The struggle for solidarity 1980-81: Two waves of leadership in conflict

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 261-284

  Biezenski, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGINA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5244334829     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139608412346     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Jadwiga Staniszkis, Poland's Self-Limiting Revolution (hereafter Revolution) (Princeton, 1984).
2. Alain Touraine, Solidarity (Cambridge, 1983).
3. Robert Biezenski, 'Workers' Self-Management and the Technical Intelligentsia in People's Poland', Politics and Society, 22, 1, 1994.
4. Andrew Arato, 'Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-81', Telos, 47, 1981; Andrew Arato, 'Empire vs. Civil Society: Poland 1981-82', Telos, 50, 1981-82.
5. Andrew Arato, 'Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-81', Telos, 47, 1981; Andrew Arato, 'Empire vs. Civil Society: Poland 1981-82', Telos, 50, 1981-82.
6. Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 23-28 et passim.
7. See David Mason, Public Opinion and Political Change in Poland (Cambridge, 1985).
8. Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution (London, 1983), pp. 192-233.
9. Ibid, p. 215.
10. See for example Jerzy Borowiecki, Solidarność (Warsaw, 1982); Waldemar Stelmach, Drugie Oblicze Solidarności (Warsaw, 1985).
11. See for example Jerzy Borowiecki, Solidarność (Warsaw, 1982); Waldemar Stelmach, Drugie Oblicze Solidarności (Warsaw, 1985).
12. See Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (London, 1957), p. 203; T. B. Bottomore, Elites and Society (Middlesex, 1964), p. 70; Jan Szczepanski, 'Problems of Sociological Research on the Polish Intelligentsia', Polish Sociological Bulletin, 1961, 1, p. 38.
13. See Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (London, 1957), p. 203; T. B. Bottomore, Elites and Society (Middlesex, 1964), p. 70; Jan Szczepanski, 'Problems of Sociological Research on the Polish Intelligentsia', Polish Sociological Bulletin, 1961, 1, p. 38.
14. See Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (London, 1957), p. 203; T. B. Bottomore, Elites and Society (Middlesex, 1964), p. 70; Jan Szczepanski, 'Problems of Sociological Research on the Polish Intelligentsia', Polish Sociological Bulletin, 1961, 1, p. 38.
15. Robert Michels, Political Parties (New York, 1962).
16. Gideon Sjoberg & Roger Nett, A Methodology for Social Research (New York, 1968), pp. 213-214.
17. On the 1940s conflicts see Jaime Reynolds, 'Communists, Socialists, and Workers: Poland 1944-48', Soviet Studies, 30, 4, 1978. For a summary history of the succeeding conflicts, see Jakub Karpinski, Countdown (New York, 1982).
18. On the 1940s conflicts see Jaime Reynolds, 'Communists, Socialists, and Workers: Poland 1944-48', Soviet Studies, 30, 4, 1978. For a summary history of the succeeding conflicts, see Jakub Karpinski, Countdown (New York, 1982).
19. Feliks Gross, The Polish Worker (New York, 1945).
20. See Poznań 1956-Grudzien 1970 (Paris, 1971); Edmund Baluka, 'Myths and Realities of the Workers' Movement', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 2, 1977; Wojciech Bazikowski, 'An Independent Union in 1956', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 4, 4-6, 1981; Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity (Princeton, 1991), chaps 2 & 3.
21. See Poznań 1956-Grudzien 1970 (Paris, 1971); Edmund Baluka, 'Myths and Realities of the Workers' Movement', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 2, 1977; Wojciech Bazikowski, 'An Independent Union in 1956', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 4, 4-6, 1981; Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity (Princeton, 1991), chaps 2 & 3.
22. See Poznań 1956-Grudzien 1970 (Paris, 1971); Edmund Baluka, 'Myths and Realities of the Workers' Movement', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 2, 1977; Wojciech Bazikowski, 'An Independent Union in 1956', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 4, 4-6, 1981; Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity (Princeton, 1991), chaps 2 & 3.
23. See Poznań 1956-Grudzien 1970 (Paris, 1971); Edmund Baluka, 'Myths and Realities of the Workers' Movement', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 2, 1977; Wojciech Bazikowski, 'An Independent Union in 1956', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 4, 4-6, 1981; Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity (Princeton, 1991), chaps 2 & 3.
