The powdery mildews: A review of the world's most familiar (yet poorly known) plant pathogens

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volumn 46, Issue , 2008, Pages 27-51

  Glawe, Dean A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; Erysiphales; Fungal taxonomy; Life histories; Pathogen detection; Phylogeny

Indexed keywords

FUNGAL DNA;

ASCOMYCETES; CLASSIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; PLANT DISEASE; REVIEW;

ASCOMYCOTA; DNA, FUNGAL; PHYLOGENY; PLANT DISEASES; PLANTS;

ERYSIPHALES; LEOTIOMYCETES; PLECTOMYCETES; PYRENOMYCETES;

EID: 51849163730     PISSN: 00664286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.46.081407.104740     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Adams GC Jr, Gottwald TR, Leach CM. 1986. Environmental factors initiating liberation of conidia of powdery mildews. Phytopathology 76:1239-45
2. Agrios GN. 2004. Plant Pathology. New York: Academic. 952 pp. 5th ed.
3. Ainsworth GC, James PW, Hawksworth DL. 1971. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. Kew: Commonw. Mycol. Inst. 663 pp. 6th ed.
4. Akai S, Fukutomi M, Kunoh H. 1968. An electron microscopic observation of conidiuim and hypha of Erysiphe graminis hordei. Mycopathologia 35:217-22
5. Ale-Agha N, Braun U, Feige B, Jage H. 2000. A new powdery mildew disease on Aesculus spp. introduced in Europe. Cryptogam. Mycol. 21:89-92
6. Alexopoulos C.J. 1962. Introductory Mycology. New York: Wiley. 613 pp. 2nd ed.
7. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. New York: Wiley. 869 pp. 4th ed.
8. Amano K. 1986. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Tokyo: Jpn. Sci. Soc. Press. 741 pp.
9. Bainbridge A, Legg BJ. 1976. Release of barley-mildew from shaken leaves. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 66:495-98
10. Bélanger RR, Bushnell WR, Dik AJ, Carver TLW, eds. 2002. The Powdery Mildews: A Comprehensive Treatise. St. Paul: APS Press. 292 pp.
11. Blumer S. 1967. Echte Mehltaupilze (Erysiphaceae) Ein Bestimmungsbuch fur die in Europa vorkommenden Arten. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 436 pp.
12. Boesewinkel HJ. 1980. The morphology of the imperfect states of powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae). Bot. Rev. 46:167-224
13. Bolay A. 2005. Les Oïdiums de Suisse (Erysiphacées). Cryptogam. Helvet. 20:1-176.
14. Bolay A, Braun U, Delhey R, Kummer V, Piatek M, Wołczańska A. 2005. Erysiphe deutziae - a new epidemic spread in Europe. Cryptogam. Mycol. 26:293-98
15. Braun U. 1987. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews). Beih. Nova Hedw. 89:1-700
16. Braun U. 1995. The Powdery Mildews of Europe. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 337 pp.
17. Braun U, Cook RTA, Inman AJ, Shin H-D. 2002. The taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi. See Ref. 10, pp. 13-55
18. Braun U, Takamatsu S. 2000. Phylogeny of Erysiphe, Microsphaera, Uncinula (Erysipheae) and Cystotheca, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca (Cystotheceae) inferred from rDNA ITS sequences - some taxonomic consequences. Schlechtendalia 4:1-33
19. Braun U, Takamatsu S, Heluta V, Limkaisang S, Divarangkoon R, et al. 2006. Phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus species. Mycol. Prog. 5:139-53
20. Brown JKM. 2002. Comparative genetics of avirulence and fungicide resistance in the powdery mildew fungi. See Ref. 10, pp. 56-65
21. Burrill TJ, Earle FS. 1887. Parasitic fungi of Illinois. II. Erysipheae. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 2:387-432, Figs. 1-8
22. Bushnell W, Gay J. 1978. Accumulation of solutes in relation to the structure and function of haustoria in powdery mildews. See Ref. 129, pp. 183-235
23. Butt DJ. 1978. Epidemiology of powdery mildews. See Ref. 129, pp. 51-81
24. Byrne JM, Hausbeck MK, Shaw BD. 2000. Factors affecting concentrations of airborne conidia of Oidium sp. among poinsettias in a greenhouse. Plant Dis. 84:1089-95
25. Carver TL, Kunoh WH, Thomas BJ, Nicholson RL. 1999. Release and visualization of the extracellular matrix of conidia of Blumeria graminis. Mycol. Res. 103:547-60
26. Celio GJ, Hausbeck MK. 1998. Conidial germination, infection structure formation, and early colony development of powdery mildew on poinsettia. Phytopathology 88:105-13
