Lightning flashes with high origins

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 1693-1706

  Proctor, David E ^a  

^a NONE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; ELECTRIC FIELD; LIGHTNING FLASH; ORIGIN;

EID: 5244345009     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd02635     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Beasley, W. H., M. A. Uman, D. M. Jordan, and C. Ganesh, Simultaneous pulses of light and electric field from stepped leaders near ground level, J. Geophys. Res., 88, (C13), 8617-8619, 1983.
2. Brantley, R. D., J. A. Tiller, and M. A. Uman, Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records, J. Geophys. Res., 80, (24), 3402-3406, 1975.
3. Brook, M., and T. Ogawa, The Cloud Discharge, in Lightning, vol. 1, edited by R. H. Golde, pp. 191-230, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1977.
4. Brown, K. A., P. R. Krehbiel, C. B Moore, and G. N. Sargent, Electrical screening layers around charged clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 76, (12), 2825-2835, 1971.
5. Dawson, G., A. Pressure dependence of water-drop corona onset and its atmospheric importance. Jour. Geopys. Res., 74, (28), 6859-6868, 1969.
6. Isikawa, H., Nature of lightning discharges as origins of atmospherics, Proc. Res. Inst. of Atmos., 8A, Nagoya Univ., pp. 1-273, Nagoya, Japan, 1961.
7. Kitagawa, N., On the mechanism of cloud flash and junction or final process in flash to ground, Pap. in Meteorol. Geophys., 7, ( 4), 415-424, 1957.
8. Kitagawa, N., and M. Brook, A comparison of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 65, (4), 1189-1201, 1960.
9. Kitagawa, N., and M. Kobayashi, Field changes and variations of luminosity due to lightning flashes, in Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electricity, edited by L. G. Smith, pp. 485-501, Pergamon, Tarrytown, N. Y., 1958.
10. Koshak, W. J., and E. P. Krider, Analysis of lightning field changes during active Florida thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 94, (D1), 1165-1186, 1989.
11. Krehbiel, P. R., An analysis of the electrical field change produced by lightning, vols. 1 and 2, UMIST Rep. T-11, N. M. Inst. of Min. and Technol., Socorro, 1981.
12. Maier, L. M., and E. P. Krider, The charges that are deposited by cloud-to-ground lightning in Florida, J. Geophys. Res., 91, (D12), 13,275-13,289, 1986.
13. Lhermitte, R., and P. R. Krehbiel, Doppler radar and radio observations of thunderstorms, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., GE-17, (4), 162-171, 1979.
14. Marshall, T. C., and B. Lin, Electricity in dying thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 97, (D9), 9913-9918, 1992.
15. Marshall, T. C., and W. D. Rust, Electric field soundings through thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 96, (D12), 22,297-22,306, 1991.
16. Ogawa, T., and M. Brook, The mechanism of the intracloud lightning discharge, J. Geophys. Res., 69, (24), 5141-5150, 1964.
17. Phelps, C. T., Field-enhanced propagation of corona streamers, J. Geophys. Res., 76, (24), 5799-5806, 1971.
18. Proctor, D. E., A hyperbolic method for obtaining VHF radio pictures of lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 76, (6), 1478-1489, 1971.
19. Proctor, D. E., VHF radio pictures of cloud flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 86, (C5), 4041-4071, 1981.
20. Proctor, D. E., Lightning and precipitation in a small multicellular thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 88, (C9), 5421-5440, 1983.
21. Proctor, D. E., Regions where lightning flashes began, J. Geophys. Res., 96,(D3), 5099-5112, 1991.
22. Proctor, D. E., Radio noise above 300 kHz due to natural causes, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, vol. 1, edited by H. Volland, pp. 311-358,CRC Press , Boca Raton, Fla., 1995.
23. Proctor, D. E., R. Uytenbogaardt, and B. M. Meredith, VHF radio pictures of lightning flashes to ground, J. Geophys. Res., 93, (D10), 12,683-12,727, 1988.
24. Rakov, V. A., R. Thottappillil, and M. A. Uman, Electric field pulses in K and M changes of lightning ground flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, (D9), 9935-9950, 1992.
25. Rhodes, C. T., X. M. Shao, P. R. Krehbiel, R. J. Thomas, and C. O. Hayenga, Observations of lightning phenomena using radio interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 99, (D6), 13,059-13,082, 1994.
26. Richard, P., and G. Aufrray, VHF-UHF interferometric measurements, Applications to lightning discharge mapping, Radio Sci., 20, (2), 171-192, 1985.
27. Rutledge, S. A., E. R. Williams, and W. A. Petersen, Lightning and electrical structure of mesoscale convective storms, Atmos. Res., 29, 27-53, 1993.
28. Shao, X. M., P. Krehbiel, and R. Thomas, Interferometric observations of positive streamers and other lightning phenomena, in Proceedings 9th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, June 15-19, 1992, vol. 3, pp. 647-650, A. I. Voeikov Main Geophys. Observ., St. Petersburg, Russia, 1992.
29. Sourdillon, M., Etude à la chambre de Boys de "l'éclair dans l'air" et du "coup de foudre à cime horizontale," Ann. Geophys., 8, (4), 349-379, 1952.
30. Takagi, M., The mechanism of discharges in a thundercloud, Proc. Res. Inst. of Atmos., 8B, Nagoya Univ., pp 1-106, Nagoya, Japan, 1961.
31. Uman, M. A., The Lightning Discharge, 376 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
32. Villanueva, Y., V. A. Rakov, M. A. Uman, and M. Brook, Microsecond-scale electric field pulses in cloud lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 99, (D7), 14,353-14,360, 1994.
33. Vonnegut, B., Some facts and speculations concerning the origin and role of thunderstorm electricity, Meteorol. Monogr., 5, 224-241, 1963.
34. Warwick, J. W., C. O. Hayenga, and J. W. Brosnahan, Interferometric dii rections of lightning sources at 34 MHz, J. Geophys. Res., 84, (C5), 2457-2468, 1979.
35. Winn, W. P., C. B. Moore, C. R. Holmes, and L. G. Byerley III, Thunderstorm on July 16, 1975, over Langmuir Laboratory: A Case Study, J. Geophys. Res., 83, (C6), 3079-3092, 1978.
36. Winn, W. P., C. B. Moore, and C. R. Holmes, Electric field structure in an active part of a small, isolated thundercloud, J. Geophys. Res., 86, (C2), 1187-1193, 1981.