Hydrologic models of modern and fossil geothermal systems in the Great Basin: Genetic implications for epithermal Au-Ag and Carlin-type gold deposits

Geosphere

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 888-917

  Person, Mark ^a,d   Banerjee, Amlan ^a,d   Hofstra, Albert ^b,d   Sweetkind, Donald ^b,d   Gao, Yongli ^c,d  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^c EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPITHERMAL DEPOSIT; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; GOLD; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MINERALIZATION; ORE DEPOSIT;

BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE; GREAT BASIN; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

CALLUNA VULGARIS; PASSIFLORA;

EID: 52649165642     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00150.1     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Allis, R.G., Nash, G.D., and Johnson, S.D., 1999, Conversion of thermal infrared surveys to heat flow; comparisons from Dixie Valley, Nevada, and Wairakei, New Zealand, in Global geothermal resources - Sustainable energy for the future: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 23, p. 499-504.
2. Banerjee, A., Person, M., Hofstra, A., and Sweetkind, D., 2007, Fault controlled fluid circulation in active hot spring and Eocene Carlin-type systems in the Great Basin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no. 6, p. 537.
3. Barton, C.A., Hickman, S., Morin, S., Zoback, M.D., and Benoit, W.R., 1998, Reservoir-scale fracture permeability in the Dixie Valley, Nevada, geothermal field, in Proceedings, Twenty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering: Stanford, California, Stanford University Report SGP-TR-155, p. 299-306.
4. Belcher, W.R., ed., 2004, Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California - Hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water fl ow model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Report 1171, 408 p.
5. Benoit, W.R., and Butler, R.W., 1983, A review of high-temperature geothermal developments in the northern Basin and Range province, in The role of heat in the development of energy and mineral resources in the northern Basin and Range Province: Geothermal Resources Council Special Report, no. 13, p. 57-74.
6. Bense, V.F., and Person, M., 2006, Faults as conduit-barrier systems to fl uid fl ow in siliciclastic sedimentary aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 42, W05421, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004480.
7. Bergfeld, D., Goff, F., and Janik, C., 2001, Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir: Chemical Geology, v. 177, p. 43-66, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00381-8.
8. Bethke, C.M., and Johnson, T.M., 2002, Paradox of groundwater age: Geology, v. 30, p. 107-110, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(2002)030<0107:POGA>2.0.CO;2.
9. Blackwell, D.D., 1983, Heat flow in the northern Basin and Range province, in The role of heat in the development of energy and mineral resources in the northern Basin and Range Province: Geothermal Resources Council Special Report, no. 13, p. 81-93.
10. Blackwell, D.D., Leidig, M., Smith, R., Johnson, S., and Wisian, K.W., 2002, Exploration and development techniques for Basin and Range geothermal systems; examples from Dixie Valley, Nevada, in Geothermal energy - the baseload renewable resource: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 26, p. 513-518.
11. Blankennagel, R.K., and Weir, J.E., Jr., 1973, Geohydrology of the eastern part of Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 712-B, 35 p.
12. Blewitt, G., Coolbaugh, M., Holt, W., Kreemer, C., Davis, J.L., and Bennett, R.A., 2002, Targeting of potential geothermal resources in the Great Basin from regional relationships between geodetic strain and geologic structures, in Geothermal energy - the baseload renewable resource: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 26, p. 523-535.
13. Bowman, J.R., and Willett, S.D., 1991, Spatial patterns of oxygen isotope exchange during one-dimensional fluid infiltration: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, p. 971-074, doi: 10.1029/91GL01079.
14. Bowman, J.R., Willett, S.D., and Cook, S.J., 1994, Oxygen isotopic transport and exchange during fluid flow; one-dimensional models and applications: American Journal of Science, v. 294, p. 1-55.
15. Brace, W.F., 1980, Permeability of crystalline and argillaceous rocks: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v. 17, p. 241-245, doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(80)90807-4.
16. Brace, W.F., 1984, Permeability of crystalline rocks; new in situ measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B6, p. 4327-4330, doi: 10.1029/JB089iB06p04327.
17. Brantley, S., and Mellott, N., 2000, Surface area and porosity of primary silicate minerals: American Mineralogist, v. 85, p. 1767-1783.
