Use of visual search in the assessment of pattern-related visual stress (PRVS) and its alleviation by colored filters

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 49, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 4210-4218

  Allen, Peter M ^a   Gilchrist, James M ^b   Hollis, Jarrod ^a  

^a ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FILTER; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; READING; RESPONSE TIME; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISION; VISION TEST; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL STRESS; COLOR VISION; EYE MOVEMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUE; STRESS;

COLOR PERCEPTION; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; REACTION TIME; READING; REFERENCE VALUES; STRESS; VISION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 53149104385     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1587     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Wilkins AJ, Nimmo-Smith I, Tait A. A neurological basis for visual discomfort. Brain. 1984;107:989-1017.
2. Wilkins AJ. Visual Stress. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995.
3. Yekta AA, Pickwell LD, Jenkins TC. Binocular vision without visual stress. Optom Vis Sci. 1989;66:815-817.
4. Marcus DA, Soso MJ. Migraine and stripe-induced visual discomfort. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1129-1132.
5. Wilkins AJ, Darby CE, Binnie CD. Neurophysiological aspects of pattern-sensitive epilepsy. Brain. 1979;102:1-25.
6. Wilkins AJ, Binnie CD, Darby CE. Visually-induced seizures. Prog Neurobiol. 1980;15:85-117.
7. Kriss I, Evans BJW. The relationship between dyslexia and Meares-Irlen Syndrome. J Res Read. 2005;28:350-364.
8. Singleton C, Trotter S. Visual stress in adults with and without dyslexia. J Res Read. 2005;28:365-378. (Pubitemid 41602761)
9. Hollis J, Allen PM, Fleischmann D, Aulak R. Personality dimensions of people who suffer from visual stress. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2007;27:603-610. (Pubitemid 47621770)
10. Irlen H. Successful Treatment of Learning Difficulties. Paper presented at The Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA; 1983.
11. Evans BJW, Joseph F. The effect of coloured filters on the rate of reading in an adult student population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:535-545. (Pubitemid 41711114)
12. Conlon E, Lovegrove W, Chekaluk E, Pattison P. Measuring visual discomfort. Vis Cogn. 1999;6:637-663.
13. Wilkins AJ. Reading through Colour. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2003.
14. Wilkins AJ, Evans BJW. Pattern Glare Test. London, UK: IOO Marketing Ltd.; 2001.
15. Wilkins AJ, Huang J, Cao Y. Visual stress theory and its application to reading and reading tests. J Res Read. 2004;27:152-162. (Pubitemid 40190511)
16. Hollis J, Allen PM. Screening for Meares-Irlen Sensitivity in Adults: can assessment methods predict changes in reading speed? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006;26:566-571. (Pubitemid 44581556)
17. Conlon E, Lovegrove W, Barker S, Chekaluk E. Visual discomfort: the influence of spatial frequency. Perception. 2001;30:571-581. (Pubitemid 33600299)
18. Wilkins AJ, Emmett J, Harding G. Characterizing the patterned images that precipitate seizures and optimizing guidelines to prevent them. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1212-1218. (Pubitemid 41647758)
19. Wilkins AJ, Nimmo-Smith I. The clarity and comfort of printed text. Ergonomics. 1987;30:1705-1720.
20. Meares O. Figure/background, brightness/contrast and reading disabilities. Vis Lang. 1980;14:13-29.
21. Wilkins AJ. Reading and visual discomfort. In: Willows DM, Kruk RS, Corcos E, eds. Visual Process in Reading and Reading Disabilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993:345-356.
22. Irlen H. Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome: hypotheses and explanation of the syndrome. J Behav Optom. 1994;5:62-65.
23. Evans BJW, Busby A, Jeanes R, Wilkins AJ. Optometric correlates of Meares-Irlen syndrome: a matched group-study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1995;15:481-487.
24. Evans BJW, Wilkins AJ, Brown J, et al. A preliminary investigation into the aetiology of Meares-Irlen syndrome. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1996;16:286-296. (Pubitemid 26202656)
25. Wilkins AJ, Bonanni P, Porciatti V, Guerrini R. Physiology of human photosensitivity. Epilepsia. 2004;45:7-13.
26. Wilkins AJ, Milroy R, Nimmo-Smith I, et al. Preliminary observations concerning treatment of visual discomfort and associated perceptual distortion. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992;12:257-263.
27. Wilkins AJ, Nimmo-Smith I, Jansons J. A colorimeter for the intuitive manipulation of hue and saturation, and its application in the study of perceptual distortion. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992;12:381-385.
28. Evans BJW, Patel R, Wilkins AJ. Optometric function in visually sensitive migraine before and after treatment with tinted spectacles. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:130-142. (Pubitemid 41709894)