24. Jean-Yves Potel, The Summer before the Frost (London, 1982), pp. 22-23.
25. Alex Pravda, 'The Workers', in Abraham Brumberg (ed.), Poland (New York, 1983), pp. 80-81.
26. See Stan Persky & Henry Flam (eds.), The Solidarity Sourcebook (Vancouver, 1982), pp. 68-78.
27. Ireneusz Krzemiński et al., Polacy - Jesień 80 (Warsaw, 1983), p. 119. Trans. mine.
28. On Gdańsk, see The Book of Lech Walesa (Middlesex, 1982), pp. 30-32. On Szczecin, see Małgorzata Szejnert & Tomasz Zalewski, Szczecin (London, 1986), pp. 36-63.
29. On Gdańsk, see The Book of Lech Walesa (Middlesex, 1982), pp. 30-32. On Szczecin, see Małgorzata Szejnert & Tomasz Zalewski, Szczecin (London, 1986), pp. 36-63.
30. Krzemiński, Polacy, pp. 135-137.
31. Ibid, pp. 268-269. See also Solidarność, 1981, 53, p. 7.
32. Ibid, pp. 268-269. See also Solidarność, 1981, 53, p. 7.
33. 'Man of the Year: Poland's Lech Walesa', Time, 4 January 1982, p. 18.
34. Adam Michnik, Takie Czasy ... (London, 1985), p. 40. Trans. mine.
35. John Coutouvidis & Jaime Reynolds, Poland 1939-1947 (Leicester, 1986), pp. 100-155.
36. On revisionism, see Leopold Labedz (ed.), Revisionism (London, 1962).
37. Adam Michnik, 'The New Evolutionism', Survey, 22, 3-4, 1976, pp. 267-269.
38. On the 1968 events, see Peter Raina, Political Opposition in Poland 1954-1977 (London, 1978), chap. 5.
39. Jan Józef Lipski, KOR (Berkeley, 1985), chap. 4.
40. Interviews 13, 32 & 33. See also Dissent in Poland 1976-1977 (London, 1977), pp. 63-70; 'Activists debate Strategy', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 6, 1978.
41. Interviews 13, 32 & 33. See also Dissent in Poland 1976-1977 (London, 1977), pp. 63-70; 'Activists debate Strategy', Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, 1, 6, 1978.
42. Pravda, 'The Workers', p. 88.
43. See for example Jacek Kuroń, 'Reflections on a Program of Action', The Polish Review, 22, 3, 1977; Leszek Moczulski, Revolution without Revolution (Menlo Park, CA, 1982).
44. See for example Jacek Kuroń, 'Reflections on a Program of Action', The Polish Review, 22, 3, 1977; Leszek Moczulski, Revolution without Revolution (Menlo Park, CA, 1982).
45. Waldemar Kuczyński, 'Droga do Stoczni Gdańskiej', Aneks, 31, 1983, p. 95. Trans. mine.
46. See Tadeusz Kowalik, 'Experts and the Working Group', in A. Kemp-Welch (ed.), The Birth of Solidarity (London, 1983), p. 145; Kuczynski, 'Droga', p. 95; Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 57-59.
47. See Tadeusz Kowalik, 'Experts and the Working Group', in A. Kemp-Welch (ed.), The Birth of Solidarity (London, 1983), p. 145; Kuczynski, 'Droga', p. 95; Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 57-59.
48. See Tadeusz Kowalik, 'Experts and the Working Group', in A. Kemp-Welch (ed.), The Birth of Solidarity (London, 1983), p. 145; Kuczynski, 'Droga', p. 95; Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 57-59.
49. Szejnert & Zalewski, Szczecin, p. 226.
50. Lipski, KOR, pp. 363-364.
51. Stan Persky, At the Lenin Shipyard (Vancouver, 1981), pp. 3-24.
52. Ibid, pp. 58-135. See also Ewa Milewicz, 'Ja, Happening, Stocznia' in Barbara Toruńczyk (comp.), Gdańsk 1980 Oczyma Świadków (London, 1980).
53. Ibid, pp. 58-135. See also Ewa Milewicz, 'Ja, Happening, Stocznia' in Barbara Toruńczyk (comp.), Gdańsk 1980 Oczyma Świadków (London, 1980).
