Second harmonic generation technique and its applications

Nonlinear Optics Quantum Optics

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 99-140

  Rau, Ileana ^a   Rajzar, Francois ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF BUCHAREST   (Romania)

^b UNIVERSITÉ D'ANGERS   (France)

Author keywords

Electrooptic polymers; Nonlinear optics; Phase matching; Poling; Polymer liquid crystals; Relaxation of polar order; SHG; SHG microscope; Surface SHG

Indexed keywords

CHARACTERIZATION; HARMONIC ANALYSIS; LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS; NONLINEAR OPTICS; OPTICAL FREQUENCY CONVERSION; PHASE MATCHING;

ELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMERS; POLAR ORDER; POLING; POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTALS; SURFACE SHG;

HARMONIC GENERATION;

EID: 52949088314     PISSN: 15430537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Franken P. A., R. Hill, C. W. Peters and G. Weinrech. Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 (1961), 118.
2. Chen C. K., A. R. B. de Castro and Y. R. Shen. Surface-enhanced second-harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981), 145-148.
3. Shen Y. R. Application of optical second harmonic generation to surface science, in Chemistry and Structure at Interfaces: New Laser and Optical Techniques, R. B. Hall and A. B. Ellis (Eds.). VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, USA, 1986, pp. 151-96.
4. Dalton L. R., in K. S. Lee, (Ed.). Polymers for photonics applications I, Advances in Polymer Science, vol. 158, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg Publisher, 2002, p. 1.
5. Kajzar F., A. Jen and K. S. Lee. Polymeric materials and their orientation techniques for second-order nonlinear optics, Polymers for Photonics Applications II: Nonlinear Optical, Photorefractive and Two-Photon Absorption Polymers, K. S. Lee and G. Wegner (Eds.). Advances in Polymer Science, vol. 161, Springer Verlag, 2003, p. 1.
6. Burland D. M., C. Walsh, F. Kajzar and C. Sentein. A comparison of hyperpolarizabilities obtained using different experimental methods and theoretical techniques. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8 (1991), 2269.
7. Shi R. F. and A. F. Garito. Characterization Techniques and Tabulations for Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, M. G. Kuzyk and C. W. Dirk (Eds.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1998, pp. 1-36.
8. Butcher P. N. and D. N. Cotter. The elements of nonlinear optics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
9. Kleinman D. A. Nonlinear dielectric polarization in optical media. Phys. Rev. 126 (1962), 1977-1979.
10. Chemla D. S. and J. Jerphagnon. Optical second-harmonic generation in paratellurite and kleinman's symmetry relation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 20 (1972), 222.
11. Lalama S. J. and A. F. Garito. Origin of the nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities of organic system. Phys. Rev. A 20 (1979), 1179-1194.
12. Dailey Ch. A., B. J. Burke and G. J. Simpson. The general failure of Kleinman symmetry in practical nonlinear optical applications. Chem. Phys. Lett. 390 (2004), 8-13.
13. Wortmann R., P. Krämer, Ch. Glania, S. Lebus and N. Detzer. Deviations from Kleinman symmetry of the second-order polarizability tensor in molecules with low-lying perpendicular electronic bands. Chem. Phys. Lett. 390 (2004), 8-13.
14. Bloembergen N. Nonlinear Optics, 4th Edn. World Scientific, Singapore, 1996.
15. Swalen J. D. and F. Kajzar. Introduction, in Organic Thin Films for Waveguiding Nonlinear Optics, F. Kajzar and J. D. Swalen, (Eds.). Gordon and Breach Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996, p. 1.
16. Bosshard Ch., U. Gubler, P. Kaatz, W. Mazerant and U. Meier. Non-phase-matched optical third-harmonic generation in noncentrosymmetric media: cascaded second-order contributions for the calibration of third-order nonlinearities. Phys. Rev. B 51 (2000), 10668-701.
17. Roberts D. A. Simplified characterization of uniaxial and biaxial nonlinear optical crystals: a plea for standardization of nomenclature and conventions. IEEE J. Quantum Electron 28 (1992), 2057.