18. Bredehoeft, J.D., 1997, Fault permeability near Yucca Mountain: Water Resources Research, v. 33, p. 2459-2463, doi: 10.1029/97WR01710.
19. Caine, J.S., Evans, J.P., and Forster, C.B., 1996, Fault zone architecture and permeability structure: Geology, v. 24, p. 1025-1028, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025:FZ AAPS>2.3.CO;2.
20. Cathles, L.M., and Smith, A.T., 1983, Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi valley-type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 78, p. 983-1002.
21. Clauser, C., 1992, Permeability of crystalline rocks: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 73, p. 233-240, doi: 10.1029/91EO00190.
22. Cline, J.S., Bodnar, R.J., and Rimstidt, D., 1992, Numerical simulation of fluid flow and silica transport and deposition in boiling hydrothermal solutions; application to epithermal gold deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, no. B5, p. 9085-9103, doi: 10.1029/ 91JB03129.
23. Cline, J.S., Hofstra, A.H., Muntean, J.L., Tosdal, R.M., and Hickey, K.A., 2005, Carlin-type characteristics and viable models, in Hedenquist, J.W., et al., eds., Economic Geology and Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists One Hundredth Anniversary Volume 1905-2005: Littleton, Colorado, Society of Economic Geologists, p. 451-484.
24. Cole, D.R., and Ohmoto, H., 1986, Kinetics of isotopic exchange at elevated temperatures and pressures, in Valley, J.W., et al., eds., Stable isotopes in high-temperature geological processes: Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 41-90.
25. Cole, D.R., and Ravinsky, L.I., 1984, Hydrothermal alteration zoning in the Beowawe geothermal system, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 79, p. 759-767.
26. Cook, H.E., and Corboy, J., 2004, Great Basin Paleozoic carbonate platform; facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictive mineral hosts models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1078, 135 p.
27. Coolbaugh, M.F., Arehart, G.B., Faulds, J.E., and Garside, L.J., 2005, Geothermal systems in the Great Basin, western United States: Modern analogues to the roles of magmatism, structure, and regional tectonics in the formation of gold deposits, in Rhoden, H.N., et al., eds., Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005: Window to the world, Reno, Nevada, May 2005: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 1063-1081.
28. de Marsily, G., 1986, Quantitative hydrogeology: Groundwater hydrology for engineers: New York, Academic Press, 440 p.
29. Dettinger, M.D., Harrill, J.R., Schmidt, D.L., and Hess, J.W., 1995, Distribution of carbonate-rock aquifers and the potential for their development, southern Nevada and parts of Arizona, California, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4146, 100 p.
30. Dove, P.M., and Rimstidt, J., 1994, Silica-water interactions: Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 29, p. 259-308.
31. Ebert, S., and Rye, R., 1997, Secondary precious metal enrichment by steam-heated fluids in the Crofoot-Lewis hot spring deposit: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 92, p. 578-600.
32. Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., Lauha, E.A., Griffin, G.L., and Hutchinson, R.W., 2003, Origin of high grade gold ore and genesis of Meikle and neighboring Carlin-type deposits, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 1069-1106.
33. Emsbo, P., Groves, D.I., Hofstra, A.H., and Bierlein, F.P., 2006, The giant Carlin gold province; A protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 517-525, doi: 10.1007/s00126-006-0085-3.
34. Fairley, J.P., and Hinds, J.J., 2004, Rapid transport pathways for geothermal fluids in an active Great Basin fault zone: Geology, v. 32, p. 825-828, doi: 10.1130/G20617.1.
35. Faulder, D.D., Johnson, S.D., and Benoit, W.R., 1997, Flow and permeability structure of the Beowawe, Nevada hydrothermal system, in Proceedings, Twenty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering: Stanford, California, Stanford University Report SGP-TR-155, p. 63-73.
36. Faulds, J.E., Coolbaugh, M., Henry, C.D., and Blewitt, G., 2004, Why is Nevada in hot water? Relations between plate boundary motions, the Walker Lane, and geothermal activity in the northern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, no. 4, p. 27-28.
