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Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 65-80

Turning defeat into victory: Wissenschaft des judentums and the martyrs of 1096

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EID: 53149141055     PISSN: 0334701X     EISSN: 15728579     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02336581     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

References (118)
  • 3
    • 53149133575 scopus 로고
    • ed. by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel (Frankfurt)
    • German historians by and large acknowledged the persecution of Jews in 1096 and made reference to it. However, they deprived the persecuted Jews of their exemplary function by not calling them "martyrs". Moreover, the tragic element is absent. See Georg W. F. Hegel, Vorlesung über die Philosophie der Geschichte, ed. by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel (Frankfurt, 1986), 470;
    • (1986) Vorlesung über die Philosophie der Geschichte , pp. 470
    • Hegel, G.W.F.1
  • 11
    • 84971767338 scopus 로고
    • The modern study of Jewish Liturgy
    • ed. by Jacob Neusner (Atlanta), esp. 109-14
    • and Richard S. Sarason, "The Modern Study of Jewish Liturgy," The Study of Ancient Judaism: Mishnah, Midrash, Siddur, ed. by Jacob Neusner (Atlanta, 1991), 107-87, esp. 109-14.
    • (1991) The Study of Ancient Judaism: Mishnah, Midrash, Siddur , pp. 107-187
    • Sarason, R.S.1
  • 15
    • 33746323456 scopus 로고
    • Ghetto and emancipation
    • Salo W. Baron, "Ghetto and Emancipation," Menorah Journal 14 (1928): 515-26;
    • (1928) Menorah Journal , vol.14 , pp. 515-526
    • Baron, S.W.1
  • 16
    • 33746310159 scopus 로고
    • Newer approaches to Jewish emancipation
    • (Spring), esp. 65-66
    • Salo W. Baron, "idem, "Newer Approaches to Jewish Emancipation." Diogenes 29 (Spring 1960): 56-81, esp. 65-66,
    • (1960) Diogenes , vol.29 , pp. 56-81
    • Baron, S.W.1
  • 18
    • 53149129070 scopus 로고
    • ed. Theodor Zlocisti (Berlin)
    • Moses Hess, Ju"dische Schriften, ed. Theodor Zlocisti (Berlin, 1905), 60.
    • (1905) Ju"dische Schriften , pp. 60
    • Hess, M.1
  • 24
    • 53149143927 scopus 로고
    • Jüdische geschichte (1. Biographien berühmter rabbinen. 2. Allgemeine geschichte des israelisehen volkes, von D. Jost und 3. Gesehichte der juden im mittelalter, von Depping)
    • esp. 171,505-6
    • See Abraham Geiger, "Jüdische Geschichte (1. Biographien berühmter Rabbinen. 2. Allgemeine Geschichte des israelisehen Volkes, von D. Jost und 3. Gesehichte der Juden im Mittelalter, Von Depping)," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für jtidische Theologie 2 (1836): 162-7l, 504-18, esp. 171,505-6.
    • (1836) Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Jtidische Theologie , vol.2
    • Geiger, A.1
  • 25
    • 53149145993 scopus 로고
    • Messianic impulses in Joseph ha-Kohen
    • Bernard Dov Cooperman (ed.) (Cambridge)
    • On Emek ha-bakha, see Yosef H. Yerushalmi, "Messianic Impulses in Joseph ha-Kohen," in Bernard Dov Cooperman (ed.), Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1983), 460-87.
    • (1983) Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century , pp. 460-487
    • Yerushalmi, Y.H.1
  • 27
    • 53149109765 scopus 로고
    • esp. 171,505-6
    • and 2 (1836): 504-18, esp. 171,505-6.
    • (1836) From Text to Context , vol.2 , pp. 504-518
  • 30
    • 53149085310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in the Hebrew section
    • See Beilage, 7-24, in the Hebrew section.
    • Beilage , pp. 7-24
  • 31
    • 53149117109 scopus 로고
    • Nachweisung einer historischen quelle aus der zeit des ersten kreuzzuges
    • A. Adler, "Nachweisung einer historischen Quelle aus der Zeit des ersten Kreuzzuges," Israelitische Annaten 12 (1839): 91-2.
