The Milwaukee platoon school battle: Lessons for activist teachers

Urban Review

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 47-69

  Levine, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Educational reform; History; Milwaukee; Teachers; Urban education

Indexed keywords

EID: 52649109653     PISSN: 00420972     EISSN: 15731960     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1014445211679     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Berger, M. (1943-1944). Unpublished autobiographical manuscript (microfilm copy), Victor L. Berger Papers. Madison, WI: State Historical Society.
2. Berube, M. R., and Gittell, M. (1969). Confrontation at Ocean Hill-Brownsville: The New York School Strikes of 1968. New York: Praeger.
3. Boyce, T. (1924). A letter from Principal Boyce. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee for the Year Ending June 30, 1924 (pp. 475-476). Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
4. Boyce, T. (1925). The platoon school. Elementary School Journal 26: 246-248.
5. Boyce, T., Walsh, F., and Ruhnke, R. (1924). Principals' report on platoon schools. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee for the Year Ending June 30, 1924 (pp. 473-475). Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
6. Callahan, R. E. (1962). Education and the Cult of Efficiency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7. Chase, B. (1997, February 5). Speech at the National Press Club.
8. Cohen, R., and Mohl, R. (1979). The Paradox of Progressive Education: The Gary Plan and Urban Schooling. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
9. Copeland, P. (1999). Getting out the message: An interview with union president Paulette Copeland. In B. Peterson and M. Charney (Eds.), Transforming Teacher Unions: Fighting for Better Schools and Social Justice, pp. 62-65. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools.
10. Cremin, L. (1964). The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957. New York: Random House.
11. Curtail tests of rotary plan (1925, May 25). Milwaukee Journal, p. 20.
12. Deffenbaugh, W. S. (1923, July). Bibliography of the Work-Study-Play, or Platoon, Plan. Washington, DC: Bureau of Education.
13. Dewey J., and Dewey, E. (1915). Schools of To-morrow. New York: Dutton.
14. Gardner, E., and Manthey, C. (1924). Minority report from the special committee named to investigate platoon schools. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee for the Year Ending June 30, 1924, pp. 450-472. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
15. Geske, M. (1924, May 27). Letter to Leo Tiefenthaler. City Club Collection. Madison, WI: State Historical Society.
16. Give the people a voice in their schools! (1907, March 30). Social Democratic Herald, pp. 1-3.
17. Greene, J. B. (1924). Letter to the Milwaukee Board of School Directors. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1924, p. 18. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
18. Haley, M. (1904). Why teachers should organize. NEA Addresses and Proceedings, 43rd Annual Meeting, St. Louis, pp. 145-152.
19. Ideal school board should be small; Members should be appointed (1907, March 20). Milwaukee Free Press, p. 3.
20. Jones, G., Brett, D., Hardin, B., Chapman, L., Yarbrough, T., and Davis, M. (1999). The impact of high-stakes testing on teachers and students in North Carolina. Phi Delta Kappan (November): 199-203.
21. Kilpatrick, W. H. (1918). The project method. Teachers College Record 19; 319-335.
22. Kliebard, H. (1987). The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893-1958. New York: Routledge.
23. Levine, D. (1988). Outcome based education: Grand design or blueprint for failure? Rethinking Schools 2(2, December-January) 1, 12-14.
24. Levine, D. (1995). Milwaukee Socialists and the struggle for democratic schools, 1916-1930. Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
25. Milwaukee Teachers' Association (1917, February 7). Secretary's Minutes. Milwaukee Teachers Education Association Archives.
26. Milwaukee Teachers' Association (1920, May 12). Secretary's Minutes. Milwaukee Teachers Education Association Archives.
27. Milwaukee Teachers' Association (1921, December 7). Secretary's Minutes. Milwaukee Teachers Education Association Archives.
28. Nickolaus, C., Sheehan, J. P., Brown, W., and Ohl, H. (1924). Report of the special committee appointed by the Federated Trades Council to investigate the platoon system. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1925. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
29. Peterson. R. (1989). Don't mourn - organize": Teachers take the offensive against basals. Theory into Practice 28(4, August): 295-299.
30. Peterson, R. (1995a). La escuela Fratney: A journey toward democracy. In M. Apple and J. Bean (Eds.), Democratic Schools, pp. 58-82. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
31. Peterson, R. (1995b). Which side are you on? The role of teacher unions in school reform. In D. Levine et al. (eds.), Rethinking Schools: An Agenda for Change, pp. 253-263. New York: New Press.
32. Platoon plan extension is not favored (1925, May 22). Milwaukee Leader, p. 2.
33. Potter, M. (1913). Superintendent's annual report. 55th Annual Report of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
34. Potter, M. (1915). Superintendent's Annual Report. 57th Annual Report of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
35. Potter, M. (1924). Superintendent's Annual Report. 66th Annual Report of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
36. Potter makes plea for individuality (1914, July 26). Milwaukee Sentinel, Part 2, p. 4.
37. Reese, W. (1981). "Partisans of the Proletariat": The Socialist working class and the Milwaukee schools, 1890-1920. History of Education Quarterly (Spring): 3-50.
38. Refer rotary plan to school board (1924, July 25). Wisconsin News, p. 3.
39. Rotary school tryout voted (1924, June 3). Milwaukee Journal, p. 2.
40. School board members in hot discussion of "rotary" system (1924, June 25). Milwaukee Leader, p. needed.
41. School platoons bring new clash (1924, July 24). Milwaukee Sentinel, pp. 1,?.
42. Schuler, D. H. (1924). Minority report in re platoon system. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1924, pp. 605-607. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
43. Schweigert, J. (1924). Letter to the Milwaukee Board of School Directors. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1924, p. 18. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
44. Shinnick, J. (1924). May 7 Minutes of the Executive Board of the Milwaukee Teachers' Association. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Teachers Education Association Archives.
45. Theisen, W. W., Sherman, G., and Knoelk, W. C. (1924). Majority report from the special committee named to investigate platoon schools. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1924, pp. 405-450. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.
46. Tyack, D. (1974). The One Best System:
47. Tyack, D., and Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48. Weber, F. (1924). Letter to the honorable directors of the public school department. Proceedings of the Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the Year Ending June 30, 1925, p. 17. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Schools.