37. Faulds, J.E., Henry, C.D., Coolbaugh, M.F., Garside, L.J., and Castor, S.B., 2005, Late Cenozoic strain field and tectonic setting of the northwestern Great Basin, western USA: Implications for geothermal activity and mineralization, in Rhoden, H.N., et al., eds., Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005: Window to the World, Reno, Nevada, May 2005: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 1091-1104.
38. Feth, J.H., Roberson, C.E., and Polzer, W.L., 1964, Sources of mineral constituents in water from granitic rocks, Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1535-I, 70 p.
39. Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 604 p.
40. Friedman, I., Smith, G.I, Johnson, C.A., and Moscati, R.J., 2002, Stable isotope compositions of waters in the Great Basin, United States 2. Modern precipitation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, no. D19, 4401, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000566.
41. Gao, Y., Person, M.A., Dahlstrom, D., Hofstra, A., Sweetkind, D., Howard, K., John, D., Prudic, D., and Wallace, A., 2003, The role of faults in the plumbing of the Great Basin geothermal systems and gold mineralization: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 35, no. 6, p. 617.
42. Garven, G., and Freeze, R.A., 1984, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits; 2, Quantitative results: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 1125-1174.
43. Garven, G., Ge, S., Person, M., and Sverjenski, D., 1993, Genesis of stratabound ore deposits in the midcontinent basins of North America. 1. The role of groundwater flow: American Journal of Science, v. 293, p. 497-568.
44. Gelhar, L., 1993, Stochastic subsurface hydrology: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 390 p.
45. Gerdes, M., Baumgarnter, L.P., and Person, M., 1998, Convective flow through heterogeneous country rocks during contact metamorphism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 23,983-24,003, doi: 10.1029/ 98JB02049.
46. Goode, D.J., 1996, Direct simulation of groundwater age: Water Resources Research, v. 32, p. 289-296, doi: 10.1029/95WR03401.
47. Haar, L.J.S., Gallagher, S., and Kell, G.S., 1984, NBS/NRC steam table: Thermodynamic and transport properties and computer programs for vapor and liquid states of water in SI units: New York, McGraw-Hill, 318 p.
48. Harrill, J.R., and Hines, L.B., 1995, Estimated natural groundwater recharge, discharge, and budget for the Dixie Valley area, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 95-4052, 12 p.
49. Harrill, J.R., and Prudic, D.E., 1998, Aquifer systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent States - Summary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409-A, 66 p.
50. Harrill, J.R., Gates, J.S., and Thomas, J.M., 1988, Major ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-694-C, 2 sheets.
51. Haynes, S.R., 2003, Development of the Eocene Elko basin, northeastern Nevada: Implications for paleogeography and regional tectonism [M.S. thesis]: Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 159 p.
52. Heitt, D.G., Dunbar, W.W., Thompson, T.B., and Jackson, R.G., 2003, Geology and geochemistry of the Deep Star gold deposit, Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 1107-1136.
53. Hess, R.H., Fitch, S.P., and Warren, S.N., 2004, Nevada Oil and Gas Well Database (NVOILWEL): Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 04-1, 242 p.
54. Heimgartner, M., Scott, J.B., Thelen, W., Lopez, C.T., and Louie, J.N., 2005, An Idaho-Nevada-Califorma refraction experiment; utilizing large mine blasts for long-range profiles: Society of Exploration Geophysicists Annual Meeting Expanded Technical Program Abstracts with Biographies, v. 24, p. 52-55.
55. Hickey, K.A., Donefick, R.A., Tosdal, R.M., and McInnes, B.I.A., 2003a, Restoration of the Eocene landscape in the Carlin-Jerritt Canyon mining district: Constraining depth of mincralizatioh for Carlin-type Au-deposits using low-temperature apatite thermochronology: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 35, no. 6, p. 358.
56. Hickey, K.A., Haynes, S., Tosdal, R.M., and Mortensen, J.K., 2003b, Cretaceous-Paleogene denudation, volcanism and faulting in the Carlin-Jerritt Canyon mining district northeastern Nevada: Implications for the paleogeographic and tectonic environment of Carlin-type gold deposits, in Eliopoulos, D.G., et al., eds., Mineral exploration and sustainable development: Rotterdam, Millpress, p. 685-688.
