Conversion, mobility and the Roman inquisition in Italy around 1600

Past and Present

Volumn 200, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-35

  Siebenhüner, Kim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 52749091938     PISSN: 00312746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtn012     Document Type: Article

References (223)

1. Paraphrased from Klaus J. Bade, Europa in Bewegung: Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart (Munich, 2000), 14.
2. Historical research of the last fifteen years has shown that society was far more mobile than French historiography on migration has traditionally assumed. See Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, 1992)
3. Laurence Fontaine, 'Gli studi sulla mobilità in Europa nell'età moderna: Problemi e prospettive di ricerca', Quaderni storici, xxxi (1996).
4. e siècles)', in Simonetta Cavaciocchi (ed.), Le migrazioni in Europa, sece. X111 XVIII (Florence, 1994)
5. e siècle'
6. ibid.
7. On religious border-crossing, see Eszter Andor and István György Tóth (eds.), Frontiers of Faith: Religious Exchange and the Constitution of Religious Identities, 1400-1750 (Budapest 2001).
8. For the northern confessional context, see Étienne François, Die unsichtbare Grenze: Protestanten und Katholiken in Augsburg, 1648-1806 (Sigmaringen, 1991)
9. Duane Corpis, "The Geography of Religious Conversion: Crossing the Boundaries of Belief in Southern Germany, 1648-1800' (New York Univ. Ph.D. thesis, 2001)
10. Keith P. Luria, Sacred Boundaries: Religious Coexistence and Conflict in Early Modern France (Washington DC, 2005).
11. For Protestant Catholic border-crossing in Italy, see Irene Fosi, 'Viaggio in Italia e conversioni: Analisi di un binomio', Römische historische Mitteilungen, xxx (1988)
12. Irene Fosi,'Roma e gli "Ultramontani": Conversioni, viaggi, identità, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 1xxxi (2001)
13. Peter Schmidt, 'L'Inquisizione e gli stranieri', in L'Inquisizione e gli storici: Un cantiere aperto. Tavola rotonda nell'ambito della Conferenza annuale della Ricerca (Rome, 2000)
14. Peter Schmidt, 'Fernhandel und römische Inquisition: "interkulturelles Management" im konfessionellen Zeitalter', in Hubert Wolf (ed.), Inquisition, Index, Zensur: Wissenskulturen der Neuzeit im Widerstreit (Paderborn, 2001).
15. For the Christian-Muslim context, see Lucia Rostagno, Mi faccio turco: Esperienze ed immagini dell'Islam nell'Italia moderna (Rome, 1983)
16. e siècles (Paris, 1989)
17. Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Princeton, 2000).
18. On Jewish religious border-crossing, see Yosef H. Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto: Isaac Cardoso. A Study in Seventeenth-Century Marranism and Jewish Apologetics (New York and London, 1971)
19. Brian Pullan, The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550-1670 (London and New York, 1983)
20. Kaspar von Greyerz, 'Portuguese Conversos on the Upper Rhine and the Converso Community of Sixteenth-Century Europe", Social Hist., xiv (1989)
21. Jonathan I. Israel, Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World of Maritime Empires (1540 1740) (Leiden, 2002).
22. v], and xiii, Appendici 137-8. Ioly Zorattini discusses Mariana's case in the introduction to vol. ix (see 'Introduzione', 26-8).
23. The case is also mentioned by Maddalena del Bianco Cotrozzi in '"O Señor guardara miña alma": Aspetti della religiosità femminile nei processi del S. Uffizio veneziano', in Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini (ed.), L'identità dissimulata: Giudaizzanti iberici nell'Europa cristiana dell'età moderna (Florence, 2000), 263. However, neither Ioly Zorattini nor Cotrozzi was aware of the Roman part of the trial. The discovery of these documents makes possible a new reconstruction of the case. Some questions remain open, though, and I hope to present the findings of further research at a later stage.