18. Choy M. and R. L. Byer. Accurate second-order susceptibility measurements of visible and infrared nonlinear crystals. Phys. Rev. B. 14 (1976), 1693.
19. Chollet P. A., F. Kajzar and J. Le Moigne. Structure and nonlinear optical properties of copper phthalocyanine thin films. Mol. Eng. 1 (1991), 35.
20. Kajzar F., C. Taliani, R. Zamboni, S. Rossini and R. Danieli. Nonlinear optical properties of sublimed C60 thin films. Synt. Metals 54 (1993), 21.
21. Koopmans B., A. Anema, H. T. Jonkman, G. A. Sawatzky and F. van der Woude. Resonant-optical-second-harmonic generation from thin C60 films. Phys. Rev. B 48 (1993), 2759-2764.
22. Hoshi H., N. Nakamura, Y. Maruyama, T. Nakagawa, S. Suzuki, H. Shiromaru and Y. Achiba. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 30 (1991), L1397.
23. Janner A.-M., H. T. Jonkman and G. A. Sawatzky. Second-harmonic generation spectroscopy: A technique for selectively probing excitons. Phys. Rev. B 63 (2001), 085111.
24. Leigh D. A., A. E. Moody, F. A. Wade, T. A. King, D. West and G. S. Bahrag. Second harmonic generation from Langmuir-Blodgett films of Fullerene-ha-Crown Ethers and their potassium ion complexes. Langmuir 11 (1995), 2334-2336.
25. Kajzar F., C. Taliani, C. Zamboni, R. Rossini and S. Danieli, R. Second- and third-order nonlinear optical properties of multilayer and composite C60-based thin films. Synth. Met. 54, 1993.
26. Aktsipetrov O. A.. N. N. Akhmediev, N. N. Mishina and V. R. Novak, Soviet. Phys. - JETP Lett. 37 (1983), 207.
27. Le Moigne J. Epitaxy and single crystal growth, in Organic Thin Films for Waveguiding Nonlinear Optics, F. Kajzar and J. Swalen (Eds.). Gordon & Breach Sc. Publ., Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 289-327.
28. Facchetti A., Annoni E., Beverina L., Morone M., Zhu P. Marks T. J. andPagani G. Nature Materials, Advance Online Publication, 2004, pp. 1-8.
29. Chemla D. S. and J. Zyss, L'Echo des Recherches (Intl Issue), 47 (1981).
30. Ledoux I., J. Zyss, A. Jutand and C. Amatore. Nonlinear optical properties of asymmetric polyphenyls: Efficiency versus transparency trade-off. Chem. Phys. 150 (1971), 177.
31. Blanchard-Desce M., J. M. Lehn, M. Barzoukas, I. Ledoux and J. Zyss. Chain-length dependence of the quadratic hyperpolarizability of push-pull polyenes and carotenoids. Effect of end groups and conjugation path. Chem. Phys. 181 (1991), 281-9.
32. Bossard Ch., K. Sutter, Ph. Pretre, J. Hulliger, M. Florsheimer, P. Kaatz and P. Gunter. Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, in Advances of Nonlinear Optics, vol. 1, F. Kajzar and A. F. Garito (Eds.). Gordon and Breach Publishers, Basel, 1995.
33. Kajzar F. and I. Rau, Organic nonlinear materials, in Encyclopedia of Modern Optics, Materials for Nonlinear Optics. Elsevier, 2004, pp. 42-60.
34. Zyss J. Nonl. Opt. 1 (1991), 3.
35. Zyss J, Molecular engineering implications of rotational invariance in quadratic nonlinear optics: from dipolar to octupolar molecules and materials. J. Chem. Phys. 98 (1993), 6583.
36. Nunzi J. M., F. Charra, C. Fiorini and J. Zyss. Chem. Phys. Lett. 219 (1994), 349.
37. Miyata S. and Sasabe H. (Eds.), Poled Polymers and their Applications to SHG and EO Devices. Gordon and Breach Sc. Publ., Amsterdam, 1997.
38. Eich M., B. Reck, C. G. Wilson, D. Y. Yoon and G. C. Bjorklund. Corona poling and real-time second-harmonic generation study of a novel covalently functionalized amorphous nonlinear optical polymer. J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989), 2559-2567.
39. Mandal B. K., J. Kumar, J. C. Huang and S. K. Tripathy. Makromol. Rapid Commun. 12 (1989), 63.
40. Lee C. Y.-C. Optimizing secondary properties and EO coefficients of EO Polymers, in Photoactive Organic Materials, Science and Application, F. Kajzar, V. M. Agranovich and C. Y.-C. Lee (Eds.). NATO ASI Series, High Technology, vol. 9, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1996, p. 175.
41. Rau I., P. Armatys, P.-A. Chollet, F. Kajzar, Y. Bretonnière and C. Andraud. Aggregation: a new mechanism of relaxation of polar order in electro-optic polymers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 442 (2007), 329-333.