27. Coghlan SE, Walters DR. 1990. Polyamine metabolism in 'green-islands' on powdery mildew-infected barley leaves: possible interactions with senescence. New Phytol. 116:417-24
28. Cole JS, Geerligs JW. 1976. Time-lapse photography of formation and release of conidia of Erysiphe cichoracearum on tobacco. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 67:339-342
29. Cook RTA, Inman AJ, Billings C. 1997. Identification and classification of powdery mildew anamorphs using light and scanning electron microscopy and host range data. Mycol. Res. 101:975-1002
30. Cook RTA, Henricot B, Henrici A, Beales P. 2006. Morphological and phylogenetic comparisons amongst powdery mildews on Catalpa in the UK. Mycol. Res. 110:672-85
31. Cunnington JH, Lawrie AC, Pascoe IG. 2004. Molecular determination of anamorphic powdery mildew fungi on the Fabaceae in Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 33:281-84
32. Cunnington JH, Lawrie AC, Pascoe IG. 2005. Genetic variation within Podosphaera tridactyla reveals a paraphyletic species complex with biological specialization towards specific Prunus subgenera. Mycol. Res. 109:357-62
33. Cunnington JH, Lawrie AC, Pascoe IG. 2005. Molecular identification of Golovinomyces (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) on the Solanaceae in Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34:51-55
34. de Bary A. 1863. Über die Fruchtkörperentwicklung der Ascomyceten. Leipzig: W. Englemann. 38 pp. + 2 plates
35. Dörfelt H, Ali N. 1996. Studien zur sexuellen Fortpflanzung und Fruchtkörperentwicklung echter Mehtaupilze (Erysiphales). Flora 191:201-20
36. Dörfelt H, Ali N, Schröder M-B. 1989. Studien zur Fruchtkörperentwicklung und Ultrastrucktur von Sphaerotheca fusca (Ascomycetes/Erysiphales). Flora 183:39-55
37. Drandarevski CA. 1978. Powdery mildews of beet crops. See Ref. 129, pp. 323-46
38. Dugan FM, Glawe DA. 2007. Powdery mildews on weeds in the Pacific Northwest: a miscellany of new records. Pac. Northwest Fungi 2(1):1-7
39. Durrieu G, Rostam S. 1984. Spécificité parasitaire et systématique de quelques Leveillula (Erysiphaceae). Cryptogam. Mycol. 5:279-92
40. Dynowska M. 1994. A comparison of urban and suburban occurrence of Erysiphales with special emphasis on degree of host infection. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 63:341-44
41. Edwards HH. 2002. Development of primary germ tubes by conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei on leaf epidermal cells of Hordeum vulgare. Can. J. Bot. 80:1121-25
42. Ellis JB, Everhart BM. 1892. The North American Pyrenomycetes. Newfield, NJ: Ellis & Everhart. 793 pp. + 41 plates
43. Falacy JS, Grove GG, Mahaffee WF, Galloway H, Glawe DA, et al. 2007. Detection of Erysiphe necator in air samples using the polymerase chain reaction and species-specific primers. Phytopathology 97:1290-97
44. Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. St. Paul: APS Press. 1252 pp.
45. Fernández-Ortuño D, Torés JA, de Vicente A, Pérez-García A. 2007. Multiple displacement amplification, a powerful tool for molecular genetic analysis of powdery mildew fungi. Cur. Genet. 51:209-19
46. Foex E. 1925. Notes sur les Erysiphacées. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 40:236-43
47. Forster RL. 1989. Powdery mildew of greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes caused by Leveillula taurica in Idaho. Plant Dis. 73:1020
48. Fotopoulos V, Gilbert MJ, Pittman JK, Marvier AC, Buchanan AJ, et al. 2003. The monosaccharide transporter gene, AtSTP4, and the cell-wall invertase, Atβfruct1, are induced in Arabidopsis during infection with the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cichoracearum. Plant Physiol. 132:821-29
49. Frinking HD, Scholte B. 1983. Dissemination of mildew spores in a glasshouse. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 302:575-82
50. Gadoury DM, Pearson RC. 1988. Initiation, development, dispersal, and survival of cleistothecia of Uncinula necator in New York vineyards. Phytopathology 78:1413-21
51. Gadoury DM, Pearson RC. 1990. Ascocarp dehiscence and ascospore discharge in Uncinula necator. Phytopathology 80:393-401