24. Michael C. Questier, Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625 (Cambridge, 1996)
25. Keith Luria, "The Politics of Protestant Conversion to Catholicism in Seventeenth-Century France', in Peter van der Veer (ed.), Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity (New York and London, 1996).
26. See Bennassar and Bennassar, Les Chrétiens d'Allah
27. Mercedes García-Arenal, Conversions islamiques: Identités religieuses en islam mediterranéen (Paris, 2001)
28. Christopher M. Clark, The Politics of Conversion: Missionary Protestantism and the Jews in Prussia, 1728 1941 (Oxford, 1995)
29. Elisheva Carlebach, Divided Souls: Converts from Judaism in Germany, 1500-1750 (New Haven and London, 2003)
30. Richard R. Popkin and Martin Mulsow (eds.), Secret Conversions to Judaism in Eary Modern Europe (Leiden, 2004)
31. Kenneth Mills and Anthony Grafton (eds.), Conversion: Old Worlds and New (Rochester, NY, 2003)
32. Kenneth Mills and Anthony Grafton (eds.), Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Seeing and Believing (Rochester, NY, 2003).
33. Patricia Caldwell, The Puritan Conversion Narrative: The Beginnings of American Expression (Cambridge, 1983)
34. D. Bruce Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England(Oxford, 2005).
35. Corpis, 'Geography of Religious Conversion'; see also Beat Hodler, 'Konversionen und der Handlungsspielraum der Untertanen in der Eidgenossenschaft im Zeitalter der reformierten Orthodoxie', in Heinrich R. Schmidt, André Holenstein and Andreas Würgler (eds.), Gemeinde, Reformation und Widerstand: Festschrift für Peter Blickle zum 60. Geburtstag (Tübingen, 1998), esp. 290-1.
36. For Italy, see Fosi, 'Roma c gli "Ultramontani"', and, most recently, Ricarda Matheus, 'Mobilität und Konversion: Überlegungen aus römischer Perspektive', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, lxxxv (2005).
37. More research has been carried out on confessional migration. See, for example, Heinz Schilling, 'Confessional Migration as a Distinct Type of Old European Long-Distance Migration', in Cavaciocchi (ed.), Le migrazioni in Europa
38. Alexander Schunka, 'Exulanten in Kursachsen im 17. Jahrhundert', Herbergen der Christenheit: Jahrbuchfür deutsche Kirchengeschichte xxvii (2003)
39. Alexander Schunka, 'Exulanten, Konvertiten, Arme und Fremde: Zuwanderer aus der Habsburgermonarchie in Kursachsen im 17. Jahrhundert', Frühneuzeit-Info, xiv (2003).
40. On the relationship between mobility and conversion in the context of Jewish history, see Gayle K. Brunelle, 'Migration and Religious Identity: The Portuguese of Seventeenth-Century Rouen', Jl Early Mod. Hist., vii (2003)
41. Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto
42. Pullan, Jews of Europe
43. Israel, Diasporas within a Diaspora.
44. Cecil Roth, A History of the Marranos (1932; New York and Philadelphia, 1959).
45. e siècles (Paris, 1968),
46. and Israel S. Révah, 'Les Marranes', Revue des études juives cxviii (1959-60).
47. Within this tradition, see also Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem, 1981), esp. 23,242.
48. Benzion Netanyahu, The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century, According to Contemporary Hebrew Sources (1966; 3rd edn, Ithaca and London, 1999)
49. António José Saraiva, The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and its New Christians, 1536-1765, ed. and trans. H. P. Salomon and I. S. D. Sassoon (Leiden, 2001), first published as Inquisição e Cristãos-Novos (Lisbon, 1969).
50. For a critique of Netanyahu, see, for example, David Abulafia, 1492: The Expulsion from Spain and Jewish Identity (London, 1992).
51. See, for example, David Graizbord, Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580-1700 (Philadelphia, 2004).
