Assessment: Do males and females make judgements in a self-selecting fashion?

International Journal of Art and Design Education

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 161-170

  Moss, Gloria ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53349090170     PISSN: 14768062     EISSN: 14768070     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-8070.1996.tb00663.x     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Harris, A. and Nochlin, L. (1976) Women Artists. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California
2. Erikson, E. (1973) Childhood and Society. Penguin
3. Alschuler, A. H. and Hattwick, L. (1947) Painting and Personality. University of Chicago;
4. Franck, K. and Rosen, E. (1949) A Projective Test of Masculinity - Femininity, Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol. 13, no, 4, pp. 247-56;
5. Majewski, M. (1978) The Relationship between the Drawing Characteristics of Children and their Sex, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Illinois State University
6. These differences were significant at the 0.05 level
7. The American professor of psychology, Wolff, found in the 1940s that different forms of graphic expression were self-consistent and that the handwriting of one person expressed the same characteristics as his/her doodles. It is not surprising to find therefore that studies of handwriting have shown that it is possible to distinguish the handwritings of males from that of females from a study of the visual appearance of the writing, and not its content. (Wolff, W. (1948) Diagrams of the Unconscious. Grune and Stratto;
8. Binet, A. L. (1904) La graphologie et ses revelations sur le sexe, I'age et l'intelligence, L'Annee Psychologique. 10, pp. 179-210;
9. Broom, M. E., Thompson, B. and Bouton, M. T. (1929) Sex differences in handwriting, Journal of Applied Psychology. 13, pp. 159-66;
10. Downey, J. E. (1910) Judgements on the sex of handwriting, Psychological Review, Vol. 17, pp. 205-17;
11. Kinder, J. S. (1926) A new investigation of judgements on the sex of handwriting, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 7, pp. 341-4;
12. McCullough, M. L. (1987) Blind marking and gender identity' Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, p. 103;
13. Newall, S. M. (1926) Sex differences in handwriting, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 151-61 Some results of these studies are shown below: Investigator Date Mean % Range No. of correct judges identifications Binet 1904 69-8 66-73 10 Downey 1910 67.3 60-78 13 Newhall 1926 58 55-60 92 Kinder 1926 68.4 58-76 200 Broom 1929 70 65-70 24 McCollough 1987 67.8 62-74 1 These results serve to confirm that the handwriting of males can be distinguished from that of females.
14. Oeser (1932) British Journal of Psychology, pp. 289-323
15. This tendency being significant at the 0.00 level
16. This tendency was significant at the 0.001 level
17. Ballard, P. B. (1912) What London Children Like to Draw, Journal of Expertmental Pedagogy, Vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 185-97;
18. Hargreaves, D. J. (1977) Sex Roles in Divergent Thinking, British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 47, pp. 25-32;
19. Hurlock, E. B., (1943) The Spontaneous Drawings of Adolescents, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, Vol. 63, no, 1, pp. 141-56;
20. Kawecki, I (1994) Gender differences in young children's artwork, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 485-90;
21. McNiff, K. (1982) Sex differences in children's art, Journal of Education, Vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 271-89;
22. Reeves, J. and Boyette, N (1983) What Does Children's Art tell us about Gender?, Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 322-33
23. Moss, G. (1995) Differences in the Design Aesthetic of Men and Women: Implications for Product Branding, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51-61
24. McElroy, W. A. (1954) A sex difference in preference for shapes, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 45, pp. 209-16
25. This tendency was significant at the 0.001 level See Moss, British Journal of Psychology, Op. cit, 1995
26. Moss, British Journal of Psychology, 1995 Ibid
27. These figures are quoted in a letter from the DfE to the author dated 21 February 1995
28. USR University Statistics, Vol. 1, 1985-1993
29. Department of Education Statistics
30. ADAR Statistics
31. Ibid
32. Statistics of Education, Public examinations GCSE and GCE in England, 1992-4
33. Statistics for Education, University Grants Committee, 1966-1979
34. ADAR Statistics for Education, Op. Cit
35. Rudd, E (1984) A comparison between the results achieved by women and men studying for first degrees in British Universities, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47-57
36. The School Examinations Survey, 1984 and 1992; The Schools Performance Tables, 1994
37. Social Trends (1995) Central Statistical Office, HMSO
38. Schools Performance Tables, DfE, 1993
39. Bradley, C (1985) Sex bias in the evaluation of students, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 23, pp. 147-53
40. Spear, M (1989) Differences between the written work of boys and girls, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 271-7
41. Bradley, C (1984) Sex bias in examining re-considered, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 10, pp. 91-4
42. The difference in marking was at the 0.1 level