chem. 220, 351 (1987).
312. A. R. Hillman and M. J. Swann, Electrochim. Acta 33, 1303 (1988).
313. A. R. Hillman and E. F. Mallen, J. Electroanal. Chem. 243, 403 (1988).
314. A. Hamnett and A. R. Hillman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135, 2517 (1988).
315. (a) M. L. Marcos, I. Rodrigues, and J. G. Velasco, Electrochim. Acta 32, 1453 (1987).
316. (b) G. Zotti, S. Cattarin, and N. Comisso, J. Electroanal. Chem., 235 (1987) 259;
317. (c) G. Zotti, S. Cattarin and N. Comisso, J. Electroanal. Chem. 239, 387 (1988).
318. (d) B. R. Scharifker, E. Garcia-Pastoriza, and W. Marino, J. Electroanal. Chem. 300, 85 (1991).
319. (e) L. L. Miller, B. Zinger, and Q. X. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2267 (1987).
320. (f) U. Konig and J. W. Schultze, J. Electroanal. Chem. 242, 243 (1988).
321. (g) Y. Wei, Y. Sun, and X. Tang, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 4878 (1989).
322. (h) G. Dian, N. Merlet, G. Barkey, F. Outurquin, and C. Paulmier, J. Electroanal. Chem 238, 225 (1987).
323. R. Yang, D. F. Evans, K. M. Dalsin, L. Christensen, and W. A. Hendrickson, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 511 (1989).
324. (j) R. Yang, D. F. Evans, L. Christensen, and W. A. Hendrickson, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 6117 (1990).
325. (k) R. John and G. G. Wallace, J. Electroanal. Chem. 306, 157 (1991).
326. (l) F. Beck, Electrochim. Acta 33, 839 (1988).
327. (m). I. Rubenstein, J. Rishpon, E. Sabatani, A. Redondo, and S. Gottsefeld, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 6135 (1990).
328. T. McCabe, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dublin, 1992.
329. F. Li and W. J. Albery, Electrochim. Acta. 37, 393 (1992).
330. C. H. Lyons, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dublin, 1993.
331. J. O'M. Bockris and S. Srinivasan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11, 350 (1966).
332. L. G. Austin and H. Lerner, Electrochim. Acta 9, 1469 (1964).
333. J. O'M. Bockris and S. U. M. Khan, Surface Electrochemistry: a Molecular Level Approach, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, Chapter 3.
334. J. R. McDonald, Impedance Spectroscopy - Emphasising Solid Materials and Systems, Wiley, New York, 1987.
335. M. M. Musiani, Electrochim. Acta 35, 1665 (1990).
336. A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods, Wiley, New York, 1980, pp. 316-369.
337. Southampton Electrochemistry Group, Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 251-282.
338. D. D. Macdonald, Transient Techniques in Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, 1977, pp. 229-272.
339. (a). E. Gileadi, Electrode Kinetics, VCH, Weinheim, 1993, pp. 428-443.
340. (b) P. H. Rieger, Electrochemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987, pp. 310-323.
341. (c) C. M. A. Brett and A. M. Oliveira Brett, Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods and Applications, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 1993, pp. 224-252.
342. (a) C. Gabrielli, Identification of Electrochemical Processes by Frequency Response Analysis, Solartron Schlumberger Technical Report, 1983.
343. (b) C. Gabrielli, Use and Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Techniques, Schlumberger Technical Report, 1990.
344. (a) M. Sluyters-Rehbach and J. H. Sluyters, Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 4, A. J. Bard, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970, pp. 1-128.
345. (b) M. Sluyters-Rehbach and J. J. Sluyters, Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, Vol. 9, J. O'M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, and E. Yeager, S. Sarangapani, eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 177-292.
346. M. Sluyters-Rehbach and J. H. Sluyters, Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 26, C. H. Bamford and R. G. Compton, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, pp. 203-354.
347. D. D. Macdonald and M. C. H. McKubre, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 14, J. O'M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, and R. E. White, Plenum Press, New York, 1982, pp. 61-150.
348. J. R. Macdonald, J. Electroanal. Chem. 223, 25 (1987).
349. I. Rubinstein, E. Sabatani, and J. Rishpon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 1467 (1987).
350. R. D. Armstrong, B. Lindholm, and M. Sharp, J. Electroanal. Chem. 202, 69 (1986).
351. R. D. Armstrong, J. Electroanal. Chem. 198, 177 (1986).
352. C. Ho, I. D. Raistrick, and R. A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 343 (1980).
353. C. Gabrielli, O. Haas, and H. Takenouti, J. Appl. Electrochem. 17, 82 (1987).
354. C. Gabrielli, O. Haas, and H. Takenouti, Proc. Journie d'Etudes SEE, Electrocatalyse, Electrodes modifiees, 1986, paper C5, pp. 117-129.
