Redefining walrus stocks in Canada

Arctic

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 292-308

  Stewart, Robert E A ^a  

^a FRESHWATER INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Contaminant; Genetic; Isotope; Odobenus rosmarus; Satellite tag; Walrus

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PINNIPED; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SATELLITE IMAGERY; STOCK ASSESSMENT;

ARCTIC OCEAN; BAFFIN BAY [ARCTIC OCEAN]; CANADA; CANADIAN ARCTIC; FOXE BASIN; HUDSON BAY; JONES SOUND; LANCASTER SOUND; NORTH AMERICA; NORTH WATER POLYNYA; NUNAVUT; PENNY STRAIT;

ODOBENIDAE; ODOBENUS ROSMARUS; ODOBENUS ROSMARUS ROSMARUS;

EID: 52949115302     PISSN: 00040843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. ANDERSEN, L.W., and BORN, E.W. 2000. Indications of two genetically different subpopulations of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in West and Northwest Greenland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1999-2009.
2. ANDERSEN, L.W., BORN, E.W., GJERTZ, I., WIIG, Ø., HOLM, L.E., and BENDIXEN, C. 1998. Population structure and gene flow of the Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the eastern Atlantic Arctic based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation. Molecular Ecology 7:1323-1336.
3. BOOKE, H.E. 1981. The conundrum of the stock concept - are nature and nurture definable in fishery science? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:1479-1480.
4. BORN, E.W., GJERTZ, I., and REEVES, R.R. 1995. Population assessment of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.). Meddelelser Nr. 138. Oslo: Norsk Polar Institute. 100 p.
5. BORN, E.W., ACQUARONE, M., KNUTSEN, L.Ø., and TOUDAL, L. 2005. Homing behaviour in an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus). Aquatic Mammals 31:23-33.
6. BROOKE, L.F. 1994. A report on the 1994 Nunavik beluga and walrus subsistence harvest study. Unpubl. report to DFO under the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy. Available from Makivik Corporation, C.P. 179, Kuujjuaq, Quebec J0M 1C0.
7. _. 1995. A report on the 1995 Nunavik beluga and walrus subsistence harvest study. Unpubl. report to DFO under the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy. Available from Makivik Corporation, C.P. 179, Kuujjuaq, Quebec J0M 1C0.
8. CAMPANA, S.E. 2005. Otolith elemental composition as a natural marker of fish stocks. In: Cardin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., and Waldman, J.R., eds. Stock identification methods. Boston: Elsevier Academic. 227-245.
9. CLAYTON, J.W. 1981. The stock concept and the uncoupling of organismal and molecular evolution. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:1515-1522.
10. COSEWIC (COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN CANADA). 2006. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in Canada. Ottawa: COSEWIC. Available online at: http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/ sr%5Fatlantic%5Fwalrus%5Fe%2Epdf.
11. DAVIS, R.A., KOSKI, W.R., and FINLEY, K.J. 1978. Numbers and distribution of walruses in the central Canadian High Arctic. Report by LGL Limited. Toronto: Polar Gas Project. 50 p.
12. DE MARCH, B.G.E., MAIERS, L.D., and STEWART, R.E.A. 2002. Genetic relationships among Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Foxe Basin and Resolute Bay-Bathurst Island area. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2002/092. Available online at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2002/2002_092_e. htm.
13. DFO (DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS). 2001. Fisheries and Oceans Canada: Stewards of Canada's waters. Ottawa: Communications Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. DFO/6069. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/scw-gec_e.htm.
14. _. 2002. Atlantic walrus. DFO Science Stock Status Report E5-21. Available at Stock Assessment Regional Office, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 or www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas. 19 p.
15. DUIGNAN, P.J., SALIKI, J.T., ST. AUBIN, D.J., HOUSE, J.A., and GERACI, J.R. 1994. Neutralizing antibodies to phocine distemper virus in Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from Arctic Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:90-94.
16. FINLEY, K.J., and RENAUD, W.E. 1980. Marine mammals inhabiting the Baffin Bay North Water in winter. Arctic 33:724-738.
17. GARLICH-MILLER, J.L., and STEWART, R.E.A. 1998. Growth and sexual dimorphism of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 14:803-818.
18. GASKIN, D.E. 1982. The ecology of whales and dolphins. London: Heinmann Educational Books Ltd.
