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Volumn 47, Issue 26, 2008, Pages 4906-4909

Synthesis of N-fused tricyclic indoles by a tandem [1,2] stevens-type rearrangement/1,2-alkyl migration of metal-containing ammonium ylides

Author keywords

Ammonium ylides; Carbene ligands; Rhenium; Stevens rearrangement; Tungsten

Indexed keywords

ACETYLENE; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL REACTIONS;

EID: 53249097126     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705517     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (92)

References (51)
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    • For the synthesis of azacycles, see: a
    • For the synthesis of azacycles, see: a) H. Kusama, J. Takaya, N. Iwasawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11592;
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    • Kusama, H.1    Takaya, J.2    Iwasawa, N.3
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    • This type of [1,2] Stevens-type rearrangement of ylide species A is unprecedented, except for the recent example reported by Zhang and co-workers of a 1,2-migration reaction of lactam derivatives. In the latter reaction, an acylium intermediate generated from the alkenyl metal intermediate is proposed as a key intermediate; see Ref, 3
    • This type of [1,2] Stevens-type rearrangement of ylide species A is unprecedented, except for the recent example reported by Zhang and co-workers of a 1,2-migration reaction of lactam derivatives. In the latter reaction, an acylium intermediate generated from the alkenyl metal intermediate is proposed as a key intermediate; see Ref. [3]
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    • For 1,3-migration reactions of allyl, methoxymethyl, acyl, and sulfonyl groups from alkenyl palladium or gold zwitterionic intermediates related to A, see: a I. Nakamura, Y. Mizushima, U. Yamagishi, Y. Yamamoto, Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 8670;
    • For 1,3-migration reactions of allyl, methoxymethyl, acyl, and sulfonyl groups from alkenyl palladium or gold zwitterionic intermediates related to A, see: a) I. Nakamura, Y. Mizushima, U. Yamagishi, Y. Yamamoto, Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 8670;
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    • for the synthesis of 3-substituted benzofurans and benzothiophenes via related intermediates, see: h
    • for the synthesis of 3-substituted benzofurans and benzothiophenes via related intermediates, see: h) I. Nakamura, T. Sato, M. Terada, Y. Yamamoto, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 4081;
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    • Nakamura, I.1    Sato, T.2    Terada, M.3    Yamamoto, Y.4
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    • In entries 5 and 7 of Table 1, N-(4-X-butyl)-2-methylindole (X = Br or Cl), which probably resulted from a ring-opening reaction of the ylide A upon attack by a halide anion, was obtained in low yield (< 20%) along with recovered starting material.
    • In entries 5 and 7 of Table 1, N-(4-X-butyl)-2-methylindole (X = Br or Cl), which probably resulted from a ring-opening reaction of the ylide A upon attack by a halide anion, was obtained in low yield (< 20%) along with recovered starting material.
  • 39
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    • Avast number of alkaloids have polycyclic indole skeletons; see: a
    • Avast number of alkaloids have polycyclic indole skeletons; see: a) W. Gul, M. T. Hamann, Life Sci. 2005, 78, 442;
    • (2005) Life Sci , vol.78 , pp. 442
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    • These substrates can be prepared readily through a Pd-catalyzed amination and Sonogashira coupling reaction of 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene
    • These substrates can be prepared readily through a Pd-catalyzed amination and Sonogashira coupling reaction of 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene.
  • 42
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    • Classical methods for the generation of ammonium ylides require the use of a strong base or a fluoride source to form the anion; see Ref, 2e,f
    • Classical methods for the generation of ammonium ylides require the use of a strong base or a fluoride source to form the anion; see Ref. [2e,f].
  • 43
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    • 6], the product 14 was obtained in only 16% yield, and 51% of the starting material was recovered.
    • 6], the product 14 was obtained in only 16% yield, and 51% of the starting material was recovered.
  • 44
    • 53549124000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For examples of [ReX(CO)5]-catalyzed reactions (X, Cl, Br) through the electrophilic activation of alkynes, see: a) H. Kusama, H. Yamabe, Y. Onizawa, T. Hoshino, N. Iwasawa, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 472;
    • 5]-catalyzed reactions (X = Cl, Br) through the electrophilic activation of alkynes, see: a) H. Kusama, H. Yamabe, Y. Onizawa, T. Hoshino, N. Iwasawa, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 472;
  • 49
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    • Metal carbenoids are well known to insert readily into the Si-H bond of silanes, even intermolecularly; see: a
    • Metal carbenoids are well known to insert readily into the Si-H bond of silanes, even intermolecularly; see: a) J. A. Connor, P. D. Rose, R. M. Turner, J. Organomet. Chem. 1973, 55, 111;
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    • J. A. Connor, J. P. Day, R. M. Turner, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1976, 108; see also Ref. [1e].
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    • Although the exact mechanism of the present [1,2] Stevens-type rearrangement is not yet clear, the ring expansion with cationic intermediates proposed by Zhang and co-workers[3] seems less likely in our case, as primary alkyl cations, which are not usually generated in a nonpolar solvent, such as toluene, must be involved. Furthermore, the formation of Friedel-Crafts-type products, which are side products in the reaction described by Zhang and co-workers, was not observed in our reaction
    • [3] seems less likely in our case, as primary alkyl cations, which are not usually generated in a nonpolar solvent, such as toluene, must be involved. Furthermore, the formation of Friedel-Crafts-type products, which are side products in the reaction described by Zhang and co-workers, was not observed in our reaction.


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