Self-reported effects of alkyl nitrite use: A qualitative study Amongst targeted groups

Addiction Research and Theory

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 519-548

  French, Rebecca S ^a   Power, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alkyl nitrites; Education needs; Health; Knowledge; Sexual behaviour

Indexed keywords

EID: 5244381916     PISSN: 16066359     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/16066359709004364     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adams, J. (1996) Risk. UCL Press: London.
2. Armenian, H. K., Hoover, D. R., Rubb, S., Metz, S., Kaslow, R., Visscher, B., Chmiel, J., Kingsley, L. and Saah, A. (1993) "Composite risk score for Kaposi's sarcoma based on a case-control and longitudinal study in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) population," American Journal of Epidemiology, 138 (4), 256-265.
3. Ascher, M. S., Sheppard, H. W., Winkelstein, W. and Vittinghoff (1993) "Does drug use cause AIDS?," Nature, 362, 103-104.
4. Beral, V., Bull, D., Darby, S., Weller, I., Carne, C., Beecham, M. and Jaffe, H. (1992) "Risk of Kaposi's sarcoma and sexual practices associated with faecal contact in homosexual or bisexual men with AIDS," The Lancet, 339 (8794), 632-635.
5. Bills, S. A. and Duncan, D. F. (1991) "Drugs and sex: a survey of college students' beliefs," Perception and Motivational Skills, 72 (3), 1293-1294.
6. Bogart, L., Bonsignore, J. and Carvalho, A. (1986) "Massive hemolysis following inhalation of volatile nitrites," American Journal of Hematology, 22, 327-329.
7. Bos, J. D., Jansen, F. C. and Timmer, J. G. (1985) "Allergic contact dermatitis to amyl nitrite ("poppers")," Contact Dermatitis, 12, 109.
8. Bradberry, S. M., Whittington, R. M., Parry, D. A., Biol, M. and Vale, J. A. (1994) "Fatal methemoglobinemia due to inhalation of isobutyl nitrite," Clinical Toxicology, 32 (2), 170-184.
9. Brosius, F. C., Blackbourne, B. D. and Roberts, S. C. (1980) "Death in the disco," Chest, 78 (2), 321-324.
10. Brunton, T. L. (1867) "On the use of nitrite of amyl in angina pectoris," The Lancet, 2, 97-98.
11. Buffum, J. (1982) "Pharmacosexualogy: the effects of drugs on sexual function, a review," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 14, 5-44.
12. Calzavara, L. M., Coats, R. A., Rabound, J. M., Farewell, V. T., Read, S. E., Sheppard, F. A., Fawning, M. M. and MacFadden, D. (1993) "Ongoing high-risk sexual behaviors in relation to recreational drug use in sexual encounters. Analyses. +5 years data from the Toronto Sexual Contact Study," Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 272-280.
13. Centers for Disease Control (1981) "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Homosexual Men - New York City and California," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30, 250-252.
14. Chiarello, R., Sloand, E. and Kumar, P. et al. (1991) "Sexual, medical and addictive characteristics of HIV-1 infected persons," International Conference on AIDS, 7 (1), 410 (abstract no. M.D. 4082).
15. Cohen, S. (1979) "The volatile nitrites," Journal of the American Medical Association, 241, 2077-2078.
16. Davidson, S., Dew, M. A., Penkower, L., Becker, J. T., Kingsley, L. and Sullivan, P. F. (1992) "Substance use and sexual behavior among homosexual men at risk for HIV infection: psychological moderators," Psychological Health, 7 (4), 259-272.
17. Dax, E. M., Nagel, J. E., Lange, W. R., Adler, W. H. and Jaffe, J. H. (1988) "Effects of nitrites on the immune system of humans. In: Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. (eds.) Adler M. W. et al. NIDA Res Monogr. 83, 75-80.
18. Dax, E. M., Lange, W. R. and Jaffe, J. (1989) "Allergic reactions to amyl nitrite inhalation," American Journal of Medicine, 86, 732.
19. Dax, E. M., Adler, W. H., Nagel, J. E., Lange, W. R. and Jaffe, J. H. (1991) "Amyl nitrite alters human in vitro immune function," Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 13 (4), 577-587.
20. De Wit, J. B. and van Griensven, G. J. (1994) "Time from safer to unsafe sexual behaviour among homosexual men," AIDS, 8 (1), 123-126.
