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Volumn 58, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 160-187

The Rudolf Slánský affair: New evidence

(1)  Lukes, Igor a  

a NONE

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EID: 53149102463     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2672994     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (190)
  • 2
    • 85034493013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA 749.001/12-55, Oliver L. Troxel, Jr., U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv, to the Department of State, Washington, D.C., 5 December 1951. "The recent arrest of . . . Slánský is a subject of much speculation and a source of numerous theories."
  • 3
    • 85034519135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 84, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Department of State, Washington, D.C., 25 November 1951. "Most Czechs . . . seem believe only explanation lies in use drugs. Emb more inclined rely on psychological if not physical torture as explanation."
  • 4
    • 85034516434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three were Artur London, Vavro Hajdů, and Evžen Löbl
    • The three were Artur London, Vavro Hajdů, and Evžen Löbl.
  • 10
    • 85034517524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA 749.00 (W)/11-2152, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 21 November 1952. King identifies the three non-Jewish defendants as Vladimír Clementis, Josef Frank, and Karel Šváb.
  • 11
  • 18
    • 0040613898 scopus 로고
    • Columbus
    • See NA 949.61/11-1651, Ellis O. Briggs, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 17 November 1951. Ambassador Briggs reported on a recent speech by the Egyptian chargé d'affaires in Prague who praised improving "relations of Egypt with countries of peace camp, and in first place with Czechoslovakia." Also Karel Kaplan, Report on the Murder of the General Secretary (Columbus, 1990), 236-48.
    • (1990) Report on the Murder of the General Secretary , pp. 236-248
    • Kaplan, K.1
  • 21
    • 53149126107 scopus 로고
    • Why Was Slánský Hanged?
    • January-June
    • See also Richard Lowenthal, "Why Was Slánský Hanged?" The Twentieth Century 153, no. 911 (January-June 1953): 18-23.
    • (1953) The Twentieth Century , vol.153 , Issue.911 , pp. 18-23
    • Lowenthal, R.1
  • 23
    • 85034493298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 382
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 14, unit 382. Slánský apparently possessed a dark sense of humor. When Karel Šváb was about to accept an StB post, Slánský gave him a book (in German) on Napoleon's notorious top policeman Joseph Fouché.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.14
  • 24
    • 53149105909 scopus 로고
    • Der Fall Rudolf Slánský: Ein Aktueller Rückblick auf Gottwalds Schauprozesse
    • November-December
    • Also Harry Slapnicka, "Der Fall Rudolf Slánský: Ein Aktueller Rückblick auf Gottwalds Schauprozesse," Osteuropa 13, nos. 11/12 (November-December 1963): 768-71.
    • (1963) Osteuropa , vol.13 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 768-771
    • Slapnicka, H.1
  • 25
    • 53149122002 scopus 로고
    • Hier et aujourd'hui: Le sens du procès Slánský
    • May
    • Marcel Péju, "Hier et aujourd'hui: Le sens du procès Slánský," Les Temps modernes 8, no. 90 (May 1953): 1775-90;
    • (1953) Les Temps Modernes , vol.8 , Issue.90 , pp. 1775-1790
    • Péju, M.1
  • 26
    • 53149098613 scopus 로고
    • June
    • Marcel Péju, Les Temps modernes 8, no. 91 (June 1953): 2009-23;
    • (1953) Les Temps Modernes , vol.8 , Issue.91 , pp. 2009-2023
    • Péju, M.1
  • 27
    • 53149150970 scopus 로고
    • July
    • Marcel Péju, Les Temps modernes 9, no. 92 (July 1953): 139-64.
    • (1953) Les Temps Modernes , vol.9 , Issue.92 , pp. 139-164
    • Péju, M.1
  • 28
    • 53149129437 scopus 로고
    • Gedanken zum Slansky-Prozess: Zwanzig Jahre danach
    • Also J. W. Brügel, "Gedanken zum Slansky-Prozess: Zwanzig Jahre danach," Osteuropa 12, no. 72 (1972): 916-20.
    • (1972) Osteuropa , vol.12 , Issue.72 , pp. 916-920
    • Brügel, J.W.1
  • 29
    • 85034491260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministerstvo spravedlnosti, Proces, 61. The court never attempted to explain how Slánský's desire for a "Czechoslovak path to socialism" fit with the overall charge that the former general secretary was in the pay of western capitalists.
    • Proces , pp. 61
  • 31
    • 0001929018 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia
    • I have chosen to ignore Stewart Steven, Operation Splinter Factor (Philadelphia, 1974). Steven claims (without providing any evidence) that Slánský's downfall was caused by Allen Dulles and that Stalin was the deceived victim.
