Pulling yourself up again: Women's choices and strategies for recovering and maintaining self-esteem

Western Journal of Communication

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 164-187

  Chatham Carpenter, April ^a   Defrancisco, Victoria ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5244233731     PISSN: 10570314     EISSN: 17451027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10570319709374570     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Allgood-Merten, B., & Stockard, J. (1991). Sex role identity and self-esteem: A comparison of children and adolescents. Sex Roles, 25, 129-139.
2. American Association of University Women. (1992). Shortchanging girls, shortchanging America: A call to action. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women.
3. Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender, and the individual. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 486-526). New York: Guilford Press.
4. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
6. Bednar, R. L., Wells, M. G., & Peterson, S. R. (1989). Self-esteem: Paradoxes and innovations in clinical theory and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Berenblatt, M., & Berenblatt, A. J. (1994). Make an appointment with yourself: Simple steps to positive self-esteem. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
8. Blumer, H. (1972). Symbolic interaction: An approach to human communication. In R. W. Budd&B. Ruben (Eds.), Approaches to human communication (pp. 401-419). New York: Spartan Books.
9. Bohan, J. (1993). Regarding gender: Essentialism, constructionism, & feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 5-21.
10. Branden, N. (1987). How to raise your self-esteem. New York: Bantam Books.
11. Brewin, C. R. (1986). Internal attribution and self-esteem in depression: A theoretical note. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 469-475.
12. Bums, D. D. (1993). Ten days to self-esteem. New York: William Morrow.
13. Butler, G., & Hope, T. (1995). Managing your mind: The mental fitness guide. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
15. Chodorow, N. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.
17. Crawford, M., & Unger, R. (1990). Hearing voices, seeing differences. [Review of the book Mapping the moral domain]. Contemporary Psychology, 35, 950-952.
18. DeFrancisco, V. (1995). Helping ourselves: An introduction. Women's Studies in Communication, 18, 107-110.
19. Flaherty, J. F., & Dusek, J. B. (1980). An investigation of the relationship between psychological androgyny and components of self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 984-992.
20. Fletcher, G. J. O., & Fincham, F. D. (Eds.). (1991). Cognition in close relationships. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22. Gilligan, C., Lyons, N., & Hanmer, T. (Eds.). (1990). Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. "Gilligan, C., Ward, J. V., & Taylor, J. M. (Eds.). (1988). Mapping the moral domain: A contribution of women's thinking to psychological theory and education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Harter, S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 87-116). New York: Plenum Press.
25. Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412-428.
26. Honeycutt, J. M., Zagacki, K. S., & Edwards, R. (1989). Intrapersonal communication, social cognition, and imagined interactions. In C. V. Roberts & K. W. Watson (Eds.), Intrapersonal communication processes: Original essays (pp. 166-184). Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
27. Hong, S-M., Bianca, M. A., Bianca, M. R., & Bollington, J. (1993). Self-esteem: The effects of life-satisfaction, sex, and age. Psychological Reports, 72, 95-101.
28. Hooks, B. (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston, MA: South End Press.
29. Hooks, B. (1993). Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. Boston, MA: South End Press.
30. Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391-402.
31. Josselson, R. (1994). Identity and relatedness in the life cycle. In H. A. Bosma, T. L. G. Graafsma, H. D. Grotevant, & D. J. deLevita (Eds.), Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 81-102). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. King, B. (1995). Transform your life. New York: Berkeley Publishing.
33. Lippard-Justice, P. (1989). The relationship between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication patterns. In C. V. Roberts & K. W. Watson (Eds.), Intrapersonal communication processes: Original essays (pp. 444-455). Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
34. Lott, B. (1981). A feminist critique of androgyny: Toward the elimination of gender attributions for learned behavior. In C. Mayo & N. M. Henley (Eds.), Gender and nonverbal behavior (.pp. 171-180). New York: Springer-Verlag.
35. Louden, J. (1992). The woman's comfort book: A self nurturing guide for restoring balance in your life. New York: Harper.
36. Markus, H., & Cross, S. (1990). The interpersonal self. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 576-608). New York: Guilford Press.
37. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. In M. R. Rosenszeig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 38, 299-337.
38. Marsh, H. W. (1987). Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny: Their relations with multiple dimensions of self-concept. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 91-118.
39. Mastronardi, M. (1995). Co-dependence and the politics of inner resistance. Women's Studies in Communication, 18, 199-208.
40. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Morawski, J. G. (1985). The measurement of masculinity and femininity: Engendering categorical realities. Journal of Personality, 53, 196-223.
42. Mruk, C. J. (1995). Self-esteem: Research, theory, and practice. New York: Springer.
43. Mulqueen, M. (1992). On our own terms: Redefining competence and femininity. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
44. O'Brien, E. J. (1991). Sex differences in components of self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 68, 241-242.
45. Orenstein, P. (1994). Schoolgirls: Young women, self-esteem and the confidence gap. New York: Doubleday.
46. Philpot, V. D., & Holliman, W. B. (1995). Self-statements, locus of control, and depression in predicting self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 76, 1007-1010.
47. Powell, J. S. J. (1989). Happiness is an inside job. Allen, TX: Tabor.
48. Roberts, C., Edwards, R., & Barker, L. (1987). Intrapersonal communication processes. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
49. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
50. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
51. Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1994). Failing at fairness: How America's schools cheat girls. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
52. Smalley, R., & Stake, J. (1992, August). The gender role I self-concept link: Looking beyond the college sophomore. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 353509).
53. Stake, J. E. (1992). Gender differences and similarities in self-concept within everyday life contexts. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 349-363.
54. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 21 (pp. 261-302). New York: Academic Press.
55. Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1992). The effect of agency and communality on self-esteem: Gender differences in longitudinal data. Sex Roles, 26, 465-483.
56. Stem, L. (1990). Conceptions of separation and connection in female adolescents. In C. Gilligan, N. Lyons, & T. Hanmer (Eds.), Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School (pp. 73-87). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
57. Taylor, J. M., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. M. (1995). Between voice and silence: Women and girls, race and relationship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
58. Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (1993). The puzzles of self-esteem: Aclinical perspective. InR. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 241-262). New York: Plenum Press.
59. Tennen, H., & Herzberger, S. (1987). Depression, self-esteem, and the absence of self-protective attributional biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 72-80.
60. Valentine, L., & Feinauer, L. L. (1993). Resilience factors associated with female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 216-224.
61. Vocate, D. R. (1994). Self-talk and inner speech: Understanding the uniquely human aspects of intrapersonal communication. In D. R. Vocate (Ed.), Intrapersonal communication: Different voices, different minds (pp. 3-31). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
62. Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1983). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 765-778.
63. Wolfe, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: William Morrow.
64. Wood, J. T. (1994a). Engendered identities: Shaping voice and mind through gender. In D. R. Vocate (Ed.), Intrapersonal communication: Different voices, different minds (pp. 145-167). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
65. Wood, J. T. (1994b). Who cares? Women, care, and culture. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
66. Zastrow, C. (1994). Conceptualizing and changing the self from a rational therapy perspective. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka (Eds.), Changing the self: Philosophies, techniques, and experiences (pp. 175-199). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.