21. Dixon, D. S., Reisch, R. F. and Santinga, P. H. (1981) "Fatal methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutylnitrite, a "room odourizer" widely used for recreational purposes," Journal of Forensic Science, 26, 587-589.
22. Drotman, D. P. and Haverkos, H. W. (1990) "Nitrite inhalants. In: (ed.) Watson R. R. Cofactors in HIV-1 infection and AIDS (CRC Press Inc.: Boca Raton, Fla.), 231-236.
23. Duesberg, P. (1992) "Letters to the Editor: AIDS the alternative view," The Lancet, 339 (8808), 1547.
24. Durak, D. T. (1981) "Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men," New England Journal of Medicine, 305, 1465.
25. Fisher, A. A., Brancaccio, R. R. and Jelinek, J. E. (1981) "Facial dermatitis in men due to inhalation of butyl nitrite," Cutis, 27 (146), 152-153.
26. Goode, E. and Troiden, R. R. (1979) "Amyl nitrite use among homosexual men," American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1067-1069.
27. Haley, T. J. (1980) "Review of the physiological effects of amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrites," Clinical Toxicology, 16 (3), 317-329.
28. Hart, G. and Boulton, M. (1995) Sexual behaviour in gay men: towards a sociology of risk. In: P. Aggleton, P. Davies and G. Hart (eds) AIDS: Safety, Sexuality and Risk. (Taylor and Francis: London).
29. Haverkos, H. W. and Dougherty, J. (1988) "Health hazards of nitrite inhalants," American Journal of Medicine, 84, 479-482.
30. Haverkos, H. W. (1988) Epidemiological Studies-Kaposi's Sarcoma Vs. Opportunistic Infections Among Homosexual Men With AIDS. In: Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. NIDA Res Monogr. 83, 96-105.
31. Health Education Authority. (1992) Today's Young Adults: 16-19-Year Olds Look at Diet Alcohol, Smoking, Drugs and Sexual Behaviour. Report on the Survey Period March-May 1990. (Health Education Authority, v.: London).
32. Health Education Authority. (1996) Drug Realities: National Drugs Campaign Survey. (Health Education Authority: London).
33. Home Office. (1996) Drug misuse declared: results of the 1994 British Crime Survey. London: Home Office; Research Study 151.
34. Horne, M. K., Waterman, M. R. and Simon, L. M. (1979) "Methamoglobimemia from sniffing butylnitrite," Annals of Internal Medicine, 91, 417-418.
35. Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence. (1994) "Drug Notes: Poppers," (Leaflet). London.
36. Israelstam, S. et al. (1978a) "Poppers: a new recreational drug craze," Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 23, 493-495.
37. Israelstam, S., Lambert, S. and Oki, G. (1978b) "Use of isobutyl nitrite as a recreational drug," British Journal of Addiction, 73, 319-320.
38. James, J. S. (1992) "Warning: "poppers" return, more evidence of harm," AIDS Treatment News, #160, 6-7.
39. Lange, W. R., Haertzen, C., Hickey, J. E. et al. (1988) "Nitrite inhalants: patterns of abuse in Baltimore and Washington, D.C.," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 14, 29-39.
40. Lange, W. R. and Fralich, J. (1989) "Nitrite inhalants: promising and discouraging news," British Journal of Addiction, 84, 121-123.
41. Lauretsen, J. (1993) "Political-economic construction of gay male clone identity," Journal of Homosexuality, 24, 221-232.
42. Louria, D. B. (1976) "Hazards of sniffing amyl nitrite during sexual intercourse," Journal of the American Medical Association, 236 (14), 1622.
43. Lowry, T. P. (1979) "The volatile nitrites as sexual drugs: a user survey," Journal of Sexual Education and Therapy, 1, 8-10.
44. Lowry, T. P. (1982) "Uses and abuses of amyl and butyl nitrite," British Journal of Sexual Medicine, Sept., 16-18.
45. Maickel, R. P. (1988) The fate and toxicity of butyl nitrites. In: Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. (eds.) Adler M. W. et al. NIDA Res Monogr. 83, 15-28.
46. Matthew, R. J., Wilson, W. H. and Tant, S. R. (1988) "Regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with amyl nitrite inhalation," British Journal of Addiction, 84, 293-299.
47. McKiman, D., Stokes, J., Vanable, P., Burzette, R. and Doll, L. (1993) "Predictors of unsafe sex among bisexual men: the role of gay identification," Int. Conf. AIDS, 9(2), 819 (abstract no. PO-D07-3607).