42. Gonin D., C. Noel and F. Kajzar, in Organic Thin Films for Waveguiding Nonlinear Optics, F. Kajzar and J. Swalen (Eds.). Gordon & Breach Sc. Publ., Amsterdam, 1996.
43. Mortazavi M. A., A. Knoesen, S. T. Kowel, B. G. Higgins and A. Dienes. Second-harmonic generation and absorption studies of polymer-dye films oriented by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6 (1989), 733.
44. Page R. H., M. C. Jurich, B. Reck, A. Sen, R. J. Twieg, J. D. Swalen, G. C. Bjorklund and C. G. Wilson. Electrochromic and optical waveguide studies of corona-poled electro-optic polymer films. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7 (1990), 1239.
45. Kajzar F. and J.-M. Nunzi. Molecule orientation techniques, in Beam Shaping and Control with Nonlinear Optics, F. Kajzar and R. Reinisch, (Eds.). NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics, vol. 369, Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp. 101-132.
46. Wu J. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Birefringent and electro-optic effects in poled polymer films: steady-state and transient properties 8 (1991), 142.
47. Noël C. and F. Kajzar, in Science and technology of polymers and advanced materials: emerging technologies and business opportunities, Proceed. of 4th International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Cairo, Egypt, January 4-9, 1997, P. N. Prasad, J. E. Mark, S. H. Kandil and Z. H. Kafafi (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp. 275-298.
48. Kajzar F. and C. Noël. Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics, advanced mater. For Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), 247-267.
49. Kajzar F., Y. Okada-Shudo, Ch. D. Merritt and Z. H. Kafafi. Proc. SPIE, Nonlinear optical properties of charge-transfer molecular systems with C60, in Fullerenes and Photonics IV, Zakya H. Kafafi (Ed.). vol. 3142, 1997, pp. 128-139.
50. Okada-Shudo Y., F. Kajzar, C. Meritt and Z. Kafafi, Second and third order nonlinear optical properties of multilayer and composite C60 thin films. Synth. Metals 94 (1998), 91-98.
51. Kajzar F., Y. Okada-Shudo, C. Meritt and Z. Kafafi, Second and third order nonlinear optical properties of multilayer and composite C60 thin films. Synth. Metals 117 (2001), 189-193.
52. Nikogosyan D. N. and G. G. Gurzadyan. Sov. J. Quant. Elektr. 16 (1986), 1633.
53. Hobden M. V. J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967), 4365.
54. Stepanov D. Yu., V. D. Shigori and G. P. Shipulo. Sov. J. Quant. Elektr. 14 (1984), 1315.
55. Dimitriev V. G. G. G. Gurzadyan and D. N. Nikogosyan, Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, in Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol. 64, A. E. Siegman (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
56. Deserno V. and G. Nath. Phys. Lett. A 30 (1969), 483.
57. Dimitriev V. G., V. R. Kushnir, S. R. Rustamow and A. A. Fomichev. Sov. J. Quant. Elektron. 2 (1972), 188.
58. Geusic J. E., H. J. Levinstein, S. Singh, R. G. Smith and L. G. Van Uitert. Appl. Phys. Lett. 12 (1968), 306.
59. Chesler R. B., M. A. Karr and J. E. Geussic. Proc. IEEE 58 (1970), 1899.
60. Alshikh Khalil M., G. Vitrant, P. Raimond, P. A. Chollet and F. Kajzar. Modal dispersion phase-matched frequency doubling in composite planar waveguide using iion-exchanged glass and optically nonlinear polymer. Opt. Commun. 170 (1999), 281-284.
61. Chikuma K. and S. Umegaki. Characteristics of optical second-harmonic generation due to Cerenkov-radiation-type phase matching. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7 (1990), 768.
62. Khanarian G., R. A. Norwood, D. Haas, B. Feuer and D. Karim. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57 (1990), 977.
63. Norwood R. A. and G. Khanarian. Electron. Lett. 26 (1990), 2105.
64. Kurtz S. K. and T. T. Perry. A powder technique for the evaluation of nonlinear optical materials. J. Appl. Phys. 39 (1968), 3798.
65. Dantas de Morais T., C. Noël and F. Kajzar, Electric field poling effects on the molecular reorientational dynamics os side-chain NLO polymers. Nonl. Optics 15 (1996), 315.