    • (1974) Operation Splinter Factor
    • Steven, S.1
  • 32
    • 79551583300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NA 749.001/12-55, Oliver L. Troxel, Jr., U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv, 5 December 1951, and NA 749.00/11-2052, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 20 November 1952. King correctly noted that "Slansky as Zionist was no more plausible than Slansky as potential Tito." Also Mastny, Cold War, 154.
    • Cold War , pp. 154
    • Mastny1
  • 35
    • 85034519990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Kaplan, Report, 139-51.
    • Report , pp. 139-151
    • Kaplan1
  • 36
    • 85034504278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 1, unit 1
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 1, unit 1.
  • 37
    • 85034520390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SÚA, Ministry of Interior, 1936-40, X/K/26, 225-1056, Police Directorate to the Ministry, 9 December 1938
    • SÚA, Ministry of Interior, 1936-40, X/K/26, 225-1056, Police Directorate to the Ministry, 9 December 1938.
  • 38
    • 53149132405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • On 3 October 1943 the Slánskýs' youngest child, Nadia, was kidnapped in a Moscow park. Despite the family's interventions with the police and their letters to Soviet authorities, Nadia was never returned to the family. The Slánskýs' letters went unanswered, and Nadia, the darling of the family, was swallowed up by the vastness of Russia. Although the case was replete with suspicious aspects, Nadia's parents accepted the benign explanation that the kidnapper was a mentally disturbed woman. See Josefa Slánský, Report on My Husband (London, 1969), 121-25.
    • (1969) Report on My Husband , pp. 121-125
    • Slánský, J.1
  • 39
    • 85034489653 scopus 로고
    • 10 November
    • Rudé Právo, 10 November 1945.
    • (1945) Rudé Právo
  • 41
    • 84937275119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Birth of a Police State: The Czechoslovak Ministry of the Interior, 1945-48
    • January
    • and Igor Lukes, "The Birth of a Police State: The Czechoslovak Ministry of the Interior, 1945-48," Intelligence and National Security 11 (January 1996): 78-88.
    • (1996) Intelligence and National Security , vol.11 , pp. 78-88
    • Lukes, I.1
  • 42
    • 85034514912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 1, unit 2, and AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 19, units 184 and 185
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 1, unit 2, and AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 19, units 184 and 185.
  • 43
    • 0009451905 scopus 로고
    • Slánský was featured in eight articles that appeared in the New York Times in 1948.
    • (1948) New York Times
  • 45
    • 85034501500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 202.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 46
    • 85034490747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Mrs. Dulce-Ann Steinhardt Sherlock, the daughter of Ambassador Laurence Steinhardt, the first post-World War II ambassador to Prague, told me that her father "didn't like Gottwald and Fierlinger, but he hated Slánský." Interview, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 18 January 1998. NA 749.00/11-2052, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, 20 November 1952. King suggested that Slánský was "Czecho's most ruthless Commie and outstanding Moscow servant."
  • 47
    • 85034516166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 866
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 34, unit 866. Slánský chaired the so-called security five (Slánský, Karel Šváb, Václav Nosek, Josef Pavel, and Ladislav Kopřiva). These men, not the courts, decided all capital cases. Before his arrest in November 1951, I estimate that Slánský had shared the responsibility for imposing 139 death penalties upon political prisoners. The real number may never be known. Interview with Colonel Adolf Rázck, Institute for the Documentation and Investigation of Communist Crimes, Prague, 14 August 1998. See also AMV, 310-23-1.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.34
  • 48
    • 85034505327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 1, unit 2, Václav Kopecký, "K 50. narozeninám soudruha Rudolfa Slánského." According to Rudé Právo, 31 July 1951, the presidium of the CPC Central Committee awarded Slánský the Order of Socialism because he fought "on the ramparts . . . for the application of the Bolshevik line and against opportunistic wreckers and traitors."
  • 49
    • 85034513487 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols. Prague
    • Rudolf Slánský, Za vítězství socialismu, 2 vols. (Prague, 1951). See AÚV KSČ, 100/ 50, file 21, unit 185; Murashko, "Delo Slanskogo," no. 3:16. The Soviet Embassy reported that the general secretary was paid rather well for his collected works: he was supposed to have received 1,200,000 Kčs. I have not been able to verify this allegation.
    • (1951) Za Vítězství Socialismu
    • Slánský, R.1
  • 50
    • 85034497793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 22, unit 188
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/50, file 22, unit 188.
  • 51
    • 85034506450 scopus 로고
    • 30 July
    • Rudé Právo, 30 July 1946.
    • (1946) Rudé Právo
  • 52
    • 85034489456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 15
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 15. On 5 September 1951, the presidium of the Central Committee of the CPC resolved, unanimously, "to recall comrade Slánský from the post of general secretary." Also NA 749.00/9-1051, Ellis O. Briggs, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 10 September 1951.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 53
    • 0004047063 scopus 로고
    • 9 September
    • New York Times, 9 September 1951.