54. Ibid, pp. 58-135. See also Ewa Milewicz, 'Ja, Happening, Stocznia' in Barbara Toruńczyk (comp.), Gdańsk 1980 Oczyma Świadków (London, 1980).
55. The text of both the Gdańsk and Szczecin agreements may be found in Oliver MacDonald (ed.), The Polish August (London, 1981), pp. 102-114.
56. Szejnert & Zalewski, Szczecin, p. 122.
57. Niezalezność, 1981, 64, p. 1.
58. Szejnert & Zalewski, Szczecin, pp. 305-311. Trans. mine.
59. Maciej Łopiński et al., Konspira (Paris, 1984), pp. 14-15.
60. Ash, Polish Revolution, p. 257.
61. Michels, Political Parties, p. 365.
62. Ibid, p. 353.
63. Denis MacShane, Solidarity (Nottingham, 1981), chap. 6.
64. Michels, Political Parties, p. 109.
65. MacShane, Solidarity, p. 74.
66. Ibid, p. 72.
67. Interviews 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, 23, 27 & 30.
68. Interviews 3, 10, 15, 26, 31 & 32.
69. Jacek Kurczewski, 'Solidarność od Wewnatrz', in Niepodległość Pracy (Warsaw, 1981), p. 43.
70. Szejnert & Zaiewski, Szczecin, p. 342.
71. Electoral results given in Niezależność, 1981, 73, pp. 1-2; Niezależność, 1981, 75, p. 1.
72. Electoral results given in Niezależność, 1981, 73, pp. 1-2; Niezależność, 1981, 75, p. 1.
73. All data are taken from Głos Wolny, 1981, 21, p. 4; Głos Wolny, 1981, 22, p. 4.
74. All data are taken from Głos Wolny, 1981, 21, p. 4; Głos Wolny, 1981, 22, p. 4.
75. Program of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarność (Toronto, 1982).
76. Cited in Kevin Ruane, The Polish Challenge (London, 1982), p. 233.
77. Program, p. 36.
78. See for example Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 202, p. 4; Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 208, p. 3.
79. See for example Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 202, p. 4; Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 208, p. 3.
80. Michnik, Takie Czasy, pp. 40-43. Trans. mine.
81. Wiktor Kulerski, 'Zwia + zkawe Spory', Niezależność, 1981, 32, pp. 1-3. Trans. mine.
82. Niezależność, 1981, 86-87, pp. 2-4.
83. Interviews 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 23, 27 & 30.
84. See for example Niezależność, 1981, 57, 58, 59 and 72; Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 105, 106, 118 and 122.
85. See for example Niezależność, 1981, 57, 58, 59 and 72; Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 105, 106, 118 and 122.
86. Niezależność, 1981, 168.
87. Niezależność, 1981, 155, p. 3.
88. Szymon Jakubowicz, Bitwa o Samorżad 1980-1981 (London, 1988), p. 78.
89. See for example Biblioteka Biuletynu Informacyjnego w Instytucie Badań Ja + drowych, 1981, 7, which contains seven articles all debating various aspects of this problem.
90. Interviews 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 18, 24, 27, 29, 30 & 33.
91. Interview 10.
92. Ash, Polish Revolution, p. 219.
93. ibid, pp. 209-211.
94. Colin Barker, Festival of the Oppressed (London, 1986), p. 119.
95. Ash, Polish Revolution, pp. 210-211.
96. Kurczewski, 'Solidarność', pp. 48-51.
97. Mason, Public Opinion, p. 118.
98. ibid, p. 120.
99. Biuletyn Informacyjny w Instytucie Badań Ja + drowych, 1981, 24, p. 7. Trans. mine.
100. Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 24-25.
101. Ash, Polish Revolution, p. 231.
102. Ludwik Dorn, 'Kierunki Działania "Solidarności" w Cia + gu Najbliższego Roku: Opinie Członków "Solidarności"', Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 133, pp. 1-2. Trans. mine.
103. Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 24-25; Barker, Festival, p. 125.
104. Staniszkis, Revolution, pp. 24-25; Barker, Festival, p. 125.
105. Mason, Public Opinion, pp. 125-175.
106. Wiadomości Dnia, 1981, 209, p. 2.
107. Mason, Public Opinion, p. 193.
108. Allen Kassof, 'The Administered Society', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964.