57. Hickman, S.H., Zoback, M., and Benoit, R., 1998, Tectonic controls on reservoir permeability in the Dixie Valley, Nevada, geothermal field, in Proceedings, Twenty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering: Stanford, California, Stanford University Report SGP-TR- 158, p. 291-298.
58. Hobbs, B.E., Ord, A., Regenauer-Lieb, K., and Drummond, B., 2004, Fluid reservoirs in the crust and mechanical coupling between the upper and lower crust: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 56, p. 1151-1161.
59. Hofstra, A.H., and Cline, 2000, Characteristics and models for Carlin-type gold deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 163-220.
60. Hofstra, A.H., and Emsbo, P., 2007, Role of reduced sedimentary rocks in formation of the Great Basin gold province: Implications for exploration in analogous settings: Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: Dublin, Ireland, 20th-23rd August 2007: Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, p. 691-694.
61. Hofstra, A.H., and Wallace, A.R., 2006, Metallogeny of the Great Basin: Crustal evolution, fluid flow and ore deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1280, 36 p.
62. Hofstra, A.H., Emsbo, P., Hu, R., Zhang, X., Su, W., NuM C.J., and Fifarek, R.H., 2005, Diverse origins of sedimentary rock-howd disseminated gold deposits in the Great Basin and Southern China, in Rhoden, H.N., et al., eds., Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005: Window to the World, Reno, Nevada, May 2005: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 1315-1316.
63. Hulen, J.B., Bereskin, R., and Bortz, L.C., 1990, High-temperature hydrothermal origin for fractured carbonate reservoirs in the Blackburn oil field, Nevada: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 1262-1272.
64. Hydrologic Consultants, 1999, Numerical ground-water flow modeling for Newmont Cold Company's south operations area, Project amendment, Eureka County, Nevada: Lakewood, Colorado, Hydrologic Consultants, Inc., 80 p.
65. Ilchik, R.P., and Barton, M.D., 1997, An amagmatic origin of Cadin-type gold deposits: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 92, p. 269-288.
66. Janik, C., 2002, Origin, age, and geochemical evolution of Dixie Valley geothermal fluid: Presented at the U.S. Department of Energy Workshop on Dixie Valley (NV) Geothermal Research at the Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, June 12, 2002: http://www.unr.edu/Geothermal/pdffiles/ Agenda-fnl11.pdf.
67. John, D.A., 2001, Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, USA: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to magmatism: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Societiy of Economic Geologists, v. 96, p. 1827-1853.
68. John, D.A., and Wallace, A.R., 2000, Epithermal gold-silver deposits related to the Northern Nevada Rik in Cluer, I.K., et al., eds,., Geology and Ore Deposits, M: The Great Basin and Beyond: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium, p. 155-174.
69. John, D.A., and Wrucke, C.T., 2003, Geologic map of the Mule Canyon Quadrangle, Lander County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Report 144, 18 p.
70. John, D.A., Hofstra, A.H., Fleck, R.J., Saderholm, E.C., and Brummer, J.E., 2003, Geologic setting and genesis of The Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposits, Lander County, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 425-464.
71. Lachenbruch, A.H., and Sass, J.H., 1978, Models of an extending lithosphere and heat flow in the Basin and Range province, in Smith, R.B., and Eaton, G.P., eds., Cenozoic tectonics and regional geophysics of the Western Cordillera: Geological Society of America Memoir 152, p. 209-250.
72. Laslett, G.M., Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., and Gleadow, A.J.W., 1987, Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 2. A quantitative analysis: Chemical Geology, v. 65, p. 1-13, doi: 10.1016/ 0009-2541(87)90189-6.
73. Layman, E.B., 1984, A simple Basin and Range fault model for the Beowawe geothermal system, Nevada, in Geothermal energy: Bet on it!: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 8, p. 451-456.
74. Madrid, R.J., and Garwin, S.L., 2002, Structural methods for targeting gold deposits, northern Carlin trend, Nevada: Australian Institute of Geoscientists Bulletin, v. 36, p. 118-121.
75. López. D.L., and Smith, L., 1995, Fluid flow in fault zones; analysis of the interplay of convective circulation and topographically driven groundwater flow: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1489-1503, doi: 10.1029/95WR00422.