    • (1951) New York Times
  • 54
    • 85034500129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 12
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 12.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 55
    • 85034520143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 380
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 14, unit 380.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.14
  • 56
    • 85034500994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 12
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 12.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 58
    • 85034521186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NA 749.02/9-1051, Oliver L. Troxel, Jr., second secretary, U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv, to the Department of State, Washington, D.C., 20 September 1951
    • NA 749.02/9-1051, Oliver L. Troxel, Jr., second secretary, U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv, to the Department of State, Washington, D.C., 20 September 1951.
  • 59
    • 53149119117 scopus 로고
    • Garden City, N.J.
    • Flora Lewis, Red Pawn: The Story of Noel Field (Garden City, N.J., 1965). New perspectives can now be discovered in the archives in Prague, Warsaw, and Budapest. In the following, I will rely primarily on AMV, Z-84, Osobní svazek, no. 4528, and AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund. For the sake of brevity, this account of the Field affair must bypass the case of Erika Glaser Wallach, born in 1922, the adopted daughter of Noel and Herta Field.
    • (1965) Red Pawn: The Story of Noel Field
    • Lewis, F.1
  • 60
    • 84887634874 scopus 로고
    • Garden City, N.J.
    • See her Light at Midnight (Garden City, N.J., 1967).
    • (1967) Light at Midnight
  • 61
    • 85034490091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Loy Henderson to Flora Lewis, 22 November 1959
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Loy Henderson to Flora Lewis, 22 November 1959.
  • 62
    • 85034490805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Vladimir Sokolin to Flora Lewis, 30 September 1960
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Vladimir Sokolin to Flora Lewis, 30 September 1960.
  • 63
    • 53149116970 scopus 로고
    • Where Is Noel Field?
    • November
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Noel Field's interrogation in Budapest, 4 January 1950. This is confirmed in the Czech summary of the case in AMV, Z-84, no. 4528. See also AÚV KSČ, 100/24, vol. 62, unit 947. Noel told Ludvík Frejka in Prague that he had been recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1927. In addition, Hermann Field told me (interview on 25 April 1998) that Noel affirmed his work for Soviet intelligence in a manuscript he prepared while in Hungarian prison, a manuscript the Hungarians have made available to Hermann Field. Noel was also identified as a Soviet agent by Hede Massing, the woman who recruited him in Washington, and by her husband, Paul Massing. See AFL-BU, Hede Massing to Flora Lewis, 23 September 1959 and 16 April 1960. Hede Massing identified Noel as a Soviet agent in congressional hearings; see United States Senate, Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act of the Committee on the Judiciary, 82d Cong., 2d sess., 2 August 1951, 231-36. Henry Jordan, "Where Is Noel Field?" Argosy Magazine (November 1958); Jordan quotes Walter Krivitsky to the effect that Noel had worked for him while he was employed by the League of Nations. Noel states the same in AMV, Z-84.
    • (1958) Argosy Magazine
    • Jordan, H.1
  • 64
    • 85034508376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, box 1, USC Files, Helen Fogg, 4 December 1959
    • AFL-BU, box 1, USC Files, Helen Fogg, 4 December 1959.
  • 65
    • 85034513061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, box 1
    • AFL-BU, box 1.
  • 66
    • 85034502560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, Bert Jolis to Flora Lewis, 11 June, no year
    • AFL-BU, Bert Jolis to Flora Lewis, 11 June, no year.
  • 67
    • 33644655185 scopus 로고
    • London
    • AFL-BU, Paul Massing to Flora Lewis, 2 November 1959. Noel boasted to Hede Massing concerning his part in the assassination; see Massing to Flora Lewis, 16 April 1960. For information about the target of the assassination, see Elisabeth Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoir of "Ignace Reiss" and His Friends (London, 1969). Noel confirmed his role in the assassination in AMV, Z-84.
    • (1969) Our Own People: A Memoir of "Ignace Reiss" and His Friends
    • Poretsky, E.1
  • 68
    • 85034503728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, Arthur Schlesinger to Flora Lewis, December 1959, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    • AFL-BU, Arthur Schlesinger to Flora Lewis, December 1959, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • 69
    • 85034509036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, Z-84, and AFL-BU, Bert Jolis to Flora Lewis, 11 June, no year
    • AMV, Z-84, and AFL-BU, Bert Jolis to Flora Lewis, 11 June, no year.
  • 70
    • 0004185309 scopus 로고
    • 14 September
    • New York Times, 14 September 1970.
    • (1970) New York Times
  • 71
    • 85034501577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, Arthur Schlesinger to Flora Lewis, December 1959, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    • AFL-BU, Arthur Schlesinger to Flora Lewis, December 1959, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • 72
    • 85034493051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, Hede Massing to Flora Lewis, 16 April 1960
    • AFL-BU, Hede Massing to Flora Lewis, 16 April 1960.