    • (1839) Israelitische Annaten , vol.12 , pp. 91-92
    • Adler, A.1
  • 35
    • 53149132438 scopus 로고
    • Hebräische berichte über die blutige verfolgung der juden im ersten kreuzzug
    • Moses Mannheimer, "Hebräische Berichte über die blutige Verfolgung der Juden im ersten Kreuzzug," MGWJ 28 (1879): 529-40.
    • (1879) MGWJ , vol.28 , pp. 529-540
    • Mannheimer, M.1
  • 36
    • 53149113451 scopus 로고
    • Aus früheren zeiten
    • See also E. Carmoly, "Aus früheren Zeiten," Ben-Chanana 7 (1864): 88-92.
    • (1864) Ben-Chanana , vol.7 , pp. 88-92
    • Carmoly, E.1
  • 37
    • 53149087866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "...und möge die Lectüre desselben meine Religionsgenossen in der Anhäglichkeit an den Glauben, für welchen Tausende unserer Ahnen willig in den Tod gegangen, wie meine christlichen Mitbrüder in dem Abscheu vor dem Vorurtheil bestärken, welchem so viele Unschuldige zum Opfer geworden..." R. Salomo Aben Verga, Das Buch Schevet Jehuda von R. Salomo Aben Verga, 1856, xxvii.
    • (1856) Das Buch Schevet Jehuda von R. Salomo Aben Verga
    • Aben Verga, R.S.1
  • 41
    • 0004226558 scopus 로고
    • Walter Boehlich (ed.) (Frankfurt a. M.)
    • Therefore they chose to bypass such reputable but provocative German-Jewish historians like Heinrich Graetz, David Cassel and Abraham Berliner, who were not invited to become members. The endeavors of the Commission were inextricably tied to the Treitschke-Graetz controversy of 1879-1880, particulary since the Comission's president, Harry Breslau, sided with Treitschke. See Walter Boehlich (ed.), Der Berliner Antisemitismusstreit (Frankfurt a. M., 1965), 7-14, 62-5, 92.
    • (1965) Der Berliner Antisemitismusstreit , pp. 7-14
  • 44
    • 53149148157 scopus 로고
    • Der verein for die geschichte der juden in Deutschland
    • Harry Bresslan, "Der Verein for die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland," AZJ 49 (1885): 717-8.
    • (1885) AZJ , vol.49 , pp. 717-718
    • Bresslan, H.1
  • 49
    • 53149114897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 228
    • Ibid., 228.
  • 50
    • 53149115654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 233
    • Ibid., 233.
  • 51
    • 53149123292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 228
    • Ibid., 228.
  • 52
    • 53149113072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 234
    • Ibid., 234.
  • 53
    • 53149138988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 231
    • Ibid., 231.
  • 58
    • 84883978531 scopus 로고
    • Juden
    • ed. by Johann S. Gruber and Johann G. Ersch. T. (Leipzig), here 69
    • Selig Cassel, "Juden," Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaft und Künste, ed. by Johann S. Gruber and Johann G. Ersch. 27. T. (Leipzig, 1850), 1-238, here 69.
    • (1850) Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaft und Künste , vol.27 , pp. 1-238
    • Cassel, S.1
  • 62
    • 53149142517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 101
    • Ibid., 101.
  • 63
    • 53149130620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 103-4, 108
    • Ibid., 103-4, 108.
  • 64
    • 53149097784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 98-9
    • Ibid., 98-9.
  • 69
    • 53149118977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the depiction of the blood libels he emphasizes that they were unfounded (I. M. Jost, Geschichte der Israeliten, ibid., 257) and the persecution following the accusation of the well-poisoning is called a general Raserei (rage);
    • Geschichte der Israeliten , vol.7 , pp. 257
    • Jost, I.M.1
  • 70
    • 53149140306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid., vol. 8, 263
    • ibid., vol. 8, 263.
  • 71
    • 53149092506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., vol. 8, 218
    • Ibid., vol. 8, 218.