52. Pullan, Jews of Europe, chs. 11-13.
53. Ibid., 207-9
54. Graizbord, Souls in Dispute, 2
55. David M. Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews (Albuquerque, 2003), 84, with numerous other references provided.
56. Pullan, Jews of Europe, 206.
57. Processi; Ioly Zorattini (ed.), L'identità dissimulata.
58. Kim Sicbenhüner, Bigamie und Inquisition in Italien, 1600-1750 (Paderborn, 2006), 121-7, 198-201.
59. r.
60. For the history of the Roman Inquisition, see Adriano Prosperi, Tribunali della coscienza: Inquisitori, confessori, missionari (Turin, 1996)
61. Giovanni Romeo, Einquisizione nell' Italia moderna (Rome and Bari, 2002)
62. John Tedeschi, The Prosecution of Heresy: Collected Studies on the Inquisition in Early Modern Italy (Binghamton, 1991).
63. Franceso Albizzi, De inconstantia in iure admittenda vel non (Amsterdam, 1683), cap. 11, nos. 4 and 24
64. see also Francesco Beretta, Galilée devant le Tribunal de l'Inquisition: Une relecture des sources (Fribourg, 1998), 93-7.
65. Adriano Prosperi, 'L'Inquisizione romana e gli ebrei', in Michele Luzzati (ed.), L'Inquisizione e gli ebrei in Italia (Rome and Bari, 1994)
66. Nicholas Davidson, 'The Inquisition and the Italian Jews', in Stephen Haliczer (ed.), Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe (London and Sydney, 1987).
67. Prattica per procedere nelle cause del S. Offizio, ed. Alfonso Mirto in 'Un inedito del Scicento sull'Inquisizione', Nouvelles de la république des lettres, i (1986), 128-32.
68. See John Tedeschi and William Monter,'Toward a Statistical Profile of the Italian Inquisitions: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries', in Tedeschi, Prosecution of Heresy.
69. Jonathan I. Israel, 'The Marrani in Italy, the Greek Lands and the Ottoman Near East', in his Diasporas within a Diaspora
70. Renata Segre, 'Sephardic Settlements in Sixteenth-Century Italy: A Historical and Geographical Survey', in Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (ed.), Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492 (London, 1992).
71. For an overview of the history of Jews in Italy, see Corrado Vivanti (ed.), Gli ebrei in Italia, 2vols. (Turin, 1996-7)
72. Anna Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, trans. Andrea Grover (Berkeley, 2000)
73. Roberto Bonfil, Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy, trans. Anthony Oldcorn (Los Angeles and London, 1994)
74. Attilio Milano, Storia degli ebrei in Italia (Turin, 1963)
75. Cecil Roth, The History of the Jews of Italy (Philadelphia, 1946).
76. R. D. Barnett (ed.), The Jews in Spain and Portugal before and after the Expulsion of 1492 (London, 1971)
77. Norman Roth, Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (Madison, 1995)
78. Elie Kedourie (ed.), Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi Experience, 1492 and After (London, 1992)
79. Raymond B. Waddington and Arthur H. Williamson (eds.), The Expulsion of the Jews: 1492 and After (New York and London, 1994).
80. Benjamin Ravid, 'A Tale of Three Cities and their Raison d'État: Ancona, Venice, Livorno, and the Competition for Jewish Merchants in the Sixteenth Century', in Ginio (ed.), Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
81. Aron di Leone Leoni, 'Per una storia della nazione portoghese ad Ancona e a Pesaro', in Ioly Zorattini (ed.), L'identità dissimulata
82. Shlomo Simonsohn, The Apostolic See and the Jews, vii, History (Toronto, 1991), 448-50.
83. On Tuscany, see Lucia Frattarelli Fischer, 'Cristiani Nuovi e Nuovi Ebrei in Toscana fra Cinque e Scicento: Legittimazioni c percorsi individuali', in Ioly Zorattini (ed.), Eidentità dissimulata
84. on Ferrara, see Renata Segre, 'La formazione di una comunità marrana: i portoghesi a Ferrara', in Vivanti (ed.), Gli Ebrei in Italia.