76. Manning, C., and Ingebritsen, S., 1999, Permeability of the continental crust, the implications of geothermal and metamorphic systems: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 37, p. 127-150, doi: 10.1029/1998RG900002.
77. Maurer, D.K., and Berger, D.L., 1997, Subsurface flow and water yield from watershed tributary to Eagle Valley hydrographic area, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4191, 56 p.
78. Maurer, D.K., Plume, R.W., Thomas, J.M., and Johnson, A.K., 1996, Water resources and effects of changes in ground-water use along the Carlin Trend, north-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4134, 146 p.
79. Maxey, G.B., and Eakin, T.E., 1949, Groundwater in White River Valley, White Pine, Nye, and Lincoln Counties, Nevada: Nevada State Engineer Water Resources Bulletin 8, 59 p.
80. McKenna, J.R., and Blackwell, D.D., 2004, Numerical modeling of transient Basin and Range extensional geothermal systems: Geothermics, v. 33, p. 457-476, doi: 10.1016/j. geothermics.2003.10.001.
81. Micklethwaite, S., and Cox, S.F., 2004, Fault-segment rupture, aftershock-zone fluid flow, and mineralization: Geology. v. 32, p. 813-816, doi: 10.1130/G20559.1.
82. Micklethwaite, S., and Cox, S.F., 2006, Progressive fault triggering and fluid flow in aftershock domains; examples from mineralized Archean fault systems: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 250, p. 318-330, doi. 10. 1016/j.epsl.2006.07.050.
83. Mifflin, M.D., 1968, Delineation of ground-water flow systems in Nevada: University of Nevada Desert Research Institute Technical Report H-W 4, 213 p.
84. Monastero, F.C., Walker, J.D., Katzenstein, A.M., and Sabin, A.E., 2002, Neogene evolution of Indiana Wells Valley, east-central California, in Glazner, A.F., et al., eds., Geologic evolution of the Mojave Desert and southwestern Basin and Range: Geological Society of America Memoir 195, p. 199-228.
85. Moore, S., 2002, Plate 1, Geology of the northern Carlin trend, in Thompson, T.B., et al., eds., Gold deposits of the Carlin Trend: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 111, scale 1:24,000.
86. Moore, S., and Norby, J.W., 2002, Plate 3, Cross sections for plates 1 and 2, in Thompson, T.B., et al., eds., Gold deposits of the Carlin Trend: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 111.
87. Morin, R.H., Hickman, S.H., Barton, C.A,, Shapiro, A.M., Benoit, W.R., and Sass, J.H., 1998, Hydrologic properties of the Dixie Valley, Nevada, geothermal reservoir from well-test analyses, in Proceedings, Twenty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering: Stanford, California, Stanford University Report SGP-TR-158, p. 307-314.
88. Morrow, C.A., Shi, L.Q., and Byerlee, J.D., 1984, Permeability of fault gouge under confining pressure and shear stress: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B5, p. 3193-3200, doi: 10.l029/J089iB05p03l93.
89. Nichols, W.D., 2000, Regional ground-water evapotranspiration and ground-water budgets, Great Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1628, 82 p.
90. Nimz, G., Janik, C.J., Goff, F., Dunlap, C., Huebner, M., Counce, D., and Johnson, S.D., 1999, Regional hydrology of the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; preliminary interpretations of chemical and isotopic data, in Our changing planet: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 23, p. 333-338.
91. Norris, R., Jones, L., Corfield, R., and Cartlidge, J., 1996, Skiing in the Eocene Uinta Mountains? Isotopic evidence in the Green River Formation for snow melt and large mountains: Geology, v. 24, p. 403-406, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)<02403:SITEUM>2.3.CO;2.
92. Nunn, J., and Lin, G., 2002, Insulating affect of coals and organic rich slides: Implications for topography-driven fluid flow, beat transfer, and genesis of ore deposits in the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau: Basin Research, v. 14, p. 129-145, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2002.00172.x.
93. Okaya, D.A., and Thompson, G.A., 1985, Geometry of Cenozoic extensional faulting, Dixie Valley, Nevada: Tectonics, v. 4, p. 107-125, doi: l0.l029/TC004i001pl07.
