Risk factor-induced cardiovascular remodeling and the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 523-531

  Galderisi, Maurizio ^a   Divitiis, Oreste De ^a  

^a FEDERICO II UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

ACE inhibitors; Cardiac remodeling; Diastole; Flow mediated dilation; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Sulfhydryl group; Vascular remodeling

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN II; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; FOSINOPRIL; LISINOPRIL; NIFEDIPINE; NITRIC OXIDE; PERINDOPRIL; RAMIPRIL; THIOL DERIVATIVE; ZOFENOPRIL;

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERY WALL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VESSEL; BLOOD VESSEL COMPLIANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR REMODELING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GEOMETRY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART MUSCLE; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE; AGE; BODY SIZE; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; DRUG EFFECT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HEMODYNAMICS; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

AGE FACTORS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; BODY SIZE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY VESSELS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 53249119849     PISSN: 01602446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31817751a7     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Milner M, et al. Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:173-178.
2. Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B, et al. The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:831-836.
3. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561-1566.
4. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, et al. Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1829-1835.
5. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J. 2001;141:334-341.
6. Devereux RB, Alderman MH. Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid
7. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA. 2004; 292:2350-2356.
8. Koren MJ, Ulin RJ, Koren AT, et al. Left ventricular mass change during treatment and outcome in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:1021-1028.
9. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al; American Society of Echocardiography's Nomenclature and Standards Committee; Task Force on Chamber Quantification; American College of Cardiology Echocardiography Committee; American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7:79-108.
10. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1550-1558.
11. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:345-352.
12. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25: 871-878.
13. Laragh JH, Brenner BM. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995.
14. Bella JN, MacCluer JW, Roman MJ, et al. Heritability of left ventricular dimensions and mass in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. J Hypertens. 2004;22:281-286.
15. Post WS, Larson MG, Myers RH, et al. Heritability of left ventricular mass: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 1997;30:1025-1028.
16. de Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, et al. Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1251-1260.
17. Roman MJ, Ganau A, Saba PS, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, arterial compliance, and aging. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;432:13-22.
18. de Simone G, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F. Link of nonhemodynamic factors to hemodynamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2001;38:13-18.
19. Ahmed SH, Clark LL, Pennington WR, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases/ tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2089-2096.
20. MacKenna D, Summerour SR, Villarreal FJ. Role of mechanical factors in modulating cardiac fibroblast function and extracellular matrix synthesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46:257-263.
21. Spinale FG. Bioactive peptide signaling within the myocardial interstitium and the matrix metalloproteinases. Circ Res. 2002;91:1082-1084.
22. Rockman HA, Koch WJ, Lefkowitz RJ. Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function. Nature. 2002;415:206-212.
23. Shah BJ, Catt KJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-dependent ECG receptor activation in hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004;15:241-243.
24. Unger T, Li J. The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in heart failure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2004;5:S7-10.
25. Aeschbacher BC, Hutter D, Fuhrer J, et al. Diastolic dysfunction precedes myocardial hypertrophy in the development of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:106-113.
26. Inouye I, Massie B, Loge D, et al. Abnormal left ventricular filling: an early finding in mild to moderate systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:120-126.
27. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, et al. Prevalence and determinants of left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities in an unselected hypertensive population. Eur Heart J. 1990;11:679-691.
28. Galderisi M, Petrocelli A, Alfieri A, et al. Impact of ambulatory blood pressure on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in uncomplicated arterial systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:597-601.
29. Lubien E, DeMaria A, Krishnaswamy P, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation. 2002;105:595-601.
30. Yamaguchi H, Yoshida J, Yamamoto K, et al. Elevation of plasma brain natriuretic peptide is a hallmark of diastolic heart failure independent of ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:55-60.
31. Galderisi M, Caso P, Severino S, et al. Myocardial diastolic impairment caused by left ventricular hypertrophy involves basal septum more than other walls: analysis by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging. J Hypertens. 1999;17:685-693.