29. Wilkins AJ, Patel R, Adjamian P, Evans BJW. Tinted spectacles and visually sensitive migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:711-719. (Pubitemid 36606050)
30. Harle DE, Evans BJW. The optometric correlates of migraine. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:369-383.
31. Wilkins AJ, Baker A, Smith S, et al. Treatment of photosensitive epilepsy using coloured glasses. Seizure. 1999;8:444-449. (Pubitemid 30047602)
32. Irlen H. Reading by the Colours: Overcoming Dyslexia and Other Reading Disabilities by the Irlen Method. New York: Avery; 1991.
33. Irlen H. Reading problems and Irlen coloured lenses. Dyslexia Rev. 1997;summer:4-7.
34. Wilkins AJ, Jeanes RJ, Pumfrey PD, Laskier M. Rate of reading test: its reliability, and its validity in the assessment of the effects of coloured overlays. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1996;16:491-497. (Pubitemid 26378655)
35. Wilkins AJ. Coloured overlays and their effects on reading speed: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:448-454.
36. Bouldoukian JA, Wilkins AJ, Evans BJW. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:55-60.
37. Wilkins AJ, Lewis E. Coloured overlays, text and texture. Perception. 1999;28:641-650.
38. Jeanes R, Busby A, Martin J, et al. Prolonged use of coloured overlays for classroom reading. Br J Psychol. 1997;88:531-548. (Pubitemid 127455953)
39. Williams MC, LeCluyse K, Rock-Faucheux A. Effective interventions for reading disability. J Am Optom Assoc. 1992;63:411-417.
40. Robinson GL, Conway RNF. Irlen lenses and adults: a small scale study of reading speed, accuracy, comprehension and self-image. Aust J Learn Disabil. 1994;5:4-13.
41. Robinson GL, Foreman PJ. Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome and the use of coloured filters: a long term placebo controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception of ability. Percept Mot Skills. 1999;89:83-113.
42. Menacker SJ, Breton ME, Breton ML, Radcliffe J, Gole GA. Do tinted lenses improve the reading performance of dyslexic-children? - a cohort study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:213-218. (Pubitemid 23053570)
43. Iovino I, Fletcher JM, Breitmeyer BG, Foorman BR. Coloured overlays for visual perceptual deficits in children with reading disability and ADHD: are they differentially effective? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20:791-806.
44. Wilkins AJ, Sihra N, Nimmo-Smith I. How precise do precision tints have to be and how many are necessary? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25:269-276. (Pubitemid 41702448)
45. Conlon E, Lovegrove W, Hine T, Chekaluk E, Piatek K, Hayes-Williams K. The effects of visual discomfort and pattern structure on visual search. Perception. 1998;27:21-33. (Pubitemid 128446253)
46. Conlon E, Hine T. The influence of pattern interference on performance in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:708-713. (Pubitemid 32127838)
47. Conlon E, Humphreys L. Visual search in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Vision Res. 2001;41:3063-3068. (Pubitemid 33043722)
48. Williams MC, Brannan JR, Lartigue EK. Visual search in good and poor readers. Clin Vis Sci. 1987;1:367-371.
49. Ruddock KH. Visual search in dyslexia. In: Stein J, ed. Vision and Visual Dyslexia. London: MacMillan; 1991:58-83.
50. Treisman AM, Gelade G. A feature-integration theory of visual attention. Cognit Psychol. 1980;12:97-136.
51. Wolfe JM. Visual Search. In: Pashler H, ed. Attention. London: University College London Press; 1998:13-74.
52. Singleton C, Henderson L. Computerised screening for visual stress in reading. J Res Read. 2007;30:316-331.
53. Singleton C, Henderson L. Computerised screening for visual stress in children with dyslexia. Dyslexia. 2007;13:130-151. (Pubitemid 46850969)
54. Tyrrell R, Holland K, Dennis D, Wilkins AJ. Coloured overlays, visual discomfort, visual search and classroom reading. J Res Read. 1995;18:10-23.
55. Wright B, Wilkins AJ, Zoukos Y. Spectral filters can improve reading and visual search in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2007;254:1729-1735.
56. Laberge D, Samuels SJ. Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognit Psychol. 1974;6:293-323.
57. Brown TL, Roos-Gilbert L, Carr TH. Automaticity and word perception: evidence from Stroop and Stroop dilution effects. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cog. 1995;21:1395-1411.
58. Greenup J. The sight word vocabulary development of year 1 children. Queensland Researcher. 1992;8:19-28.
59. Scott L, McWhinnie H, Taylor L, et al. Coloured overlays in schools: orthoptic and optometric findings. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22:156-165. (Pubitemid 41709896)
60. Wilkins AJ. Overlays for classroom and optometric use. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1994;14:97-99.
61. Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1996.
62. Evans BJW, Patel R, Wilkins AJ, et al. A review of the management of 323 consecutive patients seen in a specific learning difficulties clinic. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1999;19:454-466. (Pubitemid 29528440)