19. HARINGTON, C.R. 1966. Extralimital occurrences of walruses in the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Mammalogy 47:506-513.
20. HARRIS, R.B., WALL, W.A., and ALLENDORF, F.W. 2002. Genetic consequences of hunting: What do we know and what should we do? Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:634-643.
21. HOFFMAN, J.I., MATSON, C.W., AMOS, W., LOUGHLIN, T.R., and BICKHAM, J.W. 2006. Deep genetic subdivision within a continuously distributed and highly vagile marine mammal, the Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Molecular Ecology 15:2821-2832.
22. IHSSEN, P.E., BOOKE, H.E., CASSELMAN, J.M., McGLADE, J.M., PAYNE, N.R., and UTTER, F.M. 1981. Stock identification: Materials and methods. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:1838-1855.
23. INNES, S., MUIR, D.C.G., STEWART, R.E.A., HEIDE-JØRGENSEN, M.P., and DIETZ, R. 2002. Stock identity of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) in eastern Canada and West Greenland based on organochlorine contaminants in their blubber. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 4:51-68.
24. JEFFERSON, T.A., LEATHERWOOD, S., and WEBBER, M.A. 1993. Marine mammals of the world. FAO species identification guide. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
25. KINGSLEY, M.C.S. 1998. Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, in the Gulf and Estuary of the St. Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112:90-93.
26. LANTHIER, C., STEWART, R.E.A., and BORN, E.W. 1999. Reversible anesthesia of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) with carfentanil antagonized with naltrexone. Marine Mammal Science 15:241-249.
27. MAY, R.M., ENDLER, J.A., and McMURTRIE, R.E. 1975. Gene frequency clines in the presence of selection opposed by gene flow. American Naturalist 109:659-676.
28. MAYR, E. 1970. Populations, species, and evolution: An abridgement of "Animal species and evolution." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
29. MUIR, D.C.G., SEGSTRO, M.D., HOBSON, K.A., FORD, C.A., STEWART, R.E.A., and OLPINSKI, S. 1995. Can seal eating explain elevated levels of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in walrus blubber from eastern Hudson Bay (Canada)? Environmental Pollution 90:335-348.
30. NAMMCO (NORTH ATLANTIC MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION). 2006. Scientific Committee Report of the Thirteenth Meeting, Reine, Norway, 25-27 October 2005. NAMMCO /15/5. Presented at the Fifteenth Meeting of the Council, 14-16 March 2006, Selfoss, Iceland. http://www.nammco.no/webcronize/images/Nammco/766.pdf.
31. NIELSEN, O., NIELSEN, K., and STEWART, R.E.A. 1996. Serologic evidence of Brucella spp. exposure in Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) of Arctic Canada. Arctic 49:383-386.
32. NIELSEN, O., STEWART, R.E.A., MEASURES, L., DUIGNAN, P., and HOUSE, C. 2000. A morbillivirus antibody survey of Atlantic walrus, narwhal and beluga in Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:508-517.
33. NIELSEN, O., CLAVIJO, A., and BOUGHEN, J.A. 2001a. Serologic evidence of influenza A infection in marine mammals of Arctic Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:820-825.
34. NIELSEN, O., STEWART, R.E.A., NIELSEN, K., MEASURES, L., and DUIGNAN, P. 2001b. Serologic survey of Brucella spp. antibodies in some marine mammals of North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:89-100.
35. NMFS (NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE). 2001. Marine Fisheries Stock Assessment Improvement Plan. Report of the National Task Force for Improving Fish Stock Assessments. NOAA Technical Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-56. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
36. NOVAKS, M., BAKER, J.A., OBBARD, M.E., and MALLOCK, B. 1987. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Toronto: Ontario Trappers Association and Ministry of Natural Resources.
37. ORR, J.R., and REBIZANT, T. 1987. A summary of information on the seasonal distribution of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) in the area of northern Hudson Bay and western Hudson Strait, NWT, as collected from local hunters. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 624:1-16.
38. OUTRIDGE, P.M., and STEWART, R.E.A. 1999. Stock discrimination of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the eastern Canadian Arctic using lead isotope and element signatures in teeth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:105-112.
39. OUTRIDGE, P.M., DAVIS, W.J., STEWART, R.E.A., and BORN, E.W. 2003. Investigation of the stock structure of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Canada and Greenland using dental Pb isotopes derived from local geochemical environments. Arctic 56:82-90.