52. Gäumann EA, Dodge CW. 1928. Comparative Morphology of Fungi. New York: McGraw-Hill. 701 pp.
53. Glawe DA. 1992. Thomas J. Burrill, pioneer in plant pathology. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 30:17-24
54. Glawe DA. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Nandina domestica caused by Microsphaera berberidis (Erysiphe berberidis) in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ PHP-2003-1023-01-HN
55. Glawe DA. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Platanus occidentalis caused by Microsphaera platani (Erysiphe platani) in Washington State. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP- 2003-0818-01-HN
56. Glawe DA. 2004. First report of powdery mildew of Lycium chinense (Chinese matrimony vine) caused by Arthrocladiella mougeotii in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP- 2004-1208-01-HN
57. Glawe DA. 2004. Taxonomic diversity of Erysiphales (powdery mildew fungi) in the Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 94:S152
58. Glawe DA. 2006. Synopsis of genera of Erysiphales (powdery mildew fungi) occurring in the Pacific Northwest. Pac. Northwest Fungi 1(12):1-27
59. Glawe DA, Dugan FM. 2006. First report of Erysiphe (Uncinuliella) flexuosa in western North America. Pac. Northwest Fungi 1(11):1-11
60. Glawe DA, Dugan FM, Liu Y, Rogers JD. 2005. First record and characterization of a powdery mildew (Erysiphales) on a member of the Juncaginaceae: Leveillula taurica on Triglochin maritima. Mycol. Prog. 4:291-98
61. Glawe DA, du Toit LJ, Pelter GQ. 2004. First report of powdery mildew on potato caused by Leveillula taurica in North America. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2004-1214-01-HN
62. Glawe DA, Laursen GA. 2005. First report of powdery mildew on Caragana arborescens and Caragana grandiflora in Alaska caused by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) palczewskii. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2005-1017-01-BR
63. Glawe DA, Stack RW, Walla JA. 2006. First report of powdery mildew on Caragana arborescens in Minnesota and North Dakota caused by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) palczewskii. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi. org/10.1094/PHP-2006-0117-01-BR
64. Gordon GC. 1966. A reinterpretation of the ontogeny of the ascocarps of species of the Erysiphaceae. Am. J. Bot. 53:652-62
65. Gorter GJMA. 1987. Relevance of conidial surface structure for identifying Erysiphe galeopsidis DC. South Afr. J. Sci. 83:112-14
66. Götz M, Boyle C. 1998. Haustorial function during development of cleistothecia in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 82:507-11
67. Green JR, Carver TLW, Gurr SJ. 2002. The formation and function of infection and feeding structures. See Ref. 10, pp. 66-82
68. Grigaliūnaitė B, Meškauskienė V, Matelis A. 2005. Erysiphe flexuosa on Aesculus hippocastanum in Lithuania. Bot. Lith. 11:63-65
69. Grove GG. 1991. Powdery mildew of sweet cherry: influence of temperature and wetness duration on release and germination of ascospores of Podosphaera clandestina. Phytopathology 81:1271-75
70. Grove GG. 1998. Meteorological factors affecting airborne conidia concentrations and the latent period of powdery mildew of sweet cherry. Plant Dis. 82:741-46
71. Grove GG. 2004. Perennation of Uncinula necator in vineyards of eastern Washington. Plant Dis. 88:242-47
72. Grove GG, Boal RJ. 1991. Overwinter survival of Podosphaera clandestina in eastern Washington. Phytopathology 81:385-91
73. Hammett KRW. 1977. Taxonomy of the Erysiphaceae in New Zealand. NZ J. Bot. 15:687-711
74. Hammett KRW, Manners JG. 1971. Conidium liberation in Erysiphe graminis. I. Visual and statistical analysis of spore trap records. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 56:387-401
75. Hammett KRW, Manners JG. 1973. Conidium liberation in Erysiphe graminis. II. Conidial chain and pustule structure. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 61:121-33
76. Heald FD. 1922. Some suggestions for teaching mycology. Tr. Am. Microsc. Soc. 41:175-78
77. Heluta VP, Minter DW. 1998. Microsphaera palczewskii. IMI Descr. Fungi Bact. 1375:1-3
78. Hermansen JE, Torp U, Prahm LP. 1978. Studies of transport of cereal mildew and rust fungi across the North Sea. Grana 17:41-46
79. Hirose S, Tanda S, Kiss L, Grigaliunaite B, Havrylenko M, Takamatsu S. 2005. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the maple powdery mildew (Sawadaea, Erysiphaceae) inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. Mycol. Res. 109:912-22
80. Homma Y. 1937. Erysiphaceae of Japan. J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 38:132-461
81. Huhtinen S, Alanko P, Mäkinen Y. 2001. The invasion history of Microsphaera palczewskii (Erysiphales) in Finland. Karstenia 41:31-36
82. Inman AJ, Cook RTA, Beales PA. 2000. A contribution to the identity of Rhododendron powdery mildew in Europe. J. Phytopathol. 148:17-27
83. Inuma T, Khodaparast SA, Takamatsu S. 2007. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses within Blumeria graminis, a powdery mildew fungus of cereals. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44:741-51
84. Jarvis WR, Gubler WG, Grove GG. 2002. Epidemiology of powdery mildews in agricultural pathosystems. See Ref. 10, pp. 169-99
