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1
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0004088235
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eds. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press
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All quotes from David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, eds. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). We cite book, part, section, paragraph, and page-number.
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(2000)
A Treatise of Human Nature
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Hume, D.1
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2
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0004110659
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eds. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984; a reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith; Oxford: Oxford University Press
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All quotes from Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, eds. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984; a reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith; v. 1, [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976]). We cite part, section, chapter, paragraph, and page-number.
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(1976)
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
, vol.1
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Smith, A.1
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4
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0003970946
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rev. and ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund
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But for a different view of avarice, see "Of Avarice" in David Hume's Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary [EPS], rev. and ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985).
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(1985)
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary [EPS]
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Hume, D.1
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6
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0007281965
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Needs and Justice in the Wealth of Nations: An introductory essay" ["Needs and Justice"], 39
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eds. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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See, for discussion (although they do not supply the reference), Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, "Needs and Justice in the Wealth of Nations: an introductory essay" ["Needs and Justice"], 39, in Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, eds. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
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(1993)
Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment
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Hont, I.1
Ignatieff, M.2
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7
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0004287799
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ed. C.B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books
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Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1980).
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(1980)
Leviathan
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Hobbes, T.1
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9
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79958917756
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Of Public Credit
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Cf. "Of Public Credit," EMPL, 358, where Hume talks of the "hand of nature" that instituted "several ranks of men, which form a kind of independent magistracy in a state."
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EMPL
, pp. 358
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10
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79958950455
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The Hobbesian Side of Hume
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eds. Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, Christine M. Korsgaard. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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On the similarities between Hume and Hobbes see Jean Hampton, "The Hobbesian Side of Hume" in Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls, eds. Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, Christine M. Korsgaard. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 66-101.The importance of Smith for moral philosophers is that he attempts to answer some of the major problems discussed by Hampton in Hume's philosophy; Smith does this in a Humean manner and the effect is to move away from Hobbes.
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(1997)
Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls
, pp. 66-101
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Hampton, J.1
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11
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79958944508
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For Hume, conventions can be necessary
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For Hume, conventions can be necessary.
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12
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84868455585
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Indianapolis: Hackett, §180
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Locke admits that, in a just war, conquest can generate despotical power over the lives, but, somewhat counter-intuitively (as Locke admits), not the property, of those overcome (see John Locke Second Treatise of Government [Second Treatise], ed. C.B. Macpherson [Indianapolis: Hackett, 1980], XVI, §180). Of course, for Hobbes governments can legitimately originate in conquest.
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(1980)
John Locke Second Treatise of Government [Second Treatise]
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MacPherson, C.B.1
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13
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0039748053
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Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
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There seems to be surprisingly little scholarly literature on Hume's understanding of avarice. This will be discussed more at length in Eric Schliesser and Halley Faust, "Hume on Greed" (in progress). See also, Eugene Rotwein's introduction to David Hume: Writings on Economics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955), xliv-xlvii.
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(1955)
David Hume: Writings on Economics
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Rotwein, E.1
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16
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0004312750
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Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Locke seems to use the two terms almost interchangeably in the Second Treatise; see also his Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. W. von Leyden (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 111.
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(2002)
Essays on the Law of Nature
, pp. 111
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Von Leyden, W.1
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17
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0003587413
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Philosophical Companion] (Princeton: Princeton University Press
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Sam Fleischacker was kind enough to let us look at the manuscript for his On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion [Philosophical Companion] (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), which has been extremely helpful.
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(2004)
Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion
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Smith, A.1
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18
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6344242811
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Utility and Morality: Adam Smith's Critique of Hume
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Smith is providing a Humean critique of Hume. See Marie A. Martin, "Utility and Morality: Adam Smith's Critique of Hume," Hume Studies 16 (1990): 107-20. Along with Kant, Smith can be viewed as Hume's profoundest follower and critic. Of course, Smith should not be viewed as a mere follower of Hume.
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(1990)
Hume Studies
, vol.16
, pp. 107-120
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Martin, M.A.1
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19
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0004203360
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New York: Oxford University Press
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In both his economic work (see Joseph Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis [New York: Oxford University Press, 1954], 181-94), and his philosophic work, Smith attempts to be an admirable systematizer and synthesizer.