94. Olmsted, F.H., and Rush, F.E., 1987, Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the Beowawe geysers geothermal area, Nevada: Geothermics, v. 16, p. 27-46 doi: 10.1016/0375-6505(87)90077-0.
95. Person, M., Toupin, D., and Eadington, P.J., 1995, One-dimensional models of groundwater flow, sediment thermal history, and petroleum generation within continental rift basins: Basin Research, v. 7, p. 81-96, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1995tb00097.x.
96. Person, M., Raffensperger, J., Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1996, Basin-scale,hydrogeological modeling: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, p. 61-87, doi: 10.1029/95RG03286.
97. Person, M., Gao, Y., Hofstra, A., John, D., Howard, K., Sweetkind, D., and Prudic, D., 2605, Numeric models of fluid flow in Great Basin geothermal systems and Tertiary hydrothermal gold deposits; Role of high permeability fault zones: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium 2005, Window to the World, Reno, Nevada, May 2005:Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 1324-1325.
98. Person, M,A., Cohen, D., Sabin, A.E., Unruh, J.R., Gable, C.W., Zyvoloski, G.A,, and Monastero, F.C., 2006, Isotope transport and exchange within the Coso Geothermal System, in Geothermal resources - Securing our energy future: Geothermal Resources Council, Transactions, v. 30, 4 p.
99. Person, M., Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., and Gan, Y., 2007, Isotope transport and exchange during detachment tectonics, Shuswap Metamorphic Core Complex, British Columbia: American Journal of Science, v. 307, p. 555-589, doi: 10.2475/03.2007.01.
100. Plume, R.W., and Carlton, S.M., 1988, Hydrogeology of the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-694-A, scale 1:100,000.
101. Ponce, D.A., and Glen, J.M.G., 2002, Relationship of epithermal gold deposits to large-scale fractures in northern Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 97, p. 3-9.
102. Ponce, D.A., and Glen, J.M.G., 2008, A prominent geophysical feature along the northern Nevada rift and its geologic implications, north-central Nevada: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 207-217, doi: 10.1130/ GES00117.1.
103. Prudic, D.E., and Herman, M.E., 1996, Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409-F, 92 p.
104. Reimus, P., Pohll, G., Mihevc, T., Chapman, J., Haga, M., Lyles, B., Kosinski, S., Niswonger, R., and Sanders, P., 2003, Testing and parameterizing a conceptual model for solute transport in a fractured granite using multiple tracers in a forced-gradient test: Water Resources Research, v. 39, p. 1356, doi: 10.1029/2002WR001597.
105. Ressel, M.W., and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin Trend, Nevada: Development of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 101, p. 347-383.
106. Rimstidt, J.D., and Barnes, H.L., 1980, The kinetics of silica-water reactions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, p. 1683-1699, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90220-3.
107. Rimstidt, J.D., and Cole, D.R., 1983, Geothermal mineralization; I, The mechanism of formation of the Beowawe, Nevada, siliceous sinter deposit: American Journal of Science, v. 283, p. 861-875.
108. Rose, P.E., Adams, M.C., and Benoit, D., 1995, A tracer test at the Beowawe geothermal field, Nevada using fluorescein and tinopal CBS, in Accomplishments of the past and challenges of the future: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 19, p. 217-221.
109. Rose, T.P., and Davisson, M.L., 2003, Isotopic and geochemical evidence for Holocene-age groundwater in regional flow systems of south-central Nevada, in Enzel, Y, et al., eds., Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin deserts: Geological Society of America. Special Paper 368, p. 143-164.
110. Saltus, R.W., and Jachens, R.C., 1995, Gravity and basin-depth maps for the Basin and Range province, Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigation Map GP-1012, scale 1:2,500,000.
111. Samal, A., and Fifarek, R.H., 2007, Origin of the amagmatic low-sulfidation epithermal Florida Canyon Au-Ag deposit, Pershing County, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no. 6, p. 606.
112. Samal, A., Fifarek, R.H., and Thomason, R.E., 2005, Steam-heated alteration at the Florida Canyon epithermal gold deposit, Nevada; assemblages, timing and possible fluid sources: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 420.