85. Other states granted similar privileges, such as Milan in 1435, 1533 and 1580, Mantua in 1522 and Savoy in 1572: See Davidson, 'Inquisition and the Italian Jews', 31.
86. Kenneth R. Stow, Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy, 1555-1593 (New York, 1977), esp. ch. 1
87. Kenneth R. Stow, 'The Papacy and the Jews: Catholic Reformation and Beyond', Jewish Hist., vi (1992)
88. Renata Segre, 'La Controriforma: Espulsioni, conversioni, isolamento', in Vivanti (ed.), Gli ebrei in Italia, i, as well as Jörg Deventer, 'Zwischen Ausweisung, Repression und Duldung: Die Judenpolitik der "Reformpäpste" im Kirchenstaat (ca. 1550-1605)', Aschkenas: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden, xiv (2004).
89. Domenico Rocciolo, 'Documenti sui catecumeni c neofiti a Roma nel Scicento e Settecento', Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma, x (1998), esp. 393 4
90. Marina Caffiero, Battesimi forzati: Storie di ebrei, cristiani e convertiti nella Roma dei papi (Roma, 2004), 22.
91. Segre,'La Controriforma', 714-33
92. Milano, Storia degli ebrei, 244-62
93. Prosperi, L'Inquisizione romana', esp. 78
94. Roth, History of the Jews of Italy, 294-309.
95. In the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of the Italian states established ghettos. See Bonfil, Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy, 71-2
96. Roth, History of the Jews of Italy, 309-53.
97. Samuel Echt, Die Geschichte der Juden in Danzig (Leer, 1972), 13-31.
98. Avigdor Levy, 'Introduction', in Avigdor Levy (ed.), The Jews of the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, 1994), esp. 1-31
99. Halil Inalcik, 'Foundations of Ottoman-Jewish Cooperation', in Avigdor Levy (ed.), Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth through the Twentieth Century (Syracuse, 2002)
100. Aryeh Shmuelevitz, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire in the Late Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries: Administrative, Economic, Legal, and Social Relations as Reflected in the Responsa (Leiden, 1984)
101. C. E. Bosworth, 'The Concept of Dhimma in Early Islam', in Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, 2 vols. (New York and London, 1982).
102. Israel, Diasporas within a Diaspora, 41-65, esp. 49.
103. Bernard D. Cooperman, 'Venetian Policy towards Levantine Jews and its Broader Italian Context', in Gaetano Cozzi (ed.), Gli ebrei e Venezia, secoli XIV-XVIII: Atti del Convegno internazionale organizzato dall'Istituto di storia della società e dello stato veneziano della Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venezia, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore, 5-10 giugno 1983 (Milan, 1987)
104. Benjamin Arbel, 'Jews in International Trade: The Emergence of the Levantines and Ponentines', in Robert C. Davis and Benjamin Ravid (eds.), The Jews of Early Modern Venice (Baltimore, 2001).
105. On the activities of Muslim and Christian pirates and corsairs in the Mediterranean, see Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Siân Reynolds, 2 vols. (London, 1972-3), esp. ii, 865-91
106. Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (London, 1970)
107. Salvatore Bono, Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Cristiani e musulmani fra guerra, schiavitù e commercio (Milan, 1993)
108. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (Basingstoke and New York, 2003).
109. Unlike pirates, corsairs worked for a sovereign power which on the one hand authorized them by formal licence to attack hostile ships, and on the other obliged them to hand over a portion of the booty. For those who were plundered or captured, though, it made little difference whether the attackers were pirates or corsairs. See Bono, Corsari nel Mediterraneo, 9
110. Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary, 6
111. Braudel, Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World, ii, 866-7.
112. On the establishment of the Order in Malta, see Mario Monterisi, Storia politica e militare del sovrano ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme detto di Malta, ii, L'ordine a Malta, Tripoli e in Italia (Milan, 1940), 12-16.
113. Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary, chs. 5-8
114. e siècle', Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, xxxv (1988)
115. Bono, Corsari nel Mediterraneo, 45-70.
116. On Maltese 'piracy', see also Nicolas Vatin, L'Ordre de Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem, l'Empire ottoman et la Méditerranée orientale entre les deux sièges de Rhodes, 1480-1522 (Paris, 1994), 81-129.
117. Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary, 169-70.
118. Michel Fontenay, 'Il mercato maltese degli schiavi al tempo dei cavalieri di San Giovanni (1530-1798)', Quaderni storici, cvii (2001)
119. see also Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary, 168-78
120. Bono, Corsari nel Mediterraneo, 191-201.
121. r.
122. The marchese di Vigliena and viceroy was Giovanni Fernandes Paceco. See Giovanni Evangelista di Blasi, Storia cronologica de' Viceré, Luogotenenti e Presidenti del Regno di Sicilia, 5 vols. (1790-1; Palermo, 1974-5), iii, 25-40.
123. v. According to the evidence Mariana gave in Venice, her dowry even amounted to 500 ducats. Pocessi, ix, 86.
124. r.
125. r-v.
126. v.
127. Roberta Curiel and Bernard Dov Cooperman, The Ghetto of Venice (London, 1990), 7-27
128. Riccardo Calimani, Storia del ghetto di Venezia (Milan, 1985).
129. r
130. Processi, ix, 88, 89.
131. Processi, ix, 87-8, 89.
132. Peter Blastenbrei, Kriminalität in Rom, 1560-1585 (Tübingen, 1995), 33-8
133. Ulinka Rublack, Magd, Metz' oder Mörderin: Frauen vor frühneuzeitlichen Gerichten (Frankfurt am Main, 1998), 34-44.
134. An overview of the edicts of faith of the Roman Holy Office is provided in Inquisizione e indice nei secoli XV1-XVIII: Controversie teologiche dalle raccolte casanatensi, ed. Angela A. Cavarra (Vigevano, 1998), 77-90.
135. Cesare Carena, Tractatus de Officio Sanctissimae Inquisitionis (1636; Cremona, 1655), pt 2, tit. 9, §§1 and 2 and 9§, no. 41.
136. For extensive research on the connection between the Inquisition and auricular confession, see Prosperi, Tribunali della coscienza
137. Giovanni Romeo, Ricerche su confessione dei peccati e inquisizione nell'Italia del Cinquecento (Naples, 1997)
138. Elena Brambilla, Alle origini del Sant'Uffizio: Penitenza, confessione e giustizia spirituale dal Medioevo al XVI secolo (Bologna, 2000).
139. Tomás Sánchez, Disputationum de sancto matrimonii sacramento, tomi tres (Antwerp, 1607), disput. 71 (De impedimento disparis cultus), no. 5.
140. See also Jean Gaudemet, Le Mariage en occident: Les mœurs et le droit (Paris, 1987), 203-4.
141. Sánchez, Disputationum de sancto matrimonii sacramento, disput. 71, no. 1.
142. Ibid., no. 3.
143. Dagmar Freist has analysed these problems for confessionally mixed marriages: See Dagmar Freist, 'One Body, Two Confessions: Mixed Marriages in Germany', in Ulinka Rublack (ed.), Gender in Early Modern German History (Cambridge, 2002).
144. On the expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of Naples, see David Abulafia, 'Il Mezzogiorno peninsulare dai bizantini all'espulsione (1541)', in Vivanti (ed.), Gli ebrei in Italia, i, esp. 35-44
145. Viviana Bonazzoli, 'Gli ebrei del Regno di Napoli all'epoca della loro espulsione, I parte: Il periodo aragonese (1456-1499)', Archivio storico italiano, cxxxvii (1979),
146. and 'II parte: Il periodo spagnolo (1501-1541)', Archivio storico italiano, cxxxix (1981).