355. C. Gabrielli, H. Takenouti, O. Haas, and A. Tsukada, J. Electroanal. Chem. 302, 59 (1991).
356. (a) M. F. Mathias and O. Haas, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 3174 (1992).
357. (b) M. F. Mathias and O. Haas, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 9217 (1993).
358. G. Lang and G. Inzelt, Electrochim. Acta 36, 847 (1991).
359. B. Lindholm, J. Electroanal. Chem. 289, 85 (1990).
360. M. Sharp, B. Lindholm-Sethson, and E. Lotta Lind, J. Electroanal. Chem. 345, 223 (1993).
361. M. E. G. Lyons, H. G. Fay, and T. McCabe, Key Eng. Mat. 72-74, 381 (1992).
362. S. H. Glarum and J. H. Marshall, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 1467 (1980).
363. I. Rubenstein, J. Rishpon, and S. Gottesfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133, 729 (1986).
364. (a) K. Doblhofer, Electrochim. Acta 25, 871 (1980).
365. (b) K. Doblhofer and R. D. Armstrong, Electrochim. Acta 33, 453 (1988).
366. F. A. Posey, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1173 (1964).
367. (b) F. A. Posey and T. Morozumi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 176 (1966).
368. R. De Levie, Electrochim. Acta 8, 751 (1963);
369. R. De Levie, Electrochim. Acta 9, 1231 (1964).
370. I. D. Raistrick, Electrochim. Acta 35, 1579 (1990).
371. (a) C. D. Pauke and P. G. Pickup, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 7002 (1988).
372. (b) H. Mao, J. Ochmanska, C. D. Paulse, and P. G. Pickup, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 165 (1989).
373. (c) J. Ochmanska and P. G. Pickup, J. Electroanal. Chem. 271, 83 (1989).
374. P. G. Pickup, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 3631 (1990).
375. (a). X. Ren and P. G. Pickup, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 2097 (1992).
376. (b) G. L. Duffit and P. G. Pickup, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88, 1417 (1992).
377. (c) X. Ren and P. G. Pickup, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 321 (1993).
378. (a) C. R. Martin and L. S. van Dyke in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, R. W. Murray, ed., Techniques of Chemistry Series, Vol. 22, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992, pp. 403-424.
379. (b) R. M. Penner, L. S. van Dyke, and C. R. Martin, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5274 (1988).
380. (c) R. M. Penner and C. R. Martin, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 984 (1989).
381. (d) Z. Cai and C. R. Martin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 300, 35 (1991).
382. Some representative references include: (a) R. A. Bull, F. R. F. Fan, and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 1009 (1982).
383. (b) N. Mermilliod, J. Tanguy, and F. Petiot, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133, 1073 (1986).
384. (c) J. Tanguy, N. Mermilliod, and M. Hoclet, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 795 (1987).
385. (d) J. Tanguy and N. Mermilliod, Synth. Met. 21, 129 (1987).
386. (e) A. M. Waller, A. N. S. Hampton, and R. G. Compton, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 185, 773 (1989).
387. (f) P. Burgmayer and R. W. Murray, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 2515 (1984).
388. (g) S. Panero, P. Prosperi, F. Bonino, B. Scrosati, A. Corradini, and M. Mastragostino, Electrochim. Acta 32, 1007 (1987).
389. (h) S. Panero, P. Prosperi, and B. Scrosati, Electrochim. Acta 32, 1461 (1987).
390. (i) C. H. Lyons, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dublin, 1993.
391. (j) T. Amemiya, K. Hashimoto, and A. Fujihima, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 4187, 4192, 9736 (1993).
392. (k) T. B. Hunter, P. S. Tyler, W. H. Smyrl, and H. S. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 2198 (1987). This list is not exhaustive.
393. Some representative references include (this list is not exhaustive): (a) T. F. Otero and E. De Laretta, J. Electroanal. Chem. 244, 311 (1988).
394. (b) R. K. Yuan, D. Peramunage, and M. Tomkiewicz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 886 (1987).
395. (c). S. Sunde, G. Hagen, and R. Odegard, J. Eletroanal. Chem. 345, 43, 59 (1993).
396. Some representative references include: (a) S. H. Glarum and J. H. Marshall, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 142 (1987).
397. (b) I. Rubenstein, E. Sabatani, and J. Rishpon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 3078 (1987).
398. (c) C. Delouis, M. M. Musiani, and B. Tribollet, J. Electroanal. Chem. 264, 57 (1989).
399. (d) R. S. Button, M. Kalaji, and L. M. Peter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 270, 429 (1989).
400. (e) M. Kalaji and L. M. Peter, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 853 (1991).
401. (f) T. McCabe, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dublin, 1992.