66. Gonin D., B. Guichard, M. Large, T Dantas de Morais, C. Noël and F. Kajzar. J. Nonl. Opt. Phys. and Mat. 5 (1996), 735.
67. Large M., F. Kajzar and P. Raimond, Modulation of refractive index in photochromic materials by the application of electric fields and low intensity light. Applied Phys. Lett. 73 (1998), 3635-7.
68. Combellas C., F. Kajzar, G. Mathey, M. A. Petit and A. Thiebault. Zwiterionic polymers for nonlinear optics. Chem. Phys. 252 (2000), 165-177.
69. Kajzar F. and C. Noël. Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics. Advanced Mater. for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), 247-267.
70. Gonin D., T. Dantas de Morais, M. Large, C. Noël, F. Kajzar and D. Reyx. Development of side chain liquid crystal polymers for nonlinear applications. Second order nonlinear optica properties. comparison with theoretical models, Proceedings STEPI, Montpellier May 13-15, 1996, TECHNIP (Eds.). Paris, 1996.
71. Kajzar F. and I. Ledoux. Quadratic non-linear spectroscopy in Langmuir-Blodgett films of charge-transfer diazostilbenes and polyenes. Thin Solid Films 179 (1989), 359-367.
72. Singer K. D., M. D. Kuzyk and J. E. Sohn. Orientationally ordered electro-optic materials, in Nonlinear Optical and Electroactive Polymers, P. N. Prasad and D. R. Ulrich (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 1988, pp. 189-204.
73. Bermudez V., F. Kajzar, S. Niziol, J. Niziol, J. Pielichowski, J. Sanetra and D. Bogdal, Linear and nonlinear optical properties of polyvinyl carbazaol and polyvinyl carbazol substitued thin films, Linear, Nonlinear and Power Limiting Optics, M. Eich, M. G. Kuzyk, C. M. Lawson and R. A. Norwood (Eds.). Proceed. SPIE, 4106 (2000), 165-176.
74. Kajzar F. and C. Noël. Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics. Advanced Mater. for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), 247-267.
75. Kohlrausch F. Pogg. Ann. Physk. 119 (1863), 352.
76. G. Williams and D. C. Watts. Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970), 80.
77. Oudar J. L. and D. S. Chemla. Theory of second-order optical susceptibilities of benzene substitutes. Opt. Commun. 13 (1975), 164-168.
78. Kajzar F., K. Horn, A. Nahata and J. T. Yardley. Nonlinear optical properties of an organic single crystal: relation between macroscopic and microscopic hyperpolarizabilities. Nonl. Opt. 8 (1994), 205.
79. Chen C. K., T F. Heinz, D. Ricard and Y. R. Shen. Detection of molecular monolayers by optical second-harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 (1981), 1010.
80. Heinz T. F., C. K. Chen, D. Ricard and Y. R. Shen. Spectroscopy of molecular monolayers by resonant second-harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982), 478.
81. Tom H. W. K., T. F. Heinz and Y. R. Shen. Second-harmonic reflection from silicon surfaces and its relation to structural symmetry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983), 1983-1986.
82. 2, CO, and sodium on the Rh(111) surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984), 348.
83. Arfaoui I.,V. Bermúdez, G. Bottari, C. De Nadai, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, F. Kajzar, D. A. Leigh, M. Lubomska, S. M. Mendoza, J. Niziol, P. Rudolf and F. Zerbetto. Surface enhanced second harmonic generation from macrocycle, catenane and rotaxane thin films: experiments and theory. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006), 7648-7652.
84. Ponder J. W. and F. J. Richards. An efficient newton-like method for molecular mechanics energy minimization of large molecules. J. Comput. Chem. 8 (1987), 1016.
85. Kundrot, C., J. W. Ponder and F. J. Richards. Algorithms for calculating excluded volume and its derivatives as a function of molecular conformation and their use in energy minimization. J. Comput. Chem. 12 (1991), 402.
86. Dudek M. J. and J. W. Ponder. Accurate modeling of the intramolecular electrostatic energy of proteins. J. Comput. Chem. 16 (1995), 791.
87. Sutton, A. P. and J. Chen. Philos. Mag. Lett. 61 (1990), 139.
88. Allinger N. L., Y. H. Yuh and J.-H. Lii. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 (1989), 8551.