  • 73
    • 85034499781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noel Field died in Budapest in 1970
    • Noel Field died in Budapest in 1970.
  • 74
    • 85034513335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Mr. Bragg to Flora Lewis: "When I visited some of our installations [in France], I was welcomed as a comrade." This did not make Mr. Bragg happy at all, and he cut oil Noel's salary in October 1947.
  • 75
    • 85034504470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Helen Fogg, USC files, 4 December 1959
    • AFL-BU, box 1, Helen Fogg, USC files, 4 December 1959.
  • 76
    • 85034491099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund.
  • 77
    • 85034496450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, Z-84. Among those who declined to meet Noel were Artur London and Bedřich Geminder; nevertheless, both were tried with Slá nský
    • AMV, Z-84. Among those who declined to meet Noel were Artur London and Bedřich Geminder; nevertheless, both were tried with Slá nský.
  • 78
    • 85034506703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund.
  • 79
    • 85034506063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 20
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 20. The StB file on Noel originally consisted of "just a tiny note without any attribution from which it followed that Field was supposed to be an American agent."
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 80
    • 85034512473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, 372-Z-82
    • AMV, 372-Z-82.
  • 81
    • 85034519176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, Z-84
    • AMV, Z-84.
  • 82
    • 85034502960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 504
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 25, unit 504. Mátyás Rákosi to Klement Gottwald, 9 May 1949: "To comrade Gottwald. Please do us a favor and arrest Field who has just returned to Prague. Rákosi."
    • Fond Komise II , vol.25
  • 83
    • 85034490573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, Z-84
    • AMV, Z-84.
  • 85
    • 85034510095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Hermann Field, Shirley, Massachusetts, 21 January 1998
    • Interview with Hermann Field, Shirley, Massachusetts, 21 January 1998.
  • 86
    • 85034508697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 72
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 6, unit 72. Interrogation of Ladislav Kopřiva, 28-29 January 1963: "Trust Fund was construed as a cover for English intelligence where people with long-term perspectives could be recruited."
    • Fond Komise II , vol.6
  • 87
    • 85034505532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also the testimony of Otto Šling and Ludvík Frejka, Ministerstvo spravedlnosti, Proces, 9.
    • Proces , pp. 9
  • 88
    • 85034491176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund, Záznam nos. 4, 5, and 22
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund, Záznam nos. 4, 5, and 22.
  • 89
    • 85034518771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund, interrogation of Noel Field, 5 June 1949
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund, interrogation of Noel Field, 5 June 1949.
  • 90
    • 85034505897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, 302-103-3, Trust Fund, Václav Koštál, 10 June 1952. A team of StB investigators went to Budapest to witness some of Pavlík's interrogations in the ÁVH headquarters. According to their account, the brutality they saw in Budapest shocked them. The StB team prepared a report regarding Pavlík's treatment by the ÁVH that found its way up to Slánský's desk. He demonstrated his Bolshevik core when he limited his comments to saying matter of factly: "Different country, different style."
  • 91
    • 85034492098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 72.
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 6, unit 72. The interrogation of Ladislav Kopřiva, 28-29 January 1963. Kopřiva recalled that Soviet advisers kept pointing out to the Czechoslovaks that the harsh measures applied in Hungary were "correct." "Comrades," one adviser admonished, "stop thinking that the imperialists will bypass you." Tony Judt writes that Prague was "suspiciously Western and moderate in Russian cyes."
    • Fond Komise II , vol.6
  • 92
    • 0004291027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judt, Past Imperfect, 104. This is true, but there was little unity among the CPC leaders. Alexej Čepička, Antonín Novotný, and others routinely informed on their colleagues to the Soviet Embassy.
    • Past Imperfect , pp. 104
    • Judt1
  • 93
    • 53149142485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delo Slanskogo
    • See Murashko, "Delo Slanskogo," Voprosy istorii, 1997, no. 3:14-16
    • (1997) Voprosy Istorii , Issue.3 , pp. 14-16
    • Murashko1
  • 95
    • 85034512313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plukovník Antonín Prchal a jeho doba
    • Jan Frolík, "Plukovník Antonín Prchal a jeho doba," Minulostí západočeského kraje, 31 (1996): 162.
    • (1996) Minulostí Západočeského Kraje , vol.31 , pp. 162
    • Frolík, J.1
  • 96
    • 85034511779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 504
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 25, unit 504.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.25
  • 98
    • 85034512630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 383
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 14, unit 383.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.14
  • 99
    • 85034504163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AÚV KSČ, 100/24, file 62, unit 947, Rudolf Slánský to Klement Gottwald, 16 September 1949. The Russian text talks about "vydelit' i napravit' v Pragu neobkhodimykh rabotnikov." Signed Filipov.