147. On the disappearance of Judaizers in Naples, see Giovanni Romeo, 'La suggestione dell'ebraismo tra i napoletani del tardo Cinquecento', in Luzzati (ed.), L'Inquisizione e gli ebrei in Italia.
148. On the campaigns against giudaizzanti during the second half of the sixteenth century, see Pierroberto Scaramella, 'La campagna contro i giudaizzanti nel Regno di Napoli (1569-1582): Antecedenti e risvolti diun'azione inquisitoriale', in his Inquisizioni, eresie, etnie, dissenso religioso e giustizia ecclesiastica in Italia (secc. XVI-XVIII) (Bari, 2005).
149. Processi, ix, 86-7.
150. Ibid., 89.
151. Ibid., 92.
152. r.
153. v. The exact wording of the prayers was not recorded. While the Ten Commandments were a fundamental component of both the Jewish and the Christian religions, the Ave Maria and the Apostles' Creed were clearly Catholic prayers.
154. r.
155. r.
156. r.
157. On the routine application of torture, see Peter Schmidt, 'Tortur als Routine', in Peter Burschel, Götz Distelrath and Sven Lembke (eds.), Das Quälen des Körpers: Eine historische Anthropologie der Folter (Cologne, 2000).
158. See also John Tedeschi, "The Organization and Procedures of the Roman Inquisition: A Sketch', in his Prosecution of Heresy, 141-6
159. Siebenhüner, Bigamie und Inquisition in Italien, 61.
160. For a summary, see Gerd Schwerhoff, Aktenkundig und gerichtsnotorisch: Einführung in die historische Kriminalitätsforschung (Tübingen, 1999), 61-8.
161. In the 1960s, António José Saraiva argued that the accusation of Judaizing was used as a pretext to proceed against the conversos, who were fast becoming a considerable economic force. The central arguments ofthe ensuing controversy are documented in Saraiva, Marrano Factory, appendices 1-2. Independently of this debate, Benzion Netanyahu has argued that crypto-judaism was essentially a creation of inquisitorial persecution: See Netanyahu, Marranos of Spain.
162. See, for example, Jean-Pierre Dedieu, 'The Archives of the Holy Office of Toledo as a Source for Historical Anthropology', in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi with Charles Amiel (eds.), The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods (DeKalb, 1986), 168-9
163. John Edwards, 'Was the Spanish Inquisition Truthful?', Jewish Quart. Rev., lxxxvii (1997), 365
164. Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit, 76-9.
165. Israel, Diasporas within a Diaspora
166. Graizbord, Souls in Dispute
167. Greyerz, 'Portuguese Conversos on the Upper Rhine'
168. Pullan, Jews of Europe, 211-28.
169. Mercedes García-Arenal and Gerard Wiegers, A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jews in Catholic and Protestant Europe (Baltimore and London, 2003).
170. Angiolina Arru, 'Il prezzo della cittadinanza: Strategic di integrazione nella Roma pontificia', Quaderni storici, xci (1996), 166.
171. Processi, ix, 87.
172. David Nirenberg, 'Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in Fifteenth-Century Spain', Past and Present, no. 174 (Feb. 2002), 20-1.
173. Milano, Storia degli ebrei, 556.
174. Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit, 218-23.
175. In converso families, it often was the woman's role to pass on the religion. See Renée Levine Melammed, 'Sephardi Women in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods', in Judith R. Baskin (ed.), Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit, 1991), esp. 126-7
176. Foa, Jews of Europe after the Black Death, 70-1.
177. Processi, ix, 89-90.
178. Ibid., 92: 'se mio marito mivorà, mi contento di farmi battizzare et viver da buona christiana'.
179. "Angelo Balbi quondam Salomonis de Castrofranco converted to Catholicism in 1611. Processi, ix, 89.