85. Kendrick B. 2000. The Fifth Kingdom,. Newburyport: Focus Publ. 373 pp. 3rd ed.
86. Khodaparast SA, Niinomi S, Takamatsu S. 2007. Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants. Mycol. Res. 111:673-79
87. Khodaparast SA, Takamatsu S, Hedjaroude G-A. 2001. Phylogenetic structure of the genus Leveillula (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae) inferred from the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA ITS region with special reference to the L. taurica species complex. Mycol. Res. 105:909-18
88. Kiss L, Bolay A, Takamatsu S, Cook RTA, Limkaisang S, et al. 2002. Spread of the North American snowberry powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe symphoricarpi (syn. Microsphaera symphoricarpi), to Europe. Mycol. Res. 106:1086-92
89. Kiss L, Cook RTA, Saenz GS, Cunnington JH, Takamatsu S, et al. 2001. Identification of two powdery mildew fungi, Oidium neolycopersici sp. nov. and O. lycopersici, infecting tomato in different parts of the world. Mycol. Res. 105:684-97
90. Kiss L, Khosla K, Jankobics T, Niinomi S, Braun U, et al. 2006. A morphologically ill-founded powdery mildew species, Pleochaeta indica, is recognized as a phylogenetic species based on the analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycol. Res. 110:1301-8
91. Kiss L, Vajna Fischl G. 2003. Occurrence of Erysiphe flexuosa (syn. Uncinula flexuosa) on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippcastanum) in Hungary. New Dis. Rep. 8
92. Kreisel H, Scholler M. 1994. Chronology of phytoparasitic fungi introduced to Germany and adjacent countries. Bot. Acta 107:387-92
93. Kunoh H. 2002. Localized induction of accessibility and inaccessibility by powdery mildew. See Ref. 10, pp. 126-33
94. Kunoh H, Itoh O, Kohno M, Ishizaki H. 1979. Are primary germ tubes of conidia unique to Erysiphe graminis? Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 45:675-82
95. Leach CM, Apple JD. 1984. Leaf surface electrostatics. Behavior of detached leaves of beans, maize, and other plants under natural conditions. Phytopathology 74:704-9
96. Léveillé J-H. 1851. Organisation et disposition méthodique des espèces qui composent le genre É rysiphé. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. (sér. 3) 15:109-79
97. Liberato JR. 2007. Taxonomic notes on two powdery mildews: Phyllactinia chorisiae and Ovulariopsis wissadulae (Erysiphaceae: Phyllactinieae). Mycotaxon 101:29-34
98. Liberato JR, Barreto RW, Niinomi S, Takamatsu S. 2006. Queirozia turbinata (Phyllactinieae, Erysiphaceae): a powdery mildew with a dematiaceous anamorph. Mycol. Res. 110:567-74
99. Linnaeus C. 1959 (1753). Species Plantarum: A Facsimile of the First Edition, vol. II, pp. 561-1200. London: Ray Soc.