  • 100
    • 85034511903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 504
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 25, unit 504.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.25
  • 101
    • 85034495891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fond Piller Komise, The Case of Bourgeois Nationalists, information no. 32, December 1968. Neither the gung-ho Soviet adviser (Likhachev) nor the more cautious StB officer (Baláž) was to escape from the clutches of their own system: Likhachev was recalled to the Soviet Union and sentenced to death by the USSR Supreme Court; he was executed on 19 December 1956. In 1953, Baláž was sentenced to 25 years in prison.
  • 102
    • 85034501966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frolík, "Plukovník Antonín Prchal," 163-67. "Modřín," a.k.a. Vth Sector, was commanded by Antonín Prchal. In early January 1951 it had 40 officers, by mid-January it had grown to 118 officers.
    • Plukovník Antonín Prchal , pp. 163-167
    • Frolík1
  • 103
    • 85034500761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • SÚA, fond 60. This category included Václav Nosek, the minister of the interior. Therefore, once the purge began, he lost control over the security organs. Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202, notes that Nosek was gradually isolated; arrests were taking place without his knowledge, and the StB opened a file on him. Informers were placed in his secretariat, and his safe was routinely checked. The Ministry of Interior was split into the Ministry of National Security, headed by Ladislav Kopřiva, and the old but emasculated Ministry of Interior that remained under Nosek. Even Kopřiva did not last long. Fond Komise II, vol. 6, unit 67: Moscow told Gottwald to replace Kopřiva because he sympathized with Slánský. Consequently, the Ministry of National Security went to Karol Bacílek in early 1952. The old Ministry of Interior was restored in its original form in the fall of 1953 under the capable Rudolf Barák who lasted until his power-struggle with Antonín Novotný in the early 1960s. See Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 104
    • 85034521222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 105
    • 85034509638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA 749.001/10-451, Ellis O. Briggs, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, 4 October 1951. Ambassador Briggs speculated that the purge came late to Czechoslovakia because "the leadership of the Czechoslovak CP . . . appeared to be particularly homogeneous and to possess a sense of mutual loyalty stemming from long years of cooperation in the party."
  • 106
    • 85034497512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202. Paradoxically, the first concept of a trial in Prague was based on the assumption that the conspiracy was headed either by Sling or Geminder and was directed against Slánský.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 108
    • 85034501758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and the memorandum of Ambassador A. E. Bogomolov. The ambassador reports on his conversation with Viliam Široký, the Czechoslovak minister of foreign affairs, in Murashko, "Delo Slanskogo," no. 4:15-16.
    • Delo Slanskogo , Issue.4 , pp. 15-16
    • Murashko1
  • 109
    • 53149088903 scopus 로고
    • Operace 'Velký metař'
    • The following is based in part on the private papers of Colonel František Zdeněk Ostrý. In the Prague archives, the best sources on Ostrý are AMV, 6-314/2/825, and AMV, H-235. The first reference in official print to Major Ostrý and his activities was in Jiří Šolc, "Operace 'Velký metař,'" Historie a vojenství, 1995, no. 4:79-101.
    • (1995) Historie a Vojenství , Issue.4 , pp. 79-101
    • Šolc, J.1
  • 110
    • 85034502905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-235/2. He escaped in August 1939
    • AMV, H-235/2. He escaped in August 1939.
  • 111
    • 85034506505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with General Alois Šeda, Watsonville, California, 8-10 March 1997
    • Interviews with General Alois Šeda, Watsonville, California, 8-10 March 1997.
  • 112
    • 85034515563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
  • 113
    • 85034518186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-664, Operation General
    • AMV, H-664, Operation General.
  • 114
    • 85034509459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-235, KV-StB Praha to KV-StB Karlovy Vary, 22 June 1949
    • AMV, H-235, KV-StB Praha to KV-StB Karlovy Vary, 22 June 1949.
  • 116
    • 85034504681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I will use CIC to refer to all U.S. intelligence in Germany at the time.
  • 117
    • 85034502462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-235
    • AMV, H-235.
  • 118
    • 85034514613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 59, LOT 54D426, Records of the Office of East European Affairs. Documents contained therein show that the reception of General Moravec, an officer decorated with U.S., British, and other allied medals for his service in both world Avars, was lukewarm in the west. A State Department memorandum of 23 June 19-48 states that Moravec is but "one of many refugees in Western Europe. . . . [The General] will have to take his chances along with the others and provide proper documentation to fulfill the legal requirements." In a bitter letter to General Clayton Bissell, the U.S. military and air attache in London, Moravec noted that he had been foolish to presume that he would "not be forced to ask too many and too much. I was disappointed in this expectation." General Bissell helped his colleague. He asked the visa section in the U.S. Embassy in London "to cut some corners" for "a General who has served us well enough in the last war to be given a decoration." The intervention obviously worked.
  • 119
    • 85034488288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • An okapi is a giraffe-like creature without the long neck. It is shy and prefers darkness.