180. Ibid., 90.
181. In this regard, see also Révah, 'Les Marranes', 53, 58
182. Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto, 34-5
183. Pullan, Jews of Europe, 242
184. Greyerz, 'Portuguese Conversos on the Upper Rhine', 77
185. Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit, 85-90.
186. A similar interpretation has been suggested by David Graizbord for the case of Antonio Rodriguez de Amézquita: See Graizbord, Souls in Dispute, 160, 167.
187. Mariana's son worked as a water-bearer in the ghetto. Processi, ix, 89.
188. Nicholas Griffiths, 'The Best of Both Faiths: The Boundaries of Religious Allegiance and Opportunism in Early Eighteenth-Century Cuenca', Bull. Hispanic Studies, lxxvii (2000).
189. Monika Wohlrab-Sahr, Volkhard. Krech and Hubert Knoblauch, 'Religiöse Bekehrung in soziologischer Perspektive: Themen, Schwerpunkte und Fragestellungen der gegenwärtigen religionssoziologischen Konversionsforschung', in Hubert Knoblauch, Volkhard Krech and Monika Wohlrab-Sahr (eds.), Religiöse Konversion: Systematische und fallorientierte Konversions forschung (Konstanz, 1998).
190. On the concept of conversion, see also Eckhart Friedrich, Klaus Hartmann and Detlef Pollack, Kircheneintritt und Konversion: Kircheneintritte in einer ostdeutschen Großstadt - betrachtet aus der Perspektive der Konversionsforschung', ibid., esp. 93-100.
191. Wohlrab-Sahr, Krech and Knoblauch, 'Religiöse Bekehrung in soziologischer Perspektive', 8,16.
192. Ultimately, even models that conceptualize conversion as a process presume a clear change of religion. See Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. Farhadian, 'Converting: Stages of Religious Change', in Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant (eds.), Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies (London and New York, 1999).
193. Massimo Leone describes the process of conversion in a similar way, but from an anthropological and semiotic point of view. A phase of the destabilization and crisis of the 'I' is followed by a phase of restabilization in which a new religious identity is constructed. See Massimo Leone, Religious Conversion and Identity: The Semiotic Analysis of Texts (London and New York, 2004).
194. Paula Fredriksen, 'Paul and Augustine: Conversion Narratives, Orthodox Traditions and the Retrospective Self', Jl Theol. Studies, xxxvii (1986).
195. Carlebach, Divided Souls, 90-2
196. see also D. Bruce Hindmarsh, '"My Chains Fell Off, My Heart Was Free": Early Methodist Conversion Narrative in England', Church Hist., lxviii (1999).
197. Caffiero, Battesimi forzati, esp. 265-89 and 299-325.
198. Corpis, 'Geography of Religious Conversion', 324.
199. For example, some German Protestants who converted to Catholicism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries took on missionary functions. See Jürgen Stillig, 'Konversion, Karriere und Elitekultur. Profile kirchlicher Konvertitenfürsorge: Ludolf Klencke und Barthold Nihus', in Friedrich Niewöhner and Fidel Rädle (eds.), Konversionen im Mittelalter und in der Frühneuzeit (Hildesheim, 1999).
200. In addition, a few prominent Jewish converts wrote sharp polemics against their former religion. See Carlebach, Divided Souls, 52-6
201. Caffiero, Battesimi forzati, 36-9.
202. Kenneth Mills and Anthony Grafton, 'Introduction', in Mills and Grafton (eds.), Conversion, p. x.
203. Allan Greer, 'Conversion and Identity: Iroquois Christianity in Seventeenth-Century New France', in Mills and Grafton (eds.), Conversion.
204. Peter Gose, 'Converting the Ancestors: Indirect Rule, Settlement Consolidation, and the Struggle over Burial in Colonial Peru, 1532-1614', in Mills and Grafton (eds.), Conversion.