113. Sanford, W.E., 1997, Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of groundwater: Ground Water, v. 35, p. 357-361, doi: 10.1111/ j.1745-6584.1997.tb00093.x.
114. Sass, J.H., Lachenbrach. A.H., Munroe, R.J., Green, G.W., and Moses, T.H., Jr., 1971, Heat flow in the western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, p. 6356-6431.
115. Senger, R.K., and Fogg, G.E., 1990a, Stream functions and equivalent freshwater heads for modeling regional flow of variable-density groundwater; 1, Review of theory and verification: Water Resources Research, v. 26, p. 2089-2096.
116. Senger, R.K., and Fogg, G.E., 1990b, Stream functions and equivalent freshwater heads for modeling regional flow of variable-density groundwater; 2, Application and implications for modeling strategy: Water Resources Research, v. 26, p. 2097-2106.
117. Shapiro, A.M., 1998, Characterizing fractured rock aquifers for sources water protection; the likelihood of success: Proceedings, Source-Water Protection Technical Conference, Dallas, Texas, April 28-30, 1998: National Water Research Institute, p. 65-70.
118. Sheppard, S.M.F., and Gilg, M.A., 1996, Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals; the story of sloppy, sticky, lumpy and tough, Cairns-Smith (1971): Clay Minerals, v. 31, p. 1-24, doi: 10.1180/ claymin.1996.031.1.01.
119. Sibson, R.H., and Scott, J., 1998, Stress/fault controls on the containment and release of overpressured fluids; examples from gold-quartz. vein systems in Juneau, Alaska; Victoria, Australia and Otago, New Zealand: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 13, p. 293-306, doi: 10.1016/ S0169-1368(97)00023-1.
120. Sibson, R.H., Robert, F., Poulsen, K.H., 1988, High-angle reverse faults, fluid-pressure cycling, and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits: Geology, v. 16, p. 551-555.
121. Smith, C., 1983, Thermal hydrology and heat flow of Beowawe geothermal area, Nevada: Geophysics, v. 48, p. 618-626, doi: 10.1190/1.1441492.
122. Smith, G.I., Friedman, I., Guida, V., and Johnson, C.A., 2002, Stable isotope compositions of water in the Great Basin, United States, 3: Comparison of Groundwaters with modern precipitation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, no. D19, 4402, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000567.
123. Smith, L., and Chapman, D.S., 1983, On the thermal effects of groundwater flow. 1. Regional scale systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 593-608, doi: 10.1029/ JB088iB01p00593.
124. Smith, R., Grauch, V., and Blackwell, D., 2002, Preliminary results of a high-resolution aeromagnetic survey to identify buried faults at Dixie Valley, Nevada, in Geothermal energy - The baseload renewable resource: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v, 26, p. 323-326.
125. Smith, T.E., 1968, Aeromagnetic measurements in Dixie Valley Nevada; implications on Basin-Range structure: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p, 1321-1331, doi: 10.1029/JB073i004p01321.
126. Steinkampf, W.C., and Werrell, W.E., 2001, Ground-water flow to Death Valley, as inferred from the chemistry and geohydrology of selected springs in Death Valley National Park, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4114, 37 p.
127. Stewart, J.H., and Carlson, J.E., 1976, Geologic map of north-central Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 50, scale 1:250,000.
128. Stober, I., and Bucher, K., 2005, The upper continental crust, an aquifer and its fluids; hydraulic and chemical data from k km depth in fracture crystalline basement rocks at the KTB test site: Geofluids, v. 5, p. 8-191, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00106.x.
129. Struhsacker, E.M., 1980, The geology of the Beowawe geothermal system, Eureka and Lander counties, Nevada: University of Utah Research Institute, Earth Science Laboratory Report ESL,37, U.S. Department of Energy 12079-7, 78 p.
130. Struhsacker, D.W,, 1986, Geology and mineralization of the Beowawe-White Canyon area, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada, in Tingley, J.V., and Bonham, H.F. Jr., eds., Precious-metal mineralization in hot springs systems, Nevada-Califoniia: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report 41, p. 108-116.
131. Thomas, J.M., Mason, J.L., and Crabtree, J.D., 1986, Ground-water levels in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-694-B, 2 sheets.