89. Rappe A. K. and W. A. Goddard III. Charge equilibration for molecular dynamics simulations. J. Phys. Chem. 95 (1991), 3358.
90. Rocchia W., E. Alexov and B. Honig. Extending the applicability of the nonlinear poisson-boltzmann equation: multiple dielectric constants and multivalent ions. J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001), 6754.
91. Rocchia W. S., A. Sridharan, E. Nicholls, E. Alexov, A. Chiabrera and B. Honig. J. Comput. Chem. 23 (2002), 128.
92. Bermudez V., P. Chollet, F. G. Gatti, Kajzar F., D.A. Leigh, A. Lorin and S. Zhang. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of rotaxanes: novel versatile photonic materials, in Linear, Nonlinear and Power Limiting Optics, M. Eich, M. G. Kuzyk, C. M. Lawson and R. A. Norwood (Eds.). Proceed. SPIE, vol. 4106, 2000, pp. 318-328.
93. Mercier N., A.-L. Barres, M. Giffard, I. Rau, F. Kajzar and B. Sahraoui. Conglomerate-to-true-racemate reversible solid-state transition in crystals of an organic Disulfide-Based iodoplumbate, Angewandte Chemie Itl. (Ed.). 45, 2100-2103, 2006.
94. 5 iodobismuthate networks. Adv. Mat. 20 (2008), 1013-1017.
95. Freund I., M. Deutsch and A. Sprecher. Connective tissue polarity optical second-harmonic microscopy, crossed-beam summation, and small-angle scattering in rat-tail tendon. Biophy. J. 50 (1986), 693-712.
96. 3. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1955), 2165.
97. Uesu Y., S. Kurimura and Y. Yamamoto. New nonlinear optical microscope and its application to the observation of ferroelectric domain structure. Ferroelectrics 169 (1995), 249-57.
98. Uesu Y., S. Kurimura and Y Yamamoto. Non-destructive observations of the 180° ferroelectric domain using the nonlinear optical (SHG) microscope. Ferroelectrics 191 (1997), 135.
99. Uesu Y., SHG Microscope: Principle and its applications. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 32 (1998), S461-S463.
100. Denk W., J. H. Strickler and W. W. Webb. Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science 248 (1990), 73-76.
101. Kim B. M., J. Eichler and L. B. Da Silva. Frequency doubling of ultrashort laser pulses in biological tissues. Appl. Opt. 38 (1999), 7145-7150.
102. Yasui T., Y. Tohno and T. Araki. Characterization of collagen orientation in human dermis by two-dimensional second-harmonic-generation polarimetry. J. Biomed. Opt. 9 (2004), 259-264.
103. Chu S. W., S. Y. Chen, T. H. Tsai, T. M. Liu, C. Y. Lin, H. J. Tsai and C. K. Sun. In vivo developmental biology study using noninvasive multi-harmonic generation microscopy. Opt. Express 11 (2003), 3093-3099.
104. (3) tensors in dimensional high-resolution second-harmonic generation imaging of endogenous structural proteins submicron-scaled bio-tissues by polarization harmonics optical microscopy. Biophys. J. 86 (2004), 3914-3922.
105. Campagnola P. J. and L. M. Loew. Second-harmonic imaging microscopy for visualizing biomolecular arrays in cells, tissues and organisms. Nat. Biotech. 21 (2003), 1356-1360.
106. Campagnola P. J., A. C. Millard, M. Terasaki, P. E. Hoppe, C. J. Malone and W. A. Mohler. Three dimensional high-resolution second-harmonic generation imaging of endogenous structural proteins in biological tissues. Biophys. J. 82 (2002), 493-508.
107. Svoboda K. and R. Yasuda. Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience. Neuron 50 (2006), 823-829.
108. Stoller P., K. M. Reiser, P. M. Celliers and A. M. Rubenchik. Polarization-modulated second harmonic generation in collagen. Biophys. J. 82 (2002), 3330-42.
109. Yasui T., Y. Tohno and T. Araki. Determination of collagen fiber orientation in human tissue by use of polarization measurement of molecular second-harmonic-generation light. Appl. Opt. 43 (2004), 2861-2867.
110. Cox G., E. Kable, A. Jones, I. K. Fraser, F. Manconi and M. D. Gorrell. 3-dimensional imaging of collagen using second harmonic generation. J. Structural Biol. 141 (2003), 53-62.
111. Gao L., L. Jin, P. Xue, J. Xu, Y. Wang, H. Ma and D. Chen. Reconstruction of complementary images in second harmonic generation microscopy. Opt. Express 14 (2006), 4727-4735.