205. Griffiths, 'Best of Both Faiths'. For similar cases of confessional mixture in the Netherlands, see Christine Kooi, 'Converts and Apostates: The Competition for Souls in Early Modern Holland', Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, xcii (2001).
206. In the context of confessional plurality and freedom of religion, some converts played down confessional differences: See Judith Pollmann, 'A Different Road to God: The Protestant Experience of Conversion in the Sixteenth Century', in van derVeer (ed.), Conversion to Modernities esp. 56-7.
207. Converting from the Anglican to the Roman Church could be a tiny step, as Michael Questier shows for Reformation England: See Michael Questier, 'Crypto-Catholicism, Anti-Calvinism and Conversion at the Jacobean Court: The Enigma of Benjamin Carier', Jl Eccles. Hist., xlvii (1996).
208. On the phenomenon of multiple conversions, see Martin Mulsow, 'Mehrfachkonversionen, politische Religion und Opportunismus im 17.
209. Jahrhundert: Ein Plädoyer für eine Indifferentismusforschung', in Kaspar von Greyerz et al. (eds.), Interkonfessionalität - Transkonfessionalität - binnenkonfessionelle Pluralität: Neue Forschungen zur Konfessionalisierungsthese (Gütersloh, 2003).
210. See, for example, the case of Arnoldus Buchelius, in Judith Pollmann, Religious Choice in the Dutch Republic: The Reformation of Arnoldus Buchelius (1565-1641) (Manchester and New York, 1998).
211. Frauke Volkland, 'Konfession, Konversion und soziales Drama: Ein Plädoyer für die Ablösung des Paradigmas der "konfessionellen Identität"', in Greyerz et al. (eds.), Interkonfessionalität - Transkonfessionalität - binnenkonfessionelle Pluralität.
212. Corpis, 'Geography of Religious Conversion', esp. ch. 2.
213. Jane Wickersham, 'Results of the Reformation: Ritual, Doctrine and Religious Conversion', Seventeenth Century, xviii (2003), 271, 273, 279
214. see also Matheus, 'Mobilität und Konversion'.
215. Wickersham, 'Results of the Reformation', 269-71, 275-7
216. Matheus,'Mobilität und Konversion'.
217. Graizbord, Souls in Dispute, 87-8, 143-67. Rodríguez later reconverted to Catholicism - a choice that was partly motivated by economic misfortunes and his experience of Catholic piety in Zaragoza.
218. On the Casa dei catecumeni, see Caffiero, Battesimi forzati, as well as Rocciolo, 'Documenti sui catecumeni e neofiti a Roma nel Seicento e Settecento'; on the Congregatio de iis qui sponte veniunt ad fidem, established in the early seventeenth century, see Fosi, 'Roma c gli "Ultramontani"'; on the Ospizio, founded in 1673, see Sergio Pagano, 'L'Ospizio dei Convertendi di Roma fra carisma missionario e regolamemazione ecclesiastica (1671-1700)', Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma, x (1998), esp. 313-44, as well as Matheus, 'Mobilität und Konversion'.
219. Caffiero, Battesimi forzati, ch. 3.
220. See, for example, ACDF, stanza storica, M 5-m, Ease. Roma 1691, fasc. Livorno 1705, fasc. Venezia 1721, fasc. Venezia 1678. The basis for legitimizing the second marriage and the praxis of invocation were the Privilegium Paulinum and a papal decree of 1585 by Gregory XIII. See Gaudemet, Le Mariage en occident, 311
221. Arturo Carlo Jemolo, II matrimonio nel diritto canonico: Dal Concilio di Trento al Codice del 1917(1941; Bologna, 1993), 67.
222. r.
223. On the Inquisition's marriage policy, see Siebenhüner, Bigamie und Inquisition in Italien, chs. 7-8.