132. Tilden, J.E., Ponce, D.A., Glen, J.M.G., John, D.A., and Person, M.A., 2005, Three-dimensional geologic model of the Beowawe geothermal area, north-central Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 380.
133. Toth, J., 1963, A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 69, p. 4795-4812.
134. Vikre, P.G., 1994, Gold mineralization and fault evolution at the Dixie Comstock Mine, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 89, p. 707-719.
135. Wallace, A.R., 2003, Geology of the Ivanhoe Hg-Au district northern Nevada: influence of Miocene volcanism, lakes, and active faulting on epithermal mineralization: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 409-424.
136. Wallace, A.R., and John, D.A., 1998, New studies on Tertiary volcanic rocks and mineral deposits, northern Nevada Rift: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-0338-B, p. 264-278.
137. Wallace, A.R., Ludington, S., Mihalasky, M.J., Peters, S.G., Theodore, T.G., Ponce, D.A., John, D.A., Berger, B.R., Zientek, M.L., Sidder, G.B., and Zierenberg, R.A., 2004, Assessment of metallic resources in the Humboldt River basin, northern Nevada; with a section on platinum-group-elements (PGE) potential of the Humboldt mafic complex: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2218, 309 p.
138. Wallace, A.R., Perkins, M.E., and Fleck, R.J., 2008, Geologic map of the Huntsman Ranch quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map, scale 1:24,000.
139. Wang, P., Cohen, D., Person, M., and Marksammer, A., 2007, Three-dimensional paleohydrologic simulation using parallel GEOFE on the Teragrid resources: Proceedings, Second Annual National Science Foundation Teragrid annual meeting, Madison, Wisconsin.
140. Waring, G.A., 1965, Thermal springs of the United States and other countries of die world; a summary: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 492, 383 p.
141. Welch, A.H., and Bright, D.J., eds., 2007, Water resources of the Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifer system in White Pine County, Nevada, and adjacent areas in Nevada and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1156, 118 p.
142. Wesnousky, S.G., Barron, A.D., Briggs, R.W., Caskey, S.J., Kumar, S., and Owen, L., 2005, Paleoseismic transect across the northern Great Basin, USA: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, B05408, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003283.
143. White, D.E., 1998, The Beowawe Geysers, Nevaqa, befow geothermal development: U.S. Geological Survey-Bufletin 998, 25 p.
144. Willet, S.D., 1992, Modeling thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite, in Zentilli, M., and Reynolds, P.H., eds., Low temperature thermochronology: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook, v. 20, p. 43-72.
145. Williams, C.F., 2002, Geothermal systems of the Great Basin and U.S. Geological Survey Plans for regional resource, assessment, in Geothermal energy - The baseload renewable resource: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 26, p. 547-550.
146. Winograd, I.J., and Doty, G.C., 1980, Paleohydrology of the southern Great Basin, with special reference to water table fluctuations beneath the Nevada Test Site during the late(?) Pleistocene: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-569, 91 p.
147. Winograd, I.J., and Pearson, F.J., Jr., 1976, Major carbon 14 anomaly in a regional carbonate aquifer; possible evidence for megascale channeling, south-central Great Basin: Water Resources Research, v. 12, p. 1125-1143, doi: 10.1029/WR012i006p01125.
148. Winograd, I.J., and Thordarson, W., 1975, Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical framework, south-central Great Basin, Nevada-California, with special reference to the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 712-C, 126 p.
149. Zhang, Li-Gang, Jingxiu, L., Zhensheng, C., and Huanbo, Z., 1994, Experimental investigations of oxygen isotope fractionation in cassiterite and wolframite: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 89, p. 150-157.
150. Zheng, Y.-F., 1999, Oxygen isotope fractionations in carbonate and sulfate minerals: Geochemical Journal, v. 33, p. 109-126.
151. Zoback, M.L., 1979, A geologic and geophysical investigation of the Beowawe geothermal area, north-central Nevada: Stanford University Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 16, p. 1-79.
152. Zoback, M.L., McKee, E.H., Blakely, R.J., and Thompson, G.A., 1994, The northern Nevada rift; regional tectono-magmatic relations and middle Miocene stress direction: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 371-382, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)10 6<0371:TNNRRT>23.CO;2.