40. OWEN, J.G., and BAKER, R.L. 2001. The Uroderma bilobatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) cline revisited. Journal of Mammalogy 82:1102-1113.
41. PHILIPPA, J.D.W., LEIGHTON, F.A., DAOUST, P.Y., NIELSEN, O., PAGLIARULO, M., SCHWANTJE, H., SHURY, T., VAN HERWIJNEN, R., MARTINA, B.E., KUIKEN, T., VAN DE BILDT, M.W., and OSTERHAUS, A.D. 2004. Antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in Canada. The Veterinary Record 155:135-140.
42. PIANKA, E.R. 1988. Evolutionary ecology, 4th ed. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
43. PRIEST, H., and USHER, P. 2004. The Nunavut Wildlife Harvest Study August 2004, Final Report. Iqaluit: Nunavut Wildlife Management Board.
44. REEVES, R.R. 1978. Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): A literature survey and status report. Wildlife Research Report 10. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior.
45. RICHER, S. 2003. Nova Scotians awake to find a rare walrus in their midst. Globe and Mail, June 12.
46. RICKER, W.E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bulletin 191. Ottawa: Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service.
47. ROYCE, W.F. 1972. Introduction to the fishery sciences. New York: Academic Press.
48. SECOR, D.H. 2005. Fish migration and the unit stock: Three formative debates. In: Cardin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., and Waldman, J.R., eds. Stock identification methods. Boston: Elsevier Academic. 17-44.
49. SERVICE ARGOS. 2007. Location accuracy. https://www.argos-system.org/ html/system/faq_en.html#LOCATION%20ACCURACY.
50. SINGER, F.J., and ZEIGENFUSS, L.C. 2002. Influence of trophy hunting and horn size on mating behavior and survivorship of mountain sheep. Journal of Mammalogy 83:682-698.
51. SJARE, B., and STIRLING, I. 1996. The breeding behaviour of Atlantic walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, in the Canadian High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:897-911.
52. STEWART, R.E.A. 2002. Review of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Canada. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2002/091. Available online at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/publications/ ResDocs-DocRech/2002/2002_091_e.htm.
53. STEWART, R.E.A., and FAY, F.H. 2001. Walrus. In: Macdonald D., ed. The new encyclopedia of mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 174-179.
54. STEWART, R.E.A., OUTRIDGE, P.M., and STERN, R.A. 2003. Walrus life-history movements reconstructed from lead isotopes in annual layers of teeth. Marine Mammal Science 19:806-818.
55. STIRLING, I., CLEATOR, H., and SMITH, T.G. 1981. Marine mammals. In: Stirling, I., and Cleator, H., eds. Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 45. 45-58.
56. SUZUKI, S., HILL, D.A., and SPRAGUE, D.S. 1998. Intertroop transfer and dominance rank structure of nonnatal male Japanese macaques. International Journal of Primatology 19:703-722.
57. SWAIN, D.P., HUTCHINGS, J.A., and FOOTE, C.J. 2005. Environmental and genetic influences on stock identification characters. In: Cardin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., and Waldman, J.R., eds. Stock identification methods. Boston: Elsevier Academic. 45-85.
58. TAYLOR, B.I. 1997. Defining "population" to meet management objectives for marine mammals. In: Dizon, A.E., Chlivers, S.J., and Perrin, W.F., eds. Molecular genetics of marine mammals. Special Publication 3. Lawrence, Kansas: The Society for Marine Mammalogy. 49-65.
59. TAYLOR, B.L., and DIZON, A.E. 1999. First policy then science: Why a management unit based solely on genetic criteria can't work. Molecular Ecology 8:S11-S16.
60. WAGEMANN, R., and STEWART, R.E.A. 1994. Concentrations of heavy metals and selenium in tissues and some foods of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from the eastern Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic, and associations between metals, age, and gender. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:426-436.
61. WALDMAN, J.R. 2005. Definition of stocks: An evolving concept. In: Cardin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., and Waldman, J.R., eds. Stock identification methods. Boston: Elsevier Academic. 7-16.
62. WAPLES, R.S. 1991. Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp. and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act. Marine Fisheries Review 53(3):11-22.
63. WIRGIN, I., and WALDMAN, J.R. 2005. Use of nuclear DNA in stock identification: Single-copy repetitive sequence markers. In: Cardin, S.X., Friedland, K.D., and Waldman, J.R., eds. Stock identification methods. Boston: Elsevier Academic. 331-370.