  • 120
    • 85034509741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with General Knorr, New York City, 15 May 1997, and with General Šeda, Watsonville, California, 9 March 1997. Knorr: "It was hard to control Moravec." Šeda: "We operated on our own. The Americans had no idea what was happening around them. Intelligence operations inside Czechoslovakia were our initiatives."
  • 121
    • 85034514140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-253/2
    • AMV, H-253/2.
  • 122
    • 85034500891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • By contrast, Gottwald's fifty-fifth birthday was celebrated with much fanfare. Rudé Právo, 23 November 1951, carried a warm statement from Stalin in a prominent position.
  • 123
    • 85034506153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prague
    • Ostrý hints at strikes in Kladno. Just after Slánský 's arrest, the second largest city in Czechoslovakia, Brno, witnessed street demonstrations. See NA 749.00/12-651, Alexander Schnee, first secretary, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Department of State, Washington, D.C., 6 December 1951. The embassy noted "widespread and increasingly evident discontent among the workers." See also the documents gathered in Jiří Pernes, Brno 1951: Příspěvek k dějinám protikomunistického odporu na Moravé (Prague, 1997).
    • (1997) Brno 1951: Příspěvek K Dějinám Protikomunistického Odporu Na Moravé
    • Pernes, J.1
  • 124
    • 85034500706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13. Kauders and his wife Anna escaped to the west between April and May 1951.
  • 125
    • 85034492406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13. Kaňkovská, born in 1922, met Kauders in 1947. It is likely that she fabricated her relationship with Slánsky. On 24 November 1962, she told the StB that she had invented it because she wanted to appear important. Nevertheless, she talked about the alleged relationship not only with Kauders when she was free but also when she was in jail. A fellow prisoner who spied on Kaňkovská reported: "Kaň kovská boasted of having had intimate relations with Rudolf Slánský." AMV, H-784-13, Zdena Dittrichová, 23 November 1962.
  • 126
    • 85034488361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. The following is based on the account of Operation Great Sweeper by František Ostrý that he prepared for the CIA in 1953 and on a set of notes in his personal papers.
  • 127
    • 85034518010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13, file 13/2, page 11. "Podpora," Ostrý's code name, means "support."
  • 128
    • 85034497410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. Hoffman's last job was to guide to the west the sixteen-year-old daughter of Milada Horáková, a well-known democratic politician who was executed by the communists in June 1950 and whose husband was an OKAPI officer. Their daughter eventually made it to the west in 1968.
  • 129
    • 85034517047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-780
    • AMV, H-780.
  • 130
    • 85034517931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-780. Nevečeřal crossed the border into the U.S. zone near Hundsbach in March 1951. The CIC formally recruited him in Weiden.
  • 131
    • 85034513015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-780. Nevečeřal signed the contract as an agent of the StB on 15 May 1951.
  • 132
    • 85034503599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV H-784-13. The mission that the CIC had designed for Nevečeřal was supposed to take six days, but he returned only after seventeen days in Czechoslovakia.
  • 133
    • 85034509696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, ZV 119 folder 13/5, interrogation of Rudolf Nevečeřal, 12 June 1956. PFO, Ostrý's records indicate that Nevečeřal had crossed the border a day earlier. Since Ostrý did not drive Nevečeřal to the border area - it was another OKAPI officer, Zale - I will have to accept Nevečeřal's and the StB's date.
  • 134
    • 85034489781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13. This document was prepared by the Ministry of Interior in the early 1960s
    • AMV, H-784-13. This document was prepared by the Ministry of Interior in the early 1960s.
  • 135
    • 85034516334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13. The StB specialist was Bohumil Miller (Müller), who was interrogated on 20 October 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13. The StB specialist was Bohumil Miller (Müller), who was interrogated on 20 October 1962.
  • 136
    • 85034502383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • When on duty, especially abroad, Soviet advisers often did not use their real names. This one was simply known as Smirnov.
  • 137
    • 85034514464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Josef Novotný's interrogation, 5 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Josef Novotný's interrogation, 5 November 1962.
  • 138
    • 85034519147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Otakar Suchý's interrogation, 9 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Otakar Suchý's interrogation, 9 November 1962.
  • 139
    • 85034519637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Josef Novotný's interrogation, 7 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Josef Novotný's interrogation, 7 November 1962.
  • 140
    • 85034490762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Jaroslav Saksl's interrogation, 19 October 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Jaroslav Saksl's interrogation, 19 October 1962.
  • 141
    • 85034493996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Jaroslav Skřivánek's interrogation, 18 and 19 October 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Jaroslav Skřivánek's interrogation, 18 and 19 October 1962.
  • 142
    • 85034490072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, the translator was Petr Bechyně, who was interrogated on 2 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, the translator was Petr Bechyně, who was interrogated on 2 November 1962.