100. Mahaffee WF, Thomas CS, Turechek WW, Ocamb CM, Nelson ME, et al. 2003. Responding to an introduced pathogen: Podosphaera macularis (hop powdery mildew) in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi. org/10.1094/PHP-2003-U13-07-RV
101. Marchal E. 1902. De la specialization du paritisme chez l'Erysiphe graminis. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 135:210-12
102. Martin M, Gay JL. 1983. Ultrastructure of conidium development in Erysiphe pisi. Can. J. Bot. 61:2472-495
103. Matsuda Y, Sameshima T, Moriura N, Inoue K, Nonomura T, et al. 2005. Identification of individual powdery mildew fungi infecting leaves and direct detection of gene expression by single conidium polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 95:1137-43
104. Matsuda S, Takamatsu S. 2003. Evolution of host-parasite relationship of Golovinomyces (Ascomycete: Erysiphales) inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 27:314-27
105. Mayden RL. 1997. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. In Species: The Units of Diversity, ed. MA Claridge, A Dawah, MR Wilson, pp. 381-424. London: Chapman & Hall
106. Menzies JD. 1950. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. as a parasite of potatoes. Plant Dis. Rep. 34:140-41
107. Milevoj L. 2004. The occurrence of some pests and diseases on horse chestnut, plane tree and Indian bean tree in urban areas of Slovenia. Acta Agric. Slov. 83:297-300
108. Mims CW, Liljebjelke KA, Richardson EA. 1995. Surface morphology, wall structure, and initial adhesion of conidia of the powdery mildew Uncinuliella australiana. Phytopathology 85:352-58
109. Moriura N, Matsuda Y, Oichi W, Nakashima S, Hirai T, et al. 2006. Consecutive monitoring of lifelong production of conidia by individual conidiophores of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei on barley leaves by digital microscopic techniques with electrostatic micromanipulation. Mycol. Res. 110:18-27
110. Nischwitz C, Newcombe G. 2003. First report of powdery mildew (Microsphaera palczewskii) on Siberian pea tree (Caragana arborescens) in North America. Plant Dis. 87:451
111. Oichi W, Matsuda Y, Sameshima T, Nonomura T, Kakutani K, et al. 2004. Consecutive monitoring for conidiogenesis by Oidium neolycopersici on tomato leaves with a high-fidelity digital microscope. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:318-21
112. Oichi W, Matsuda Y, Nonomura T, Toyoda H, Xu L, et al. 2006. Formation of conidial pseudochains by tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici. Plant Dis. 90:915-19
113. Pady SM. 1972. Spore release in powdery mildews. Phytopathology 62:1099-100
114. Pady SM, Kramer CL, Clary R. 1969. Sporulation in some species of Erysiphe. Phytopathology 59:844-48
115. Parmelee JA. 1977. The fungi of Ontario. II. Erysiphaceae (mildews). Can. J. Bot. 55:1940-83
116. Peries OS. 1962. Studies on strawberry mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr. ex Fries) Jaczewski. I. Biology of the fungus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50:211-24
117. Plumb R, Turner RH. 1972. Scanning electron microscopy of Erysiphe graminis. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 59:149-50
118. Roberts DR Jr, Mims CW, Fuller MS. 1996. Ultrastructure of the ungerminated conidium of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Can. J. Bot. 74:231-37
119. Rohringer R, Ebrahim-Nesbat F, Heitefuss R. 1982. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on mildew of barley (Erysiphe graminis CD. f. sp. hordei Marchal). I. The cell envelope of conidia, germ tubes and appressoria. Phytopathol. Z. 104:325-36
120. Rumbolz J, Gubler WD. 2005. Susceptibility of grapevine buds to infection by powdery mildew Erysiphe necator. Plant Pathol. 54:535-48
121. Saenz GS, Taylor JW. 1999. Phylogeny of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews) inferred from internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences. Can. J. Bot. 77:150-68
122. Saenz GS, Taylor JW, Gargas A. 1994. 18S rRNA gene sequences and supraordinal classification of the Erysiphales. Mycologia 86:212-16
123. Salmon ES. 1900. A monograph of the Erysiphaceae. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 9:1-292 + 9 Plates
124. Salmon ES. 1907. Notes on the hop mildew (Sphaerotheca hamuli) (DC.) Burr. J. Agric. Res. 2:327-32
125. Schnathorst WC. 1959. Spread and life cycle of the lettuce powdery mildew fungus. Phytopathology 49:464-68
126. Schnathorst WC. 1965. Environmental relationships in the powdery mildews. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 3:343-66
127. Shin H-D, La Y-J. 1993. Morphology of edge lines of chained immature conidia on conidiophores in powdery mildew fungi and their taxonomic significance. Mycotaxon 46:445-51
128. Speer EO. 1973. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Erysiphaceen I. Die Gattung Blumeria Golovin und ihre Typusart Erysiphe graminis DC. Sydowia Ann. Mycol. Ser. 2, 27:1-6
129. Spencer DM, ed. 1978. The Powdery Mildews. London: Academic. 565 pp.
130. Sutton BB, Jones AL. 1979. Analysis of factors affecting dispersal of Podosphaera leucotricha conidia. Phytopathology 69:380-83
131. Takamatsu S. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of the powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycoscience 45:147-57
132. Takamatsu S, Braun U, Limkaisang S. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and generic affinity of Uncinula septata inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. Mycoscience 46:9-16
133. Takamatsu S, Braun U, Limkaisang S, Kom-un S