32. Palmieri V, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, et al. Left ventricular function and hemodynamic features of inappropriate left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with systemic hypertension: the LIFE study. Am Heart J. 2001; 141:784-791.
33. de Simone G, Kitzman DW, Chinali M, et al. Left ventricular concentric geometry is associated with impaired relaxation in hypertension: the HyperGEN study. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1039-1045.
34. Zile MR. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: is this diastolic heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1519-1522.
35. de Simone G, Greco R, Mureddu G, et al. Relation of left ventricular diastolic properties to systolic function in arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2000;101:152-157.
36. Yip G, Wang M, Zhang Y, et al. Left ventricular long axis function in diastolic heart failure is reduced in both diastole and systole: time for a redefinition? Heart. 2002;87:121-125.
37. Yu CM, Lin H, Yang H, et al. Progression of systolic abnormalities in patients with "isolated" diastolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2002;105:1195-1201.
38. Shan K, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, et al. Relation of tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocities to myocardial structure and beta-adrenergic receptor density in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:891-896.
39. Mayet J, Hughes A. Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension. Heart. 2003;89:1104-1109.
40. Heagerty AM, Aalkjaer C, Bund SJ, et al. Small artery structure in hypertension. Dual processes of remodeling and growth. Hypertension. 1993;21:391-397.
41. Mulvany MJ, Baumbach GL, Aalkjaer C, et al. Vascular remodeling. Hypertension. 1996;28:505-506.
42. Mulvany MJ. Vascular remodeling in hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1993; 14:2-4.
43. Dzau VJ, Gibbons GH. Endothelium and growth factors in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Hypertension. 1991;18:115-121.
44. Cohn JN. Left ventricle and arteries: structure, function, hormones, and disease. Hypertension. 2001;37:346-349.
45. de Groot E, Hovingh GK, Wiegman A, et al. Measurement of arterial wall thickness as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109:III33-38.
46. Chamiot-Clerc P, Renaud JF, Safar ME. Pulse pressure, aortic reactivity, and endothelium dysfunction in old hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;37:313-321.
47. Safar M, Chamiot-Clerc P, Dagher G, et al. Pulse pressure, endothelium function, and arterial stiffness in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;38:1416-1421.
48. Nitenberg A, Antony I, Loiseau A. Left ventricular contractile performance, ventriculoarterial coupling, and left ventricular efficiency in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:1188-1198.
49. Roman MJ, Pini R, Pickering TG, et al. Non-invasive measurements of arterial compliance in hypertensive compared with normotensive adults. J Hypertens. 1992;10(Suppl):S115-118.
50. Laurent S, Caviezel B, Beck L, et al. Carotid artery distensibility and distending pressure in hypertensive humans. Hypertension. 1994;23:878-883.
51. O'Rourke MF. Wave travel and reflection in the arterial system. J Hypertens. 1999;17(Suppl):S45-47.
52. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37:1236-1241.
53. Zoungas S, Asmar RP. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular outcome. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34:647-651.
54. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study. Circulation. 1999;100:354-360.
55. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;32:983-988.
56. Silver AE, Vita JA. Shear-stress-mediated arterial remodeling in atherosclerosis: too much of a good thing? Circulation. 2006;113:2787-2789.
57. Hurst RT, Ng DW, Kendall C, et al. Clinical use of carotid intima-media thickness: review of the literature. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20: 907-914.
58. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340:1111-1115.
59. Harris LM, Faggioli GL, Shah R, et al. Vascular reactivity in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76: 207-212.
60. Neunteufl T, Katzenschlager R, Hassan A, et al. Systemic endothelial dysfunction is related to the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1997;129:111-118.
61. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation. 1993;88:2149-2155.
62. Clarkson P, Celermajer DS, Donald AE, et al. Impaired vascular reactivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is related to disease duration and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:573-579.