402. B. I. Bleaney and B. Bleaney, Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1965, pp. 291-328.
403. S. A. Wring and J. A. Hart, Analyst 117, 1215 (1992).
404. M. Kaneko and D. Wohrle, Adv. Polym. Sci. 84, 143 (1988).
405. M. E. G. Lyons in Electroactive Polymer Electrochemstry, M. E. G. Lyons, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1994, pp. 237-374.
406. R. J. Mortimer in R. G. Compton and G. Hancock, eds., Research in Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994.
407. R. W. Murray, Acc. Chem. Res. 13, 135 (1980).
408. M. W. Wrighton, Acc. Chem. Res. 12, 303 (1979).
409. W. J. Albery and A. R. Hillman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 170, 27 (1984).
410. R. A. Bull, F. R, Fan, and A. J. Hard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130, 1636 (1983).
411. S. Holdcroft and B. L. Funt, J. Electroanal. Chem. 240, 89 (1988).
412. K. M. Kost, D. E. Bartak, B. Kazee, and Y. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 60, 2379 (1988).
413. A. Yassar, J. Roncali, and F. Garnier, J. Electroanal. Chem. 225, 53 (1988).
414. F. T. A. York, L. J. J. Janssen, and E. Barendrecht, Electrochim. Acta 31, 1569 (1986).
415. E. W. Paul, A. G. Ricco, and M. W. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 1441 (1985).
416. G. Tourillion and F. Garnier, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 5281 (1984);
417. G. Tourillion, E. Dartyge, H. Dexpert, A. Fountaine, A. Jucha, P. Lagarde, and D. E. Sayers, J. Electroanal. Chem. 178, 366 (1984).
418. P. Ocon Esteban, J. M. Leger, C. Lamy, and E. Genies, J. Appl. Electrochem. 19, 462 (1989).
419. Y. Takasu, Y. Fujii, K. Yasuda, Y. Iwanaga, and Y. Matsuda, Electrochim. Acta 34, 453 (1989).
420. R. Noufi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130, 2126 (1983).
421. P. N. Bartlett and R. G. Whitaker, J. Electroanal. Chem. 224, 27 (1987).
422. P. N. Bartlett and R. G. Whitaker, J. Electroanal. Chem. 224, 37 (1987).
423. P. N. Bartlett, P. Tebbutt, and C. H. Tyrrell, Anal. Chem. 64, 138 (1992).
424. N. C. Foulds and C. R. Lowe, Anal. Chem. 60, 2473 (1988);
425. N. C. Foulds and C. R. Lowe, J.C.S. Faraday Trans. I 82, 1259 (1986).
426. (a) P. N. Bartlett, P. Tebbutt, and R. G. Whitaker Prog. Reaction Kinetics 16, 55 (1991).
427. (b) P. N. Bartlett, Z. Ali, and V. Eastwick-Field, J.C.S. Faraday Trans. 88, 2677 (1992).
428. (c) K. Yokoyama, E. Tamiya, and I. Karube, J. Electroanal. Chem. 273, 107 (1989).
429. A. Michas, J. M. Kelly, R. Durand, M. Pineri, and J. M. D. Coey, J. Membr. Sci. 29, 239 (1986).
430. K. Itaya, H. Takahashi, and J. Uchida, J. Electroanal. Chem. 208, 373 (1986).
431. W. H. Kao and T. Kuwana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 473 (1984).
432. D. E. Bartak, B. Kazee, K. Shimazu, and T. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 58, 2756 (1986).
433. H. Y. Liu and F. C. Anson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 158, 181 (1983).
434. R. N. Dominey, N. S. Lewis, J. A. Bruce, D. C. Bookbinder, and M. S. Wrighton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 476 (1982).
435. J. A. Bruce, T. Murashi, and M. S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 1552 (1982).
436. R. A. Simon, T. E. Mallouk, K. A. Daube, and M. S. Wrighton, Inorg. Chem. 24, 3119 (1985).
437. D. J. Harrison and M. S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 3932 (1984).
438. C. J. Stalder, S. Chao, and M. S. Wrighton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 3673 (1984).
439. J. F. Andre and M. S. Wrighton, Inorg. Chem. 24, 4288 (1985).
440. M. E. G. Lyons, D. E. McCormack, and P. N. Bartlett, J. Electroanal. Chem. 261, 51 (1989).
441. M. E. G. Lyons, D. E. McCormack, O. Smyth, and P. N. Bartlett, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 88, 139 (1989).
442. M. E. G. Lyons and P. N. Bartlett, J. Electroanal. Chem. 316, 1 (1991).
443. M. E. G. Lyons, C. H. Lyons, A. Michas, and P. N. Bartlett, Analyst 117, 1271 (1992).
444. M. E. G. Lyons, C. A. Fitzgerald, and M. R. Smyth, Analyst 119, 855 (1994).
445. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 93, 163 (1978).