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(1954)
History of Economic Analysis
, pp. 181-194
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Schumpeter, J.1
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20
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16344371712
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Hume's Abstract of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments
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For evidence that Smith may have misunderstood (or oversimplified) Hume's views, and that Hume nevertheless anonymously published a favorable review of Smith's book that silently corrected some of these misunderstandings or misrepresentations, see David R. Raynor, "Hume's Abstract of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments" Journal of the History of Philosophy 22 (1984): 51-80;
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(1984)
Journal of the History of Philosophy
, vol.22
, pp. 51-80
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Raynor, D.R.1
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21
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84972115388
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Notes and Discussions: Anonymous Writings of David Hume
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also D. D. Raphael and Tatsuya Sakamoto, "Notes and Discussions: Anonymous Writings of David Hume," Journal of the History of Philosophy 28 (1990): 271-81.
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(1990)
Journal of the History of Philosophy
, vol.28
, pp. 271-281
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Raphael, D.D.1
Sakamoto, T.2
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22
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6344245597
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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For insightful commentary on the contrast between Hume and Smith, see James Otteson, Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 50-58.
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(2002)
Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life
, pp. 50-58
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Otteson, J.1
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23
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79958896513
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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [WN], eds. R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, and W.B. Todd (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984), IV.v.b.39, 539
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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [WN], eds. R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, and W.B. Todd (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984), IV.v.b.39, 539.
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24
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79958950453
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This is a reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith, v. 2 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976, and reprinted with minor corrections in 1979
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This is a reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith, v. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), and reprinted with minor corrections in 1979.
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26
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0003313739
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II.10-12
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The imagination makes sympathy (TMS I.i.i.10, 12ff.), and, by extension, the workings of the Impartial Spectator possible (III.2.9, 188). And in Smith's "The History of Astronomy," II.10-12, 43-47, the imagination plays a positive crucial role in constructing theories of natural philosophers.
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The History of Astronomy
, pp. 43-47
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Smith1
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27
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79958964824
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This essay can be found in Adam Smith's Essays on Philosophical Subjects [EPS, eds. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982, reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith; v. 3, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980
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This essay can be found in Adam Smith's Essays on Philosophical Subjects [EPS], eds. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982) (reprint of the Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith; v. 3, [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980]).
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28
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34347298524
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Realism in the Face of Scientific Revolutions: Adam Smith on Newton's "proof" of Copernicanism
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For discussion, see Eric Schliesser "Realism in the Face of Scientific Revolutions: Adam Smith on Newton's "Proof" of Copernicanism," British Journal for the History of Philosophy 13 (2005): 697-732.
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(2005)
British Journal for the History of Philosophy
, vol.13
, pp. 697-732
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Schliesser, E.1
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29
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79958994580
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TMS I.iii.3. 66ff
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Actually, by itself this human proclivity can be a major source of injustice, as humans cater to the wishes and whims of their superiors, while casually abusing their inferiors (TMS I.iii.3. 66ff).
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31
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0003898803
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Ronald L. Meek's Social Science and the Ignoble Savage [Social Science] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 30-31, criticizes this, although helpfully calls attention to Treatise III.ii.8.
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(1976)
Social Science and the Ignoble Savage [Social Science]
, pp. 30-31
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Meek, R.L.1
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32
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77952947140
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For an account and intellectual context of the (Marxist) reception of Smith's four-stage theory, see Meek, Social Science,
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Social Science
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Meek1
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35
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33645842497
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Some Principles of Adam Smith's 'Newtonian' Methods in the Wealth of Nations
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For more discussion, see Eric Schliesser, "Some Principles of Adam Smith's 'Newtonian' Methods in the Wealth of Nations." in Research in History of Economic Thought and Methodology 23 (2005): 35-77.
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(2005)
Research in History of Economic Thought and Methodology
, vol.23
, pp. 35-77
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Schliesser, E.1
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36
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0003743471
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
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Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 84-85, quotes Turgot as advocating "respect for the most sacred of all property...the property of man in the fruit of his labor."