  • 72
    • 33750250818 scopus 로고
    • Politics or pogrom? The Fettmilch uprising in German and Jewish history
    • See also Christopher R. Friedrichs, "Politics or Pogrom? The Fettmilch Uprising in German and Jewish History," Central European History 19 (1986): 186-228.
    • (1986) Central European History , vol.19 , pp. 186-228
    • Friedrichs, C.R.1
  • 78
    • 53149132035 scopus 로고
    • Versuch über das Tragische
    • ed. by Jean Bollack and Henriette Beese (Frankfurt a. M.), esp. 198, 206-10
    • Peter Szondi, "Versuch über das Tragische," in Peter Szondi: Schriften I, ed. by Jean Bollack and Henriette Beese (Frankfurt a. M., 1978),151-260, esp. 198, 206-10.
    • (1978) Peter Szondi: Schriften I , pp. 151-260
    • Szondi, P.1
  • 81
    • 53149096221 scopus 로고
    • Tübingen and Basel
    • While the understanding of tragedy changed in the nineteenth century, it is the insistence on the edifying power of the narratives about 1096 by German-Jewish historians which points to the classical formulations by Lessing and Schiller much more than to other nineteenth-century writers such as Kleist, Hebbel or Grillparzer. That the historians took their cue from Lessing and Schiller is also logical in light of the central position both authors took on the formation of German-Jewish identity. For conceptions of tragedy in nineteenth-century German literature and philosophy, see Peter-André Alt, Tragödie der Aufklärung: Eine Einführung (Tübingen and Basel, 1994), 290-322.
    • (1994) Tragödie der Aufklärung: Eine Einführung , pp. 290-322
    • Alt, P.-A.1
  • 82
    • 52849101794 scopus 로고
    • Leopold Zunz and the Revolution of 1848: With the publication of four letters by Zunz
    • here 129
    • Nahum Glatzer, "Leopold Zunz and the Revolution of 1848: With the Publication of Four Letters by Zunz." YLB1 5 (1960): 122-39, here 129.
    • (1960) YLB1 , vol.5 , pp. 122-139
    • Glatzer, N.1
  • 84
    • 53149143180 scopus 로고
    • Scenen aus dem jahre 1096
    • Ludwig Lewysohn, "Scenen aus dem Jahre 1096," MGWJ 5 (1856): 167-77.
    • (1856) MGWJ , vol.5 , pp. 167-177
    • Lewysohn, L.1
  • 86
    • 53149105569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The correspondence of an English lady on Judaism (1883)
    • Schorsch
    • See "The Correspondence of an English Lady on Judaism (1883)," in Schorsch, The Structure of Jewish History and Other Essays, 211.
    • The Structure of Jewish History and Other Essays , pp. 211
  • 88
    • 25744466471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Es lebt ihnen ein Anwald, und wär' es der späteste, der auf dem Stabe aufsteht!" Zunz, Zur Geschichte und Literatur, Ibid, 420. The originial reads "egaoli hai aharon 'al 'afar yakum."
    • Zur Geschichte und Literatur , pp. 420
    • Zunz1
  • 89
    • 53149143562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also ibid., 404
    • See also ibid., 404.
  • 90
    • 53149126137 scopus 로고
    • Aufruf
    • See "Aufruf," AZJ 17 (1853): 423-24.
    • (1853) AZJ , vol.17 , pp. 423-424
  • 92
    • 53149148938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Based on the account in Ma'ase Nissim, Lewysohn includes a short narration of the Jews' fate. Lewysohn, Nifashot Zadikim, 15-18.
    • Nifashot Zadikim , pp. 15-18
    • Lewysohn1
  • 93
    • 53149092892 scopus 로고
    • Die in der näs ludwigbahnhofes in Mainz aufgefundenen jüdischen grabsteine
    • See also M. Lehmann, "Die in der Näs Ludwigbahnhofes in Mainz aufgefundenen jüdischen Grabsteine," Jeschurun 6 (1860): 204-10.
    • (1860) Jeschurun , vol.6 , pp. 204-210
    • Lehmann, M.1
  • 96
    • 53149125731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He also emphasizes that the 23rd of Ijar was still commemorated in the community of Worms; Lewysohn, "Scenen aus dem Jahre 1096," ibid., 177.