  • 143
    • 85034492302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 12
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 12.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 144
    • 85034515126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Kaňkovská's interrogation, 24 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Kaňkovská's interrogation, 24 November 1962.
  • 145
    • 85034520483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13. Kaňkovská received 5,000 Kčs in her envelope
    • AMV, H-784-13. Kaňkovská received 5,000 Kčs in her envelope.
  • 146
    • 85034517075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13. The officer was Lt. Ladislav Doubravský
    • AMV, H-784-13. The officer was Lt. Ladislav Doubravský.
  • 147
    • 85034516239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Kaňkovská's interrogation, 24 November 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Kaňkovská's interrogation, 24 November 1962.
  • 148
    • 85034505530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, Nevečeřal's interrogation, 17 October 1962
    • AMV, H-784-13, Nevečeřal's interrogation, 17 October 1962.
  • 149
    • 85034489555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA, Donnelly, Frankfurt, to the Department of State, 26 November 1952, confidential telegram. Donnelly quotes a source: "I do not subscribe to thesis that Gottwald and Slansky opposed each other in power struggle or differed seriously about ends or methods. They were friends and collaborators."
  • 150
    • 85034489707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 84, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Department of State, 6 September 1951. The memorandum quotes Slánský's self-criticism before the Central Committee of the CPC on the day he lost the top party post. Slánský confessed that he bore "responsibility for the bad cadre policy which has resulted in so many deviationists, enemies, and traitors entering" the party.
  • 151
    • 85034492328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 84, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 19 November 1952. King speculates that there was a link between the arrival in Prague of the new Soviet Ambassador, A. I. Lavrent'ev, on 15 November 1951 and Slánský's arrest. Lavrent'ev is said to have "brought with him orders from the Kremlin" for Slánský's arrest. There is no evidence to support this view.
  • 152
    • 85034520845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13. Beschastnov states he gave the letter to Gottwald on 11 November 1951, hours before Slánský's arrest. In reality, Slánský was arrested almost two weeks later.
  • 153
    • 85034511930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 12
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 12.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 154
    • 85034501199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 155
    • 85034504641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 382
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 14, unit 382.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.14
  • 156
    • 85034510442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202,
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 157
    • 85034516652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 72
    • and Fond Komise II, vol. 6, unit 72. According to Murashko, "Delo Slanskogo," no. 3:16, the Soviet Embassy heard that Mrs. Slánský had withdrawn 200,000 Kčs. The sum is not specified in any of the Czech archival documents I have seen.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.6
  • 158
    • 85034504836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13. Officers of the department that monitored the RFE broadcasts in 1951 recalled that they had been ordered to listen specifically for "Bad things happen all at once. Message from Podpora" and for "Greetings to my child from Kabeš." To everyone's relief, both sentences were in fact broadcast from Munich and were successfully recorded. Lt. Jaroslav Zeman was ordered to take the then precious reel tape recorder (it was called "Paratus") and bring it, with the tape recording of the two messages, to the StB chief, who then took it to Gottwald.
  • 159
    • 85034501853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, "Report Regarding the Circumstances That Had Preceded the Arrest of Slánský," by A. D. Beschastnov
    • AMV, H-784-13, "Report Regarding the Circumstances That Had Preceded the Arrest of Slánský," by A. D. Beschastnov.
  • 160
    • 85034512556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 72
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 6, unit 72.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.6
  • 162
    • 85034501733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fond Piller Komise, file 32, information no. 23
    • Fond Piller Komise, file 32, information no. 23.
  • 163
    • 53149099338 scopus 로고
    • 7 December
    • Svobodné slovo, 7 December 1951. Gottwald refers to a fragment of a biblical phrase from Daniel 5:24; its popular translation is "writing on the wall." Also NA 749.00 (W)/12-75, Security Information, U.S. Embassy, Prague, Prague 180 - J. W. no. 49, to the Department, Frankfurt, 7 December 1951.
    • (1951) Svobodné Slovo
  • 164
    • 85034495010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SÚA, fond 60, unit 5/1, Nosek's speech on 12 December 1951
    • SÚA, fond 60, unit 5/1, Nosek's speech on 12 December 1951.
  • 165
    • 85034496583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 84, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, 21 November 1952. King noted that the prosecutor read the [Great Sweeper] letter and suggested it showed the "interest of Amer official circles" in bringing about Slánský's escape. "Prosecutor then presented additional evidence that Amer intelligence operators prepared Slansky's flight to West. Signal to mount operation allegedly given several times over [Radio Free Europe] 'which belongs to Amer intelligence operators.'"
  • 166
    • 85034503432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministerstvo spravedlnosti, Proces, 88-89.
    • Proces , pp. 88-89
  • 167
    • 85034513360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13, statement by František Klíma, M.D., who worked as an agent of Czechoslovak intelligence in Austria (code name: agent Třináct).