63. Iiyama K, Nagano M, Yo Y, et al. Impaired endothelial function with essential hypertension assessed by ultrasonography. Am Heart J. 1996;132:779-782.
64. Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Hunter LM, et al. Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via noninvasive assessment of endothelial function: a prospective study. Circulation. 2002;105:1567-1572.
65. Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Hunter LM, et al. Predictive value of noninvasively determined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1769-1775.
66. Yeboah J, Crouse JR, Hsu FC, et al. Brachial flow-mediated dilation predicts incident cardiovascular events in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2007;115:2390-2397.
67. Kass DA. Age-related changes in ventricular-arterial coupling: pathophysiologic implications. Heart Fail Rev. 2002;7:51-62.
68. Gariepy J, Massonneau M, Levenson J, et al. Evidence for in vivo carotid and femoral wall thickening in human hypertension. Groupe de Prevention Cardio-vasculaire en Medecine du Travail. Hypertension. 1993;22:111-118.
69. Lemne C, Jogestrand T, de Faire U. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in borderline hypertension. Stroke. 1995;26:34-39.
70. Roman MJ, Pickering TG, et al. Prevalence and determinants of cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in hypertension. Hypertension. 1995;26: 369-373.
71. Roman MJ, Saba PS, Pini R, et al. Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension. Circulation. 1992;86:1909-1918.
72. Suurkula M, Agewall S, Fagerberg B, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of atherosclerotic manifestations in the carotid artery in high-risk hypertensive patients. Risk Intervention Study (RIS) Group. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1297-1304.
73. Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, et al. Association of carotid atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:83-90.
74. Dzau V. The cardiovascular continuum and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. J Hypertens. 2005;23(Suppl):S9-17.
75. Paul M, Poyan Mehr A, Kreutz R. Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiol Rev. 2006;86:747-803.
76. Brilla CG, Reams GP, Maisch B, et al. Renin-angiotensin system and myocardial fibrosis in hypertension: regulation of the myocardial collagen matrix. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:57-61.
77. Weber MA. Comparison of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1997;15:S31-S36.
78. Brilla CG. Regression of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease: diverse effects of various antihypertensive drugs. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46:324-331.
79. Brilla CG, Funck RC, Rupp H. Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1388-1393.
80. Sen S, Tarazi RC, Bumpus FM. Effect of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ14,225) on myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1980;2:169-176.
81. Linz W, Wiemer G, Schaper J, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995;147:89-97.
82. Chopra M, McMurray J, Stewart J, et al. Free radical scavenging: a potentially beneficial action of thiol-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Biochem Soc Trans. 1990;18:1184-1185.
83. Gagnon C, Legault F, Geraldes P, et al. Diverse effects of Ace inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and collagen distribution in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97:373-381.
84. Mukherjee D, Sen S. Collagen phenotypes during development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res. 1990;67:1474-1480.
85. Yang CM, Kandaswamy V, Young D, et al. Changes in collagen phenotypes during progression and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;36:236-245.
86. Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N, et al. Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockadebased antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension: the prospective randomized enalapril study evaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (preserve) trial. Circulation. 2001;104:1248-1254.
87. Dyadyk AI, Bagriy AE, Lebed IA, et al. ACE inhibitors captopril and enalapril induce regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12:945-951.
88. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, et al. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Circulation. 1997;95:2007-2014.
89. Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. SAMPLE Study Group. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation. Circulation. 1997;95:1464-1470.
90. Oki T, Fukuda N, Iuchi A, et al. Effects of enalapril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in essential hypertension: special reference to duration of hypertension. J Card Fail. 1995;1:365-370.
91. Oren S, Grossman E, Frohlich ED. Reduction in left ventricular mass in patients with systemic hypertension treated with enalapril, lisinopril, or fosenopril. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:93-96.
92. Perlini S, Muiesan ML, Cuspidi C, et al. Midwall mechanics are improved after regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and normalization of chamber geometry. Circulation. 2001;103: 678-683.
93. Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, et al. Long-term effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in elderly, previously untreated hypertensive patients: the ELVERA trial. J Hypertens. 2001;19:303-309.
94. Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy - a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1992;14:173-180.
95. Cruickshank JM, Lewis J, Moore V, et al. Reversibility of left ventricular hypertrophy by differing types of antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens. 1992;6:85-90.
96. Fagard RH. Reversibility of left ventricular hypertrophy by antihypertensive drugs. Neth J Med. 1995;47:173-179.
97. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 2003;115:41-46.
98. Hoffmann U, Globits S, Stefenelli T, et al. The effects of ACE inhibitor therapy on left ventricular myocardial mass and diastolic filling in previously untreated hypertensive patients: a cine MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:16-22.
99. Limas C, Westrum B, Limas CJ. Comparative effects of hydralazine and captopril on the cardiovascular changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Pathol. 1984;117:360-371.
100. Chobanian AV, Haudenschild CC, Nickerson C, et al. Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension. 1990;15:327-331.
101. Chobanian AV, Haudenschild CC, Nickerson C, et al. Trandolapril inhibits atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension. 1992;20:473-477.
102. Gonzalez W, Fontaine V, Pueyo ME, et al. Molecular plasticity of vascular wall during N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension: modulation of proinflammatory signals. Hypertension. 2000;36:103-109.
103. Napoli C, Cicala C, D'Armiento FP, et al. Beneficial effects of ACE-inhibition with zofenopril on plaque formation and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Gen Pharmacol. 1999;33:467-477.
104. Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, et al. Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial). J Hypertens. 2004;22:1309-1316.
105. Zanchetti A, Crepaldi G, Bond MG, et al. Different effects of antihypertensive regimens based on fosinopril or hydrochlorothiazide with or without lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of PHYLLIS - A randomized double-blind trial. Stroke. 2004;35:2807-2812.
106. Wang JG, Staessen JA, Li Y, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2006;37:1933-1940.
107. Cominacini L, Pasini A, Garbin U, et al. Zofenopril inhibits the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells by reducing reactive oxygen species. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:891-895.
108. Asmar RG, Safar ME, Santoni JP, et al. Enhanced brachial artery compliance following perindopril in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1:103S-105S.
109. Ting CT, Chen CH, Chang MS, et al. Short- and long-term effects of antihypertensive drugs on arterial reflections, compliance, and impedance. Hypertension. 1995;26:524-530.
110. Girerd X, Giannattasio C, Moulin C, et al. Regression of radial artery wall hypertrophy and improvement of carotid artery compliance after long-term antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1064-1073.
111. Harrison D, Griendling KK, Landmesser U, et al. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:7A-11A.
112. Liu YH, Liu LY, Wu JX, et al. Comparison of captopril and enalapril to study the role of the sulfhydryl-group in improvement of endothelial dysfunction with ACE inhibitors in high dieted methionine mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47:82-88.
113. Scribner AW, Loscalzo J, Napoli C. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on endothelial function and oxidant stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;482:95-99.
114. Napoli C, Sica V, de Nigris F, et al. Sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition induces sustained reduction of systemic oxidative stress and improves the nitric oxide pathway in patients with essential hypertension. Am Heart J. 2004;148:e5.
115. Pasini AF, Garbin U, Nava MC, et al. Effect of sulfhydryl and non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:443-450.
116. Asmar RG, Pannier B, Santoni JP, et al. Reversion of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced arterial compliance after converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1988;78:941-950.
117. Cholley BP, Shroff SG, Sandelski J, et al. Differential effects of chronic oral antihypertensive therapies on systemic arterial circulation and ventricular energetics in African-American patients. Circulation. 1995; 91:1052-1062.
118. ShimamotoH, Shimamoto Y. Lisinopril reverses left ventricular hypertrophy through improved aortic compliance. Hypertension. 1996;28:457-463.
119. Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, Porteri E, et al. Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment with lisinopril on resistance arteries in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 1997;15:197-204.