112. Williams R. M., W. R. Zipfel and W. W. Webb. Interpreting second-harmonic generation images of collagen I fibrils. Biophys. J. 88 (2005), 1377-1386.
113. Yasui T., Y. Tohno and T. Araki. Determination of collagen fiber orientation in human tissue by use of polarization measurement of molecular second-harmonic-generation light. Appl. Opt. 43 (2004), 2861-2867.
114. Gao L. L. Jin, P. Xue, J. Xu, Y. Wang, H. Ma and D. Chen. Reconstruction of complementary images in second harmonic generation microscopy. Opt. Express 14 (2006), 4727-35.
115. Yoshiki K., M. Hashimoto and T. Araki. Second-harmonic-generation microscopy using excitation beam with controlled polarization pattern to determine three-dimensional molecular orientation. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (2005), L1066-L1068.
116. Helmchen F. and W. Denk. Deep tissue two-photon microscopy. Nat. Meth. 2 (2005), 932-940.
117. Yang K., P. Richards and Y. Shen, Generation of far-infrared radiation by picosecond light pulses in LiNbO3. Appl. Phy. Lett. 19 (1971), 320-323.
118. Lee T. M. Y. S. and T. B. Norris. Tunable narrow-band terahertz generation from periodically poled lighium niobate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2000), 3563-3565.
119. Khalil M. A., G. Vitrant, P. Raimond, P. Chollet and F. Kajzar. Optical parametric amplification in composite polymer/ion exchanged planar waveguide. Appl. Phys Lett. 77 (2000), 3713-3715.
120. Rodriguez A., G. Vitrant, P. A. Chollet and F. Kajzar. Optical control of an integrated interferometer using a photochromic polymer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001), 461-463.
121. Chen C., B. Wu, A. Jiang and G. You. Sci. Chin. B 28 (1985), 235.
122. Choy M. and R. L. Byer. Phys. Rev. B4 (1976), 1693.
123. Levine B. F. and C. G. Bethea. Nonlinear susceptibility of GaP; Relative measurement and use of measured values to determine a better absolute value. Appl. Phys. Lett. 20 (1972), 272.
124. Eimerl D. Ferroelectrics 72 (1987), 95.
125. Kato K. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. QE-10 (1974), 616.
126. Suvorov V. S. and A. S. Sonin. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 11 (1966), 711.
127. 2 and CdSe. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 (1971), 301.
128. 2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 (1971), 446.
129. Betzler K., H. Hesse and P. Loose. J. Mol. Struct. 47 (1978), 393.
130. 4: A new nonlinear optical material. J. Appl. Phys 47 (1976), 4980.
131. 4. Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989), 783.
132. 3 single crystal. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 12 (1973), 1257-8.
133. Uematsu Y. and T. Fukuda. Characteristics and performance of KNbO3-YAlG/Nd intracavity second harmonic generation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 12 (1973), 841-4.
134. Uematsu Y. Nonlinear optical properties of KNbO3 single crystal in the orthorhombic phase. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 13 (1974), 1362-8.
135. Baumert J.-C., J. Hoffnagle and P. Gunter. High-efficiency intracavity frequency doubling of a styryl-9 dye laser with KNbO3 crystals. Appl. Opt. 24 (1985), 1299.
136. Lin S., Z. Sun, B. Wu and C. Chen. Appl. Phys. 67 (1990), 634.
137. Singh S., D. A. Draegert and J. E. Geusic. Phys. Rev. B 2 (1970), 2709.
138. Murray J. E., R. J. Pressley, J. H. Boyden and R. B.Webb. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. QE-10 (1974), 263.
139. Singh S., W. A. Bonner, J. R. Potopowitz and L. G. Van Uitert. Nonlinear optical susceptibility of lithium formate monohydrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17 (1970), 292.
140. Oudar J. L. and R. Hierle. An efficient organic crystal for nonlinear optics: methyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-aminopropanoate. J. Appl. Phys. 48 (1977), 2699.
141. Zyss J., D. S. Chemla and J. F. Nicoud. Demonstration of efficient nonlinear optical crystals with vanishing molecular dipole moment: second-harmonic generation in 3-methyl-4-nitropyridine-1-oxide. J. Chem. Phys. 74 (1981), 4800.
142. Davydov B. L., L. G. Koreneva and E. A., Lavrovsky. Eng. Elektron. Phys. 19 (1974), 130.