  • 168
    • 85034511392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA 749.00/12-1351, Ellis O. Briggs, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, 14 December 1951. The U.S. Military Attaché reported seeing eight roadblocks between the border and Pilsen. He "was informed in strictest confidence in Germany of rumors of impending flight of important Czech."
  • 169
    • 85034497107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AMV, H-784-13, folder 13/5. This contains questions for Slánský's interrogation: "Explain how you planned to escape abroad in case you were about to be unmasked?" "We know that, after you had lost the position of CPC general secretary, American intelligence made you such an offer." "Here is a letter that was sent to you in November 1951, via American intelligence, by the American-English ruling circles inviting you to escape to the west. Confess to your arrangement with American intelligence." "This letter was to be handed to you by Daniela Kaňkovská who had received it from American intelligence."
  • 170
    • 85034494658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SÚA, Commission II, file 14, unit 377, 23 May 1956
    • SÚA, Commission II, file 14, unit 377, 23 May 1956.
  • 171
    • 79551583300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mastny notes correctly that Slánský's alleged confederates "had been chosen not so much for what they were - even less for what they had done - as for what they could be made into because of their particular association with a cause or institution that was to be highlighted." Mastny, Cold War, 154.
    • Cold War , pp. 154
    • Mastny1
  • 172
    • 85034505534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 93
    • Fond Komise II, vol. 49, unit 93. The executions were witnessed by Bohumil Doubek and Karel Koštál, who reported on the event to Colonel Antonín Prchal on 3 December 1952.
    • Fond Komise II , vol.49
  • 173
    • 53149102840 scopus 로고
    • Co říkali pod šibenicí
    • 8 June
    • See also Americké listy, "Co říkali pod šibenicí," 8 June 1968.
    • (1968) Americké Listy
  • 174
    • 85034513339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 26
    • Other studies of the Slánský case concurred. See Fond Komise I, vol. 2, unit 26: "The well-known letter to the Great Sweeper was the immediate cause of Slánský's arrest."
    • Fond Komise I , vol.2
  • 175
    • 85034500437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Šeda was one of the most active Czechoslovak émigré case-officers working in the U.S. zone in Germany. But the Americans had sent him into retirement even before Slánský was arrested. He and his family arrived in New York City on 26 March 1951. Internew, Watsonville, California, 9 March 1997.
  • 176
    • 85034494845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA RG 84, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 19 November 1952. King notes that the Prague government frequently charged the United States with involvement in various espionage cases. "Whether there is any factual basis for the charges . . . should be better known to the Department than to this Embassy . . . there appears to be reason to suspect that there is at the very least a kernel of truth in many of the charges."
  • 177
    • 85034493850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13
    • AMV, H-784-13.
  • 178
    • 85034495652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA 749.00/11-2152, Spencer M. King, U.S. Embassy, Prague, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., 21 November 1952. This is the first time that Kauders and Kaňkovská are mentioned in an open source.
  • 179
    • 85034518090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with General Miloš Knorr, New York City, 19 January 1998
    • Interview with General Miloš Knorr, New York City, 19 January 1998
  • 180
    • 85034502603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PFO.
    • PFO.
  • 181
    • 85034514801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. František Ostrý, private letter, 6 November 1995. "The CPC declared my letter to the Great Sweeper to be a document forged by itself so as to escape the shame that the Czechoslovaks in exile [that is, OKAPI] had managed to bring about Slánský's fall."
  • 182
    • 85034494114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. Ostrý's papers contain lists of CPC leaders who could be targeted by some future operations designed to follow the Great Sweeper pattern.
  • 183
    • 85034502581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal interview, New York City, 22 March 1997
    • Personal interview, New York City, 22 March 1997.
  • 184
    • 85034497876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. Ostrý notes Kauders's complaint that the United States was willing to pay a large sum to any Soviet pilot who would escape with his fighter aircraft. Yet, he "who helped to shake up the Soviet empire" was living in poverty.
  • 185
    • 85034497321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMV, H-784-13, folder 13/2
    • AMV, H-784-13, folder 13/2.
  • 186
    • 85034505241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • PFO. In a gruesome way, the trial surpassed Ostrý's expectations. He had predicted "only" six death sentences.
  • 187
    • 85034521115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unit 202
    • Fond Komise I, vol. 12, unit 202.
    • Fond Komise I , vol.12
  • 190
    • 53149122002 scopus 로고
    • Hier et aujourd'hui
    • May
    • and Péju, "Hier et aujourd'hui," Les Temps modernes 8, no. 90 (May 1953): 1776. Péju feared that the Slánský trial was a caricature of the ideology that produced it. PFO. Ostrý writes that the Great Sweeper showed "left wing intellectuals" the true nature of "socialism." He notes with approval that after the Slánský trial, many intellectuals returned their party cards.
    • (1953) Les Temps Modernes , vol.8 , Issue.90 , pp. 1776
    • Péju1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.