Robust detection of stochastic nuclear quadrupole resonance signals

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Volumn 56, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 4221-4229

  Somasundaram, Samuel D ^a   Jakobsson, Andreas ^b   Rowe, Michael D ^a   Smith, John A S ^a   Butt, Naveed R ^a   Althoefer, Kaspar ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Detection; Estimation; Quadrupole resonance (QR); Robust methods

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE METHODS; COMPLEX AMPLITUDES; DETECTION; HIGH EXPLOSIVES; LOW SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIOS; NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCES; PRACTICAL USE; PREWHITENING; QUADRUPOLAR NUCLEUS; QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE (QR); RADIO FREQUENCIES; RF INTERFERENCES; ROBUST DETECTIONS; ROBUST METHODS; SIGNAL OF INTERESTS; SPECTRAL COMPONENTS; SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCIES;

ACOUSTIC INTENSITY; DETECTORS; EXPLOSIVES; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; RADIO INTERFERENCE; RADIOFREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY; RANDOM PROCESSES; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO; TOLUENE;

RESONANCE;

EID: 53249120597     PISSN: 1053587X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2008.923809     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. A. N. Garroway, M. L. Buess, J. B. Miller, B. H. Suits, A. D. Hibbs, A. G. Barrall, R. Matthews, and L. J. Burnett, "Remote sensing by nuclear quadrupole resonance," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1108-1118, Jun. 2001.
2. J. A. S. Smith, "Nitrogen-14 quadrupole resonance detection of RDX and HMX based explosives," in Europ. Convent. Security and Detection, 1995, vol. 408, pp. 288-292.
3. M. D. Rowe and J. A. S. Smith, "Mine detection by nuclear quadrupole resonance," The Detection of Abandoned Landmines (IEE) Eurel, vol. 43, pp. 62-66, 1996.
4. T. N. Rudakov and A. V. Belyakov, "Modifications of the steady-state free-precession sequence for the detection of pure nuclear quadrupole resonance," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 31, pp. 1251-1256, 1998.
5. M.-Y. Liao and D. B. Zax, "Analysis of signal-to-noise ratios for noise excitation of quadrupolar nuclear spins in zero field," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 1483-1487, 1996.
6. A. N. Garroway, J. B. Miller, D. B. Zax, and M.-Y. Liao, "Method and apparatus for detecting target species having quadrupolar nuclei by stochastic nuclear quadrupole resonance," U.S. Patent: US5608321, 1997.
7. R. R. Ernst, "Magnetic resonance with stochastic excitation," J. Magn. Reson., vol. 3, pp. 10-27, 1970.
8. R. Kaiser, "Coherent spectrometry with noise signals," J. Magn. Reson., vol. 3, pp. 28-44, 1970.
9. D. J. Malcolm-Lawes, S. Mallion, M. D. Rowe, and J. A. S. Smith, "NQR Signal Processing," Great Britain Patent GB00/02582, Jan. 18, 2000.
10. S. D. Somasundaram, A. Jakobsson, J. A. S. Smith, and K. Althoefer, "Exploiting spin echo decay in the detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 925-933, Apr. 2007.
11. D.-K. Yang and D. B. Zax, "Bandwidth extension in noise spectroscopy," J. Magn. Reson., vol. 135, pp. 267-270, 1998.
12. D.-K. Yang, J. E. Atkins, C. C. Lester, and D. B. Zax, "New developments in nuclear magnetic resonance using noise spectroscopy," Molec. Phys., vol. 95, pp. 747-757, 1998.
13. R. H. Pursley, J. Kakareka, G. Salem, N. Devasahayam, S. Subramanian, R. G. Tschudin, M. C. Krishna, and T. J. Pohida, "Stochastic excitation and Hadamard correlation spectroscopy with bandwidth extension in RF FT-EPR," J. Magn. Reson., vol. 162, pp. 35-45, 2003.
14. Y. Tan, S. L. Tantum, and L. M. Collins, "Landmine detection with nuclear quadrupole resonance," in Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1575-1578.
15. Y. Tan, S. L. Tantum, and L. M. Collins, "Cramer-Rao lower bound for estimating quadrupole resonance signals in non-Gaussian noise," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 490-493, May 2004.