446. C. P. Andrieux, J. M. Dumas-Bouchiat, and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 114, 159 (1980).
447. C. P. Andrieux, J. M. Dumas-Bouchiat, and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 131, 1 (1982).
448. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 139, 163 (1982).
449. C. P. Andrieux, J. M. Dumas-Bouchiat, and J. M. Savant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 169, 9 (1984).
450. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 171, 65 (1984).
451. (a) C. P. Andrieux in Electrochemistry, Sensors and Analysis, M. R. Smyth and J. G. Vos, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, pp. 235-245.
452. (b) J. Leddy, A. J. Bard, J. T. Maloy, and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. 187, 205 (1985).
453. R. D. Rocklin and R. W. Murray, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 2104 (1981).
454. R. W. Murray, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 302, 253 (1981).
455. F. C. Anson, J. Phys. Chem. 84, 3336 (1980).
456. E. Laviron, J. Electroanal. Chem. 112, 1 (1980).
457. C. Daul and O. Haas in Electrochemistry Sensors and Analysis, M. R. Smyth and J. G. Vos, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, pp. 277-284.
458. E. Deiss, O. Haas, and C. Daul, J. Electroanal. Chem. 337, 299 (1992).
459. J. F. Cassidy and J. G. Vos, J. Electroanal. Chem. 235, 41 (1987).
460. E. T. Turner-Jones and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 222, 201 (1987).
461. M. Sharp, J. Electroanal. Chem. 230, 109 (1987).
462. S. Dong and G. Che, J. Electroanal. Chem. 309, 103 (1991).
463. M. E. G. Lyons, P. N. Bartlett, C. H. Lyons, W. Breen, and J. F. Cassidy, J. Electroanal. Chem. 304, 1 (1991).
464. M. E. G. Lyons, D. E. McCormack, A. Michas, C. H. Lyons, and P. N. Bartlett, Key Eng. Mater. 72/74, 477 (1992).
465. W. J. Albery, Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975, pp. 49-67.
466. A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods, Wiley, New York, 1980, pp. 280-315.
467. K. Aoki, K. Tokuda, and H. Matsuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 199, 69 (1986).
468. C. Deslouis, M. M. Musiani, and B. Tribollet, J. Electroanal. Chem. 264, 37 (1989).
469. R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos, J.C.S. Faraday Trans. 87, 1863 (1991).
470. (a) R. J. Forster, J. G. Vos, and M. E. G. Lyons, J.C.S. Faraday Trans. 87, 3761 (1991).
471. (b) R. J. Forster, J. G. Vos, A. J. Kelly, and M. E. G. Lyons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 270, 365 (1989).
472. W. J. Albery, M. G. Bouteille, P. J. Colby, and A. R. Hillman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 133, 135 (1982).
473. K. J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1987, pp. 399-412.
474. J. M. Engasser and C. Horvath in Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering: Immobilized Enzyme Principles, Vol. 1, L. Wingrad, E. Katchalski-Katzir, and L. Goldstein, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 127-221.
475. J. M. Engasser and C. Horvath, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 909 (1974).
476. R. Aris, The Mathematical Theory of Diffusion and Reaction in Permeable Catalysts, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975.
477. W. J. Albery, A. E. G. Cass, and Z. H. Shu, Biosens. Bioelectron. 5, 367 (1990).
478. M. E. G. Lyons and L. D. Burke, J.C.S. Faraday Trans. 83, 299 (1987).
479. G. W. Jang, E. W. Tsai, and K. Rajeshwar, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 2377 (1987).
480. M. E. G. Lyons and C. F. Fitzgerald, unpublished work.
481. G. K. Chandler and D. Pletcher, J. Appl. Electrochem. 16, 62 (1986).
482. J. Y. Lee and T. C. Tan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137, 1402 (1990).
483. F. T. A. York and B. Barendrecht, Synth. Met. 28, C121 (1989).
484. F. T. A. York and B. Barendrecht, Electrochim. Acta 35, 135 (1990).
485. D. Belanger, E. Brassard, and G. Fortier, Anal. Chim. Acta 228, 311 (1990).
486. D. J. Strike, N. F. De Rooij, M. Koudelka-Hep, M. Ulmann, and J. Augustynski, J. Appl. Electrochem. 22, 922 (1992).
487. A. Aramata, T. Kodera, and M. Matsuda, J. Appl. Electrochem. 18, 577 (1988).
488. H. Laborde, J. M. Leger, C. Lamy, F. Garnier, and A. Yassar, J. Appl. Electrochem. 20, 524 (1990).
489. M. Gholamirn and A. Q. Contractor, J. Electroanal. Chem. 281, 69 (1990).
490. A. Aramata and R. Ohnishi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 162, 153 (1984).
491. W. J. Albery and P. N. Bartlett, J. Electroanal. Chem. 131, 137 (1982).