Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 66, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 558-568

  Sinn, Natalie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

ADHD; Food sensitivity; Nutrition; Omega 3 fatty acids; Pycnogenol

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ARACHIDONIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FERROUS SULFATE; GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IRON; LINOLEIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; MAGNESIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; PYCNOGENOL; PYRIDOXINE; ZINC;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD NUTRITION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; LEARNING; NUTRITIONAL INTOLERANCE; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; REVIEW;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY PHENOMENA; DIET; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FLAVONOIDS; FOOD ADDITIVES; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; IRON; MAGNESIUM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; ZINC;

EID: 52649166090     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00107.x     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Rowland AS, Lesesne CA, Abramowitz AJ. The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a public health view. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002 8:162 170.
2. Birleson P, Sawyer M, Storm V. The mental health of young people in Australia: child and adolescent component of the national survey - a commentary. Australas Psychiatry. 2000 8:358 362.
3. Root RWI, Resnick RJ. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2003 34:34 41.
4. Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 35:997 1008.
5. Colledge E, Blair RJR. The relationship in children between the inattention and impulsivity components of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and psychopathic tendencies. Pers Individ Diff. 2001 30:1175 1187.
6. Crowley TJ, Mikulich SK, MacDonald M, Young, SE, Zerbe GO. Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998 49:225 237.
7. Biederman J. ADHD across the lifecycle. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 42 (Suppl 146.
8. Ingram S, Hechtman L, Morgenstern G. Outcome issues in ADHD: adolescent and adult long-term outcome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil. 1999 5:243 250.
9. Fossati A, Novella L, Donati D, Donini M, Maffei C. History of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and borderline personality disorder: a controlled study. Compr Psychiatry. 2002 43:369 377.
10. Rey JM, Morris-Yates A, Singh M, Andrews G, Steward GW. Continuities between psychiatric disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 152:895 900.
11. Pliszka SR. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: An overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 59 (Suppl 7 50 58.
12. Warner-Rogers J, Taylor A, Taylor E, Sandberg S. Inattentive behavior in childhood: epidemiology and implications for development. J Learn Disabil. 2000 33:520 536.
13. Barkley RA. Issues in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Brain Dev. 2003 25:77 83.
14. MTA Cooperative Group. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD Follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment. Pediatr. 2004 113:762 769.
15. Swanson JM, Elliot GR, Greenhill LL, et al. Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 46:1015 1027.
16. Molina BSG, Flory K, Hinshaw SP, et al. Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 46:1028 1040.
17. Bradley JDD, Golden CJ. Biological contributions to the presentation and understanding of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 21:907 929.
18. Mann CA, Lubar JF, Zimmerman AW, Miler CA, Muenchen RA. Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: controlled study with clinical implications. Pediatr Neurol. 1992 8:30 36.
19. Riccio CA, Hynd GW, Cohen MJ, Gonzalez JJ. Neurological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Except Child. 1993 60:118 124.
20. Richardson AJ. Clinical trials of fatty acid supplementation in ADHD. In:Glen AIM, Peet M, Horrobin DF, eds. Phospholipid Spectrum Disorders in Psychiatry and Neurology. Marius Press:Carnforth. 2003:529 541
21. Curtis LT, Patel K. Nutritional and environmental approaches to preventing and treating autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 14:79 85.
22. Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in US children. Env Health Perspect. 2006 114:1904 1909.
23. Lecours AR, Mandujano M, Romero G. Ontogeny of brain and cognition: relevance to nutrition research. Nutr Rev. 2001 59 (Suppl S7 S11.
24. Hetzel BS. Iodine and neuropsychological development. J Nutr. 2000 130 (Suppl S493 S495.
25. Martinez M. Docosahexaenoic acid therapy in docosahexaenoic acid-deficient patients with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis. Lipids. 1996 31 (Suppl S145 S152.
26. Uauy R, Peirano P, Hoffman D, Mena P, Birch D, Birch E. Role of essential fatty acids in the function of the developing nervous system. Lipids. 1996 31 (Suppl S167 S176.
27. Haller J. Vitamins and brain function. In:Lieberman HR, Kanarek RB, Prasad C, eds. Nutritional Neuroscience. Taylor & Francis Group:Boca Raton. 2005:207 233.
28. Sinn N, Howe PRC. Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function. Biosci Hypotheses. 2008 1:103 108.
29. Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005 15:619 627.
30. Ward NI, Soulsbury KA, Zettel VH, Colquhoun ID, Bunday S, Barnes B. The influence of the chemical additive tartrazine on the zinc status of hyperactive children - a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Nutr Environ Med. 1990 1:51 57.
31. Bilici M, Yildirim F, Kandil S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004 28:181 190.
32. Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi M-R, Khademi M. Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind and randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2004 4:9
33. Bekaroglu M, Aslan Y, Gedik Y, et al. Relationships between serum free fatty acids and zinc, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996 37:225 227.
34. Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on ADHD-related problems with attention and behavior. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007 28:82 91.
35. Black MM. Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning. J Nutr. 2003 133 (Suppl S3927 S3931.
36. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 158:1113 1115.
37. Oner O, Alkar IY, Oner P. Relation of ferritin levels with symptoms ratings and cognitive performance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int. 2008 50:40 44.
38. Konofal E, Cortese S. Lead and neuroprotection by iron in ADHD. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 115:A398 A399.
39. Konofal E, Cortese S, Marchand M, Mouren MC, Arnulf I, Lecendreux M. Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children. Sleep Med. 2007 8:711 715.
40. Oner P, Dirik EB, Taner Y, Caykoylu A, Anlar O. Association between low serum ferritin and restless legs syndrome in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007 213:269 276.
41. Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A. Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiol. 1997 35:178 180.
42. Konofal E, Cortese S, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC. Effectiveness of iron supplementation in a young child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2005 116:e732 e734.
43. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Deron J, et al. Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 38:20 26.
44. Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res. 1997 10:143 148.
45. Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res. 1997 10:149 156.
46. Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, Bali J-P. Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 23 (Suppl S545 S548.
47. Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali J-P. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. Magnes Res. 2006 19:46 52.
48. Salem N Jr., Litman B, Kim H-Y, Gawrisch K. Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid. Lipids. 2001 36:945 959.
49. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000 18:383 399.
50. Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acids are mediators of brain biochemistry and cognitive functions. J Neurosci Res. 2000 56:565 570.
51. Hibbeln J, Ferguson TA, Blasbalg TL. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in neurodevelopment, aggression and autonomic dysregulation. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006 18:107 118.
52. Chalon S, Vancassel S, Zimmer L, Guilloteau D, Durand G. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral function: focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission. Lipids. 2001 36:937 944.
53. Chalon S. Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 75:259 269.
54. Colquhoun I, Bunday S. A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children. Med Hypotheses. 1981 7:673 679.
55. Burgess JR, Stevens LJ, Zhang W, Peck L. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 71:327 330.
56. Chen J-R, Hsu S-F, Hsu C-D, Hwang L-H, Yang S-C. Dietary patterns and blood fatty acid composition in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 15:467 472.
57. Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Tubott SH, Manku M. Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin Pediatr. 1987 26:406 411.
58. Mitchell EA, Lewis S, Cutler DR. Essential fatty acids and maladjusted behaviour in children. Prostaglandins, Leukot Med. 1983 12:281 287.
59. Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Deck JL, et al. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 62:761 768.
60. Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Jensen CL, Fraley JK, Berretta MC, Heird WC. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2001 139:189 196.
61. Stevens LJ, Zhang W, Peck L, et al. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids. 2003 38:1007 1021.
62. Hirayama S, Hamazaki T, Terasawa K. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder - a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 58:467 473.
63. Richardson AJ, Puri BK. A randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 26:233 239.
64. Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomised, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics. 2005 115:1360 1366.
65. Richardson AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006 18:155 172.
66. Sinn N, Bryan J, Wilson C. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 78:311 326.
67. Ng F, Berk M, Dean O, Bush A. Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 21:1 26.
68. Rohdewald P. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 40:158 168.
69. Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Rohdewald P. Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Pycnogenol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 32:509 515.
70. Nishioka K, Hidaka T, Nakamura S, et al. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Hypertens Res. 2007 30:775 780.
71. Greenblatt J. Nutritional supplements in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 38:1209 1210.
72. Heimann SW. Pycnogenol for ADHD? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 38:357 358.
73. Tenenbaum S, Paull JC, Sparrow EP, Dodd DK, Green L. An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 2002 6:49 60.
74. Trebatická J, Kopasová S, Hradečná Z, et al. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 15:329 335.
75. Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sivoňová M, et al. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radical Res. 2006 40:1003 1010.
76. Dvořáková M, Sivoňová M, Trebatická J, et al. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol, on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox Report. 2006 11:163 172.
77. Dvořáková M, Ježová D, Blažíček P, et al. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (Pycnogenol). Nutr Neurosci. 2007 10:151 157.
78. Feingold BF. Why is Your Child Hyperactive? 1975, New York:Random House.
79. Swaine A, Soutter V, Loblay R, Truswell AS. Salicylates, oligoantigenic diets, and behaviour. Lancet. 1985 2:41 42.
80. Shaywitz BA, Goldenring JR, Wool RS. The effects of chronic administration of food colorings on activity levels and cognitive performance in developing rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurobehav Toxicol. 1979 1:41 47.
81. Goldenring JR, Batter DK, Shaywitz BA. Sulfanilic acid: behavioural change related to azo food dyes in developing rats. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1982 4:43 49.
82. Kaplita PV, Triggle DJ. Food dyes: behavioural and neurochemical actions. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1982 3:70 71.
83. Kittler FJ, Baldwin DG. The role of allergic factors in the child with minimal brain dysfunction. Ann Allergy. 1970 28:203 206.
84. Food and Drug Administration. Food ingredients and packaging. Summary of color additives listed for use in the United States in food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices. 2007:Available from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/opa- col2.html#table1A. Accessed July 25, 2008.
85. Weiss B. Food additives and environmental chemicals as sources of childhood behavior disorders. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1982 21:144 152.
86. Breakey J, Reilly C, Connell H. The role of food additives and chemicals in behavioral, learning, activity, and sleep problems in children. In:Branen AL, Davidson M, Salminen S, Thorngate JH III., eds. Food Additives. Second Edition. CRC Press. 2002:87 100.
87. Cormier E. Diet and child behavior problems: fact or fiction? Pediatr Nurs. 2007 33:138 143.
88. Arnold LE. Treatment alternatives for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord. 1999 3:30 48.
89. Schab DW, Trinh NH-T. Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004 25:423 434.
90. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 370:1560 1567.
91. Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M, Pazdro R, Ericson K, Burgess JR. Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 75:299 308.