Pan-Islamism in late nineteenth-century Iran

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 30-52

  Kia, Mehrdad ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5244296471     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209608701090     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Bernard Lewis, The Shaping of the Modern Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 105.
2. Ibid., p.105. See also Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 Vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), Vol.2, pp.156-8, 259-60.
3. Ibid., p.105. See also Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 Vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), Vol.2, pp.156-8, 259-60.
4. Ibid., pp.105-6. See also, Haul Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age 1300-1600 (Praeger Publishers, 1973), p.58. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, p.250, pp.254-5. D. Sourdel, Khalifa in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (E.J. Brill, 1977), Vol. IV, p.946.
5. Ibid., pp.105-6. See also, Haul Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age 1300-1600 (Praeger Publishers, 1973), p.58. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, p.250, pp.254-5. D. Sourdel, Khalifa in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (E.J. Brill, 1977), Vol. IV, p.946.
6. Ibid., pp.105-6. See also, Haul Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age 1300-1600 (Praeger Publishers, 1973), p.58. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, p.250, pp.254-5. D. Sourdel, Khalifa in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (E.J. Brill, 1977), Vol. IV, p.946.
7. Ibid., pp.105-6. See also, Haul Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age 1300-1600 (Praeger Publishers, 1973), p.58. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, p.250, pp.254-5. D. Sourdel, Khalifa in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (E.J. Brill, 1977), Vol. IV, p.946.
8. J.C. Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, 2 Vols (D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. Princeton, 1956), Vol. 1, pp.55-6.
9. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.1, p.85. Bernard Lewis, The Shaping of the Modern Middle East, p.106.
10. Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.1, p.85. Bernard Lewis, The Shaping of the Modern Middle East, p.106.
11. Ibid., Vol.2, p.259. See also; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), p.335.
12. Ibid., Vol.2, p.259. See also; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), p.335.
13. Ibid., p.259.
14. See, Serif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), passim.
15. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.138-9, pp.334-7. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.130-3. Bernard Lewis, 'The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.1, No.3 (April, 1965). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 (London, 1962), pp.103-7.
16. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.138-9, pp.334-7. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.130-3. Bernard Lewis, 'The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.1, No.3 (April, 1965). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 (London, 1962), pp.103-7.
17. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.138-9, pp.334-7. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.130-3. Bernard Lewis, 'The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.1, No.3 (April, 1965). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 (London, 1962), pp.103-7.
18. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.138-9, pp.334-7. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.130-3. Bernard Lewis, 'The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.1, No.3 (April, 1965). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 (London, 1962), pp.103-7.
19. Robert G. Landen, The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970), p.99. See also; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, p.336.
20. Robert G. Landen, The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970), p.99. See also; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, p.336.
21. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.157-8, pp.259-60. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.336-7.
22. Stanford J. Shaw, and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.2, pp.157-8, pp.259-60. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp.336-7.
23. Mirza Malkam Khan, Qanun, edited and introduced by Homa Natiq (Tehran, 1977), p.1.
24. Ibid., p.1.
25. Ibrahim Safai, ed. Asnad-i Nowyafta (Tehran, 1971), Document 21, p.119.
26. Ibid., p.119.
27. Ibid., pp.119-20.
28. Ibrahim Safai (ed.), Bargha-yi Tarikh (Tehran, 1972), Document 35, pp.114-15.
29. Ibid., p.115.
30. Ibid., p.115.
31. Mostashar ud-Dowle to the then crown prince, Mozzafar ud-Din Mirza, as quoted in; Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, 2 Vols. (Tehran, 1983), Vol.1, p.176.
32. Ibid., pp.175-6.
33. Abdol RahimTalibov-i Tabrizi, Massalikul-Muhsinin (Tehran, n.d.), pp.52-3.
34. Ibid., p.181.
35. Ibid., p.53.
36. Ibid., p.53.
37. Ibid., p.53.
38. Ibid., p.53.
39. Mirza Malkam Khan, Qanun (Tehran, 1977).
40. Mirza Malkam Khan, Qanun, no.3, pp.2-3.
41. Ibid., no.11, pp.3-4.
42. Ibid., no.11, p.3.
43. Ibid., no.16, p.2.
44. Ibid., p.2.
45. Ibid., no.17, p.4.
46. Ibid., no.18, p.4.
47. For Afghani's life and political career, see three outstanding works: Elie Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London: The Humanities Press, 1966); Nikki R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968); Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972).
48. For Afghani's life and political career, see three outstanding works: Elie Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London: The Humanities Press, 1966); Nikki R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968); Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972).
49. For Afghani's life and political career, see three outstanding works: Elie Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London: The Humanities Press, 1966); Nikki R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968); Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972).
50. For an excellent account on the life and the political and social ideas of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, see Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani (Tehran, 1979). See also Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, Vol.1, pp.11-15. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973).
51. For an excellent account on the life and the political and social ideas of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, see Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani (Tehran, 1979). See also Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, Vol.1, pp.11-15. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973).
52. For an excellent account on the life and the political and social ideas of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, see Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani (Tehran, 1979). See also Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, Vol.1, pp.11-15. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973).