16. A. D. Hibbs, G. A. Barrall, P. V. Czipott, A. J. Drew, D. K. Lathrop, Y. K. Lee, E. E. Magnusson, R. Matthews, D. C. Skvoretz, and S. A. Vierkötter, "Man portable mine detector using nuclear quadrupole resonance - First year progress and test results," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Detection of Abandoned Land Mines, 1998, pp. 138-141.
17. R. M. Deas, I. A. Burch, and D. M. Port, "The detection of RDX and TNT mine like targets by nuclear quadruple resonance," in Detection and Remediation Technol. Mines and Minelike Targets, Proc. SPIE, 2002, vol. 4742, pp. 482-489.
18. J. A. S. Smith and M. D. Rowe, "Apparatus for and method of nuclear quadrupole resonance testing a sample," U.S. Patent 6486838, 2002.
19. B. H. Suits and A. N. Garroway, "Optimising surface coils and the self-shielded gradiometer," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 94, pp. 4170-4178, 2003.
20. 14N NQR device designed to detect substances in the presence of environmental noise," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 159, pp. 127-130, 2004.
21. A. Jakobsson and M. Mossberg, "Using spatial diversity to detect narcotics and explosives using NQR signals," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 4721-4726, Sep. 2007.
22. Y. Jiang, P. Stoica, and J. Li, "Array signal processing in the known waveform and steering vector case," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 23-35, Jan. 2004.
23. G. Liu, Y. Jiang, J. Li, and G. A. Barrall, "Radio frequency interference suppression for the quadrupole resonance confirming sensor," in Detection and Remediation Technol. Mines and Minelike Targets IX, Proc. SPIE, Sep. 2004, vol. 5415, pp. 834-842.
24. S. L. Tantum, L. M. Collins, and L. Carin, "Signal processing for NQR discrimination of buried landmines," in SPIE Conf. Detection and Remediation Technol., 1999, vol. 3710, pp. 474-482.
25. S. Kraut, L. L. Scharf, and T. McWhorter, "Adaptive subspace detectors," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1-16, Jan. 2001.
26. R. T. Behrens and L. L. Scharf, "Signal processing applications of oblique projection operators," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1413-1424, Jun. 1994.
27. L. L. Scharf and B. Friedlander, "Matched subspace detectors," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 2146-2157, Aug. 1994.
28. M. Rangaswamy, F. C. Lin, and K. R. Gerlach, "Robust adaptive signal processing methods for heterogeneous radar clutter scenarios," Signal Process., vol. 84, no. 9, pp. 1653-1665, Sep. 2004.
29. A. Jakobsson, M. Mossberg, M. D. Rowe, and J. A. S. Smith, "Exploiting temperature dependency in the detection of NQR signals," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1610-1616, May 2006.
30. A. Jakobsson, M. Mossberg, M. D. Rowe, and J. A. S. Smith, "Frequency selective detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 2659-2665, Nov. 2005.
31. S. D. Somasundaram, A. Jakobsson, and E. Gudmundson, "Robust nuclear quadrupole resonance signal detection allowing for amplitude uncertainties," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 887-894, Mar. 2008.
32. J. A. S. Smith, M. D. Rowe, R. M. Deas, and M. J. Gaskell, "Nuclear quadrupole resonance detection of landmines," in Conf. Require. Technol. Detection, Removal and Neutraliz. Landmines and UXO, Sep. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 715-721.
33. S. D. Somasundaram, "Advanced signal processing algorithms based on novel nuclear quadrupole resonance models for the detection of explosives," Ph.D. dissertation, King's College London, London, U.K., 2007.
34. P. Stoica and R. L. Moses, Spectral Analysis of Signals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2005.
35. S. D. Somasundaram, A. Jakobsson, and J. A. S. Smith, "Analysis of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals from mixtures," Signal Process. vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 146-157, Jan. 2008.
36. N. R. Butt, S. D. Somasundaram, A. Jakobsson, and J. A. S. Smith, "Frequency-selective robust detection and estimation of polymorphic QR signals," Signal Process., vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 834-843, Apr. 2008.
37. D.-K. Yang and D. B. Zax, "Suppression of ring-down in noise spectroscopy," J. Magn. Reson., vol. 158, pp. 73-78, 2002.