48. Miles, A. M. and Huberman, M. B. (1994) Data management and analysis methods. In: Handbook of Qualitative Research. 428-444 (eds.) N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Sage Publications, Inc.).
49. Mirvish, S. S. and Haverkos, H. W. (1987) "Butyl nitrite in the induction of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS," (letter) New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1603.
50. Mirvish, S. S., Ramm, M. D. and Babcook. (1988) Indications from animal and chemical experiments of a carcinogenic role for isobutyl nitrite. In: Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. NIDA Res Monogr. 83, 39-49.
51. Newell, G. R., Spitz, M. R. and Wilson, M. B. (1988) Nitrite inhalants: historical perspective. In: Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. (eds.) Adler et al. NIDA Res Monogr. 83, 1-15.
52. Nickerson, M., Parker, J. O., Lowry, T. P. and Swenson (1979) Isobutyl Nitrite and Relayed Compounds, (Pharmex, Ltd., San Francisco).
53. Osterloh, J. and Oison, K. (1986) "Letters and Corrections: Toxicities of Alkly Nitrites," Annals of Internal Medicine, 104 (5), 727.
54. Ostrow, D. G., VanRaden, M. J., Fox, R., Kingsley, L. A., Dudley, J. and Kaslow, R. A. (1990) "Recreational drug use and sexual behaviour change in a cohort of homosexual men," AIDS, 4 (8), 759-765.
55. Ostrow, D. G., Beltran, E. D., Joseph, J. G., DiFranceisco, W., Wesch, J. and Chmiel, J. S. (1993) "Recreational drugs and sexual behavior in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexually active men," Journal of Substance Abuse, 5 (4), 311-325.
56. Ostrow, D. G. (1994) "Substance abuse and HIV infection," Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17 (1), 69-89.
57. O'Toole, J. B., Robbins, G. B. and Dixon, D. S. (1987) "Ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a recreational chemical of abuse, causing fatal methemoglobinemia," J For Sci, 32, 1811-1812.
58. Pearlman, J. and Adams, G. (1970) "Amyl nitrite inhalation fad," Journal of the American Medical Association, 212, 160.
59. Rhodes, T. and Quirk, A. (1996) Heroin, risk and sexual safety. In: AIDS, Drugs and Prevention. (eds.) Rhodes T. and Hartnoll R. (Routledge: London).
60. Rosof, N. H. and Cohen, M. V. (1986) "Profound bradycardia after amylnitrite in patients with attendancy to vasovagal episodes," British Heart Journal, 55, 97-100.
61. Sarvervaran, E. R., Fysh, R. and Bowen, D. A. L. (1992) "Amyl nitrite related deaths," Medical and Scientific Law, 32 (3), 267-269.
62. Seage, G. R., Mayer, K. H., Horsburgh, C. R., Holmberg, S. D., Moon, M. W. and Lamb, G. A. (1992) "The relation between nitrite inhalants, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection," American Journal of Epidemiology, 135 (1), 1-11.
63. Sharp, C. W. and Stillman, R. C. (1980) "Blush not with nitrites," Annals Internal Medicine, 92, 700-701.
64. Smith, M., Stair, T. and Rolnick, M. A. (1980) "Butyl-nitrite and a suicide attempt," Annals of Internal Medicine, 92, 719-720.
65. Smith, R. (1995) A Report of the Findings of an Initial Survey into Survey into Lesbians, Gay men and Bisexual Men and Women's Drug Use by Project LSD. (Unpublished).
66. Valentine, C., Weston, R. and Kitchen, V. et al. (1992) "Anonymous questionnaire to assess consumption of prescribed and alternative medication and patterns of recreational drug use in a HIV positive population," 8 (1), Th67 (abstract no. ThB 1508).
67. Waugh, M. (1979) "Amyl nitrite as a sexual stimulant," British Medical Journal, 25, 499.
68. Whitby, D., Howard, M. R., Tenant-Flowers, M., Brink, N. S., Copas, A., Boshoff, C., Hatzioannou, T., Suggett, F. E. A., Aldam, D. M., Denton, A. S., Miller, R. F., Weller, I. V. D., Tedder, R. S. and Schulz, T. F. (1995) "Detection of Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma," The Lancet, 346, 799-802.
69. Wills, S. (1993) "Abuse of prescription drugs," Pharmacology Journal, 250 (6734), 537-540.
70. Zinberg, N. (1984) Drug, set and setting. (Yale University Press: New Haven).