53. Ibid., pp.18-19.
54. Ibid., pp.22-3. Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, Vol. 1, p. 11.
55. Ibid., pp.22-3. Nazim ul-lslam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, Vol. 1, p. 11.
56. Ibid., p.23.
57. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Collection of Letters Received by Malkam. Supplement Persan, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997 (Blochet, Catalogue des Manuscrits Persans IV: 284-291). See also; Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, pp.28-9. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.216, p.310.
58. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Collection of Letters Received by Malkam. Supplement Persan, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997 (Blochet, Catalogue des Manuscrits Persans IV: 284-291). See also; Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, pp.28-9. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.216, p.310.
59. Ibid., Mirza Agha Khan Kermani to Malkam, dated 12 Rabi us-Sani, 1308(lunar). Ibid., p.29. Ibid., p.217.
60. Ibid., Mirza Agha Khan Kermani to Malkam, dated 12 Rabi us-Sani, 1308(lunar). Ibid., p.29. Ibid., p.217.
61. Ibid., Mirza Agha Khan Kermani to Malkam, dated 12 Rabi us-Sani, 1308(lunar). Ibid., p.29. Ibid., p.217.
62. Ibid., Mirza Agha Khan to Malkam, Undated Letter.
63. Ibid. Also see Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, pp.217-18.
64. Ibid. Also see Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, pp.217-18.
65. Ibid.
66. Hamid Algar has also reached the same conclusion. See Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.218.
67. Mirza Agha Khan to Malkam, Undated Letter.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid., Mirza Agha Khan to Malkam, dated 12 Rabi ul-Avval, 1311 (lunar).
70. Afzal ul-Molk, The Introduction to Hasht Bihisht, as quoted in Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, p.38. Also see Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.224.
71. Afzal ul-Molk, The Introduction to Hasht Bihisht, as quoted in Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, p.38. Also see Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.224.
72. Afzal ul-Molk, The Introduction to Hasht Bihisht, as quoted in Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, p.38. Also see Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.224.
73. Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, pp.38-46.
74. Ibid., pp.47-8. See also; Nazim ul-Islam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, pp.12-15.
75. Ibid., pp.47-8. See also; Nazim ul-Islam Kermani, Tarikh-i Bidari-yi Iranian, pp.12-15.
76. The information on Shaikh ur-Rais's life and political career has been taken from Ibrahim Safai, Rahbaran-i Mashruta, 2 Vols (Tehran, 1966), Vol. 1, pp.562-91.
77. Ibid., p.565.
78. Ibid., p.566.
79. Ibid., p.572.
80. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan, p.225.
81. Ibrahim Safai, Rahbaran-i Mashruta, p.572.
82. Ibid., pp.572-3.
83. Ibid., p.573.
84. Ibid., p.575.
85. Ibid., pp.575-6.
86. Ibid., p.576.
87. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Supplement Persan.
88. Yahya Dowlat Abadi, Hayat-i Yahya, 4 Vols (Tehran, 1984), Vol. 1, pp.98-9.
89. Muhammad Khan Bahadur, in his introduction to Mirza Agha Khan's Haftad-o dow mellat (Tehran, 1984), pp.66-7. See also; Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, p. 18.
90. Muhammad Khan Bahadur, in his introduction to Mirza Agha Khan's Haftad-o dow mellat (Tehran, 1984), pp.66-7. See also; Freydun Adamiyat, Andishiha-yi Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, p. 18.
91. Ibid., p.67.
92. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Supplement Persan.
93. Ibid.
94. Mirza Agha Khan to Malkam, 12 Rabi ul-Avval, 1311.
95. Ibrahim Safai, Rahbaran-i Mashruta, Vol.1, pp.576-7.
96. Ibid., p.577.
97. Ibid., pp.578-9.
98. Mehdi Malikzade, Tarikh-i Inqilab-i Mashrutiyat-i Iran, 3 Vols. (Tehran, 1985), Vol.2, p.239.
99. Ibid., p.243.
100. Ibrahim Safai, Rahbaran-i Mashruta,Vol.1, p.582.
101. Ibid., p.583.
102. Ibid., pp.584-5.
103. Ibid., p.585.
104. Ibid., pp.586-7.
105. Ibid., p.587.
106. Shaikh ur-Rais Qajar, Ittihad-i Islam (Bombay: Gulzar Hassani Press, 1984, reprinted in Tehran in 1985 by Nashr-i Tarikh-i Iran).
107. Ibid., p.10.
108. Ibid., pp.10-11.
109. Ibid., p.13.
110. Ibid., p.15.
111. Ibid., p.15.
112. Ibid., pp.18-20.
113. Ibid., p.20.
114. Ibid., pp.20-1.
115. Ibid., pp.30-1.
116. Ibid., p.33.
117. Ibid., pp.33-5.
118. Ibid., p.35.
119. Ibid., p.35.
120. Ibid., pp.37-8.
121. Ibid., p.38.
122. Ibid., p.39.
123. Ibid., p.41.
124. Ibid., p.41.
125. Ibid., p.42.
126. Ibid., p.42.
127. Ibid., p.42.
128. Ibid., p.50.
129. Ibid., p.50.
130. Ibid., pp.50-1.
131. Ibid., pp.51-3.
132. Ibid., p.53.
133. Ibid., p.48.
134. Hamid Algar, Religion and State in Iran 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), p.2.