    • Scenen aus dem Jahre 1096 , pp. 177
    • Lewysohn1
  • 97
    • 53149137097 scopus 로고
    • Yiddish literature and collective memory: The case of the Chmielnicki massacres
    • Apparently a similar interest in the tombstones of the Jewish-Polish martyrs arose in Poland. See Shmeruk, "Yiddish Literature and Collective Memory: The Case of the Chmielnicki Massacres," Polin 5 (1990): 173-83.
    • (1990) Polin , vol.5 , pp. 173-183
    • Shmeruk1
  • 99
    • 53149123291 scopus 로고
    • Sterbetage
    • In the second publication of Sterbetage in 1864, the two earlier publications were included and extended the days to the end of September. See Leopold Zunz, "Sterbetage," Kalender und Jahrbuch für Israeliten auf das Schaltjahr 5608 (1848) VI
    • (1848) Kalender und Jahrbuch für Israeliten auf das Schaltjahr , vol.5608
    • Zunz, L.1
  • 104
    • 53149138987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 29-30
    • Ibid., 29-30.
  • 109
    • 53149135478 scopus 로고
    • Is there such thing as bibical tragedy?
    • Israel Cohen and B. Y. Michali (eds.), 2 vols. (Tel Aviv)
    • I follow here Baruch Kurzweil who argued similarly to Jaspers that tragedy is not an option in a Jewish or Christian universe. See Baruch Kurzweil, "Is there Such Thing as Bibical Tragedy?," in Israel Cohen and B. Y. Michali (eds.), An Anthology of Hebrew Essays, 2 vols. (Tel Aviv, 1966), vol. 1, 97-116,
    • (1966) An Anthology of Hebrew Essays , vol.1 , pp. 97-116
    • Kurzweil, B.1
  • 110
    • 27944467906 scopus 로고
    • trans, by Harald A. Reiche, Harry T. Moore and Karl W. Deutsch (London)
    • and Karl Jaspers, Tragedy is Not Enough, trans, by Harald A. Reiche, Harry T. Moore and Karl W. Deutsch (London, 1953).
    • (1953) Tragedy Is Not Enough
    • Jaspers, K.1
  • 111
    • 0008082621 scopus 로고
    • Leipzig
    • Hermann Cohen may have responded critically to the tragic interpretation of martyrdom by German-Jewish historians when he unequivocally states that there is no "Trauerspiel at all for the life of religious heroism." See Hermann Cohen, Die Religion der Vernunfi aus den Quellen des Judentums (Leipzig, 1919), 516.
    • (1919) Die Religion der Vernunfi aus Den Quellen des Judentums , pp. 516
    • Cohen, H.1
  • 112
    • 53149090196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shakespeares Mfidchen und Frauen
    • ed. Klaus Briegleb, 7 vols. (Munich and Wien), here 251
    • The same tendency to reevaluate the Jewish past by bestowing upon it the quality of a tragedy manifested itself equally in the writings of such divergent figures as Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Philippson. Thus Heine understood The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare as a tragedy (4:251) and thereby vindicated Shylock. Heinrich Heine, "Shakespeares Mfidchen und Frauen," Heinrich Heine: Sämtliche Schriften, ed. Klaus Briegleb, 7 vols. (Munich and Wien, 1997), vol. 4, 171-293, here 251.
    • (1997) Heinrich Heine: Sämtliche Schriften , vol.4 , pp. 171-293
    • Heine, H.1
  • 113
    • 53149095840 scopus 로고
    • Similarly, Ludwig Philippson wrote a couple of historical novels depicting moments in Jewish history as tragedies such as Jojachin, Esterka and Die Enthronten. See the reviews in the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums: AZJ 3 (1839): 507-11,
    • (1839) Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums: AZJ , vol.3 , pp. 507-511
  • 114
    • 53149104794 scopus 로고
    • AZJ 22 (1858): 299-300
    • (1858) AZJ , vol.22 , pp. 299-300
  • 115
    • 53149109004 scopus 로고
    • and AZJ 32 (1868): 515.
    • (1868) AZJ , vol.32 , pp. 515


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