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(2001)
Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment
, pp. 84-85
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Rothschild, E.1
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38
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79959022697
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VI.i.11-13
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Smith thinks that various forms of tranquility of mind can be available to prudent men (TMS VI.i.11-13, 215-16), and, especially, mathematicians and (natural) philosophers (III.2.20, 124). Smith believes the former can be tranquil because they live within their means and avoid upheaval. The latter can become tranquil because they are not dependent on "public opinion"; they are not withdrawn from the world, but experience the satisfaction of knowing that their success in it is justified (by the norms validated by their Impartial Spectators). Of course, not everybody in society can achieve tranquility; in TMS, Smith talks of the "vain splendor of successful ambition" (VI.i.13, 216) that causes men to elude tranquility, while in WN "the mean rapacity...of merchants and manufacturers" is singled out for such failure (WN IV.iii.c.9, 493).
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TMS
, pp. 215-216
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39
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84924768218
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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
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It is a bit strange to see Smith denying that there is any benefit at all from harm to the reputation of others. After all, it does provide a situational benefit, although not a material benefit - which is perhaps what Smith had in mind. (On the frequent distinction between the passions and the interests, see Albert Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977].)
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(1977)
The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph
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Hirschman, A.1
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40
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79958996467
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London: Croom Helm ch. 4
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Elsewhere, Smith is explicit about our need for status: "to be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy, complacency, and approbation" (TMS I.iii.2.1, 50; the whole of I.iii.2 is relevant). See also D.A. Reisman Adam Smith's Sociological Economics (London: Croom Helm, 1976), ch. 4, "Consumer Behaviour."
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(1976)
Sociological Economics
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Smith, D.A.R.A.1
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41
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79959023851
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III.1-III.2
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This essay is reprinted in EPS. See also "History of Astronomy," EPS, III.1-III.2, 48-50.
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EPS
, pp. 48-50
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42
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44849120017
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forthcoming
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This is explored more fully in Eric Schliesser "Articulating Practices as Reasons: Adam Smith on the Conditions of Possibility of Property," The Adam Smith Review, Vol. 2, forthcoming.
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The Adam Smith Review
, pp. 2
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43
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79959003303
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Indispensable Hume
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Somewhat surprisingly, Smith calls Hume's position, without mentioning Hume by name, superficial: "When by natural principles we [humans] are led to advance those ends, which a refined and enlightened reason would recommend to us, we are very apt to impute to that reason, as to their efficient cause, the sentiments and actions by which we advance those ends, and to imagine that to be the wisdom of man, which in reality is the wisdom of God. Upon a superficial view, this cause seems sufficient to produce the effects which are ascribed to it; and the system of human nature seems to be more simple and agreeable when all its different operations are in this manner deduced from a single principle" (TMS II.ii.3.5, emphasis added). That simple principle is human reason, and it is indeed agreeable to us mortals to think that we are guided by reason rather than by various passions. Chapter three of Eric Schliesser's Ph.D. dissertation, Indispensable Hume: From Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy to Adam Smith's "Science of Man" [Indispensable Hume], treated the passage as exclusively relevant for understanding Smith's views on different kinds of causation and epistemology.
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Science of Man
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Smith, A.1
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46
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85087097543
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and Stephen Darwall's presentation at the Eastern APA 2002 in response to Emma Rothschild's book, published as "Equal Dignity in Adam Smith," Adam Smith Review, Vol. 1 (2004): 129-34.
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(2004)
Adam Smith Review
, vol.1
, pp. 129-134
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Smith, A.1
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47
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0002216554
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Sympathetic Liberalism: Recent Work on Adam Smith
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Thus, Smith's views of justice and injustice are concerned not merely with propriety. See Stephen Darwall, "Sympathetic Liberalism: Recent Work on Adam Smith," Philosophy and Public Affairs, 28 (1999), 142.
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(1999)
Philosophy and Public Affairs
, vol.28
, pp. 142
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Darwall, S.1
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48
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79958931640
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ch. 9
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The importance of resentment for Smith's moral philosophy tends to be overlooked (but see T. Campbell [1971], Adam Smith's Science of Morals, ch. 9, 186-204), it is, nevertheless, discussed quite extensively in TMS. We have found the following occurrences: I.i.1.4, 10; I.i.1.6-7, 11; I.1.2.5, 15; I.i.3.1, 16; I.1.3.8-10, 18-19; I.i.4.5, 21; I.i.4.10, 23; I.i.5.4, 24; I.ii.Intro.1, 27: I.ii.i.3, 28; I.ii.2.1, 31; I.ii.3.1-8, 34-38; I.ii.4.3 & I.ii.5.1, 40; I.iii.2.2, 52; I.iii.2.6, 56; I.iii.3.8, 66 (67); II.i.1.2-7, 68-69; II.i.2, 69-71; II.i.3, 71-73; II.i.4.3, 73-74; II.i.5.4-8, 75-76; II.ii.1.2-5, 78-79; II.ii.2.1-3, 83-85; II.ii.3.3, 86; II.ii.3.7, 88; II.ii.3. 10-11, 90; II.iii.intro.4, 93; II.iii.1.1-7, 94-97; II.iii.2.3-10, 99-104; II.iii.3.1-2, 105; II.iii.3.4, 106-7; III.2.9-11, 118-19; III.3.5, 137; III.3.19, 144; III.4.4, 158; III.4.8, 159; III.4.12, 160; III.5.4-5, 164-65; III.5.9, 168; III.6.1, 171; III.6.5, 172; III.6.12, 176-77; IV.2.2, 188; V.2.9, 205; VI.ii.intro.2, 218; VI.ii.3.1, 235; VI.iii.18, 244; VI.iii.35, 255; VII.ii.1.4-7, 268; VII.ii.1.50, 294; VII.ii.2.2, 295; VII.ii.2.11, 297; VII.ii.3.4, 301; VII.iii.1.3, 317; VII.iii.3.9-13, 323-24; VII.iii.3.15-16, 326.
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Science of Morals
, pp. 186-204
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Smith, A.1
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49
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0242419022
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Adam Smith on the Virtues: A Partial Resolution of the Adam Smith Problem
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See Spencer Pack, "Adam Smith on the Virtues: A Partial Resolution of the Adam Smith Problem," Journal for the History of Economic Thought 19 (1997): 128-30.
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(1997)
Journal for the History of Economic Thought
, vol.19
, pp. 128-130
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Pack, S.1
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50
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11244293870
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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Smith would no doubt have shown in more detail in his book on justice exactly how the passion resentment works in human history ultimately to help develop the social institution of justice, thus enabling increasingly complex societies to get off the ground. As Smith wrote at the very end of TMS: "I shall, in another discourse, endeavour to give an account of the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society, not only in what concerns justice, but in what concerns police, revenue,and arms, and whatever else is the object of law" (TMS VII.IV.37, 342). See also paragraph 2 of the advertisement to the 6th ed. of TMS. Smith never published that work. Nonetheless, it is clear from the student lecture notes of his course in jurisprudence that this account would have been intimately bound up with his four stage theory of socioeconomic development. This four stage theory in turn no doubt influenced Lord Kames's critique of Hume's theory of justice (see D. D. Raphael, Concepts of Justice [Oxford: Clarendon Press], 105-6). The relationship between Kames, who was instrumental in bringing about Smith's public lectures in Edinburgh in 1748, and Smith is deserving of further study.
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Concepts of Justice
, pp. 105-106
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Raphael, D.D.1
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51
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79958889773
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Empathy, Sympathy, and Care
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There are, of course, other crucial differences between Smith and Hume. For example, on how the difference between Smith and Hume on sympathy connects to wider disagreements, see Stephen Darwall, "Empathy, Sympathy, and Care," Philosophical Analysis 98 (1998): 264-69;
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(1998)
Philosophical Analysis
, vol.98
, pp. 264-269
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Darwall, S.1
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52
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10844225150
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Sympathy and Approbation in Hume and Smith: A Solution to the Other Rational Species Problem
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see also David M. Levy and Sandra J. Peart, "Sympathy and Approbation in Hume and Smith: A Solution to the Other Rational Species Problem," Economics and Philosophy 20 (2004): 331-50;
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(2004)
Economics and Philosophy
, vol.20
, pp. 331-350
-
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Levy, D.M.1
Peart, S.J.2
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53
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85060498367
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The Obituary of a Vain Philosopher: Smith's Reflections on Hume's Life
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and finally, Eric Schliesser, "The Obituary of a Vain Philosopher: Smith's Reflections on Hume's Life," Hume Studies, 29 (2003): 327-62.
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(2003)
Hume Studies
, vol.29
, pp. 327-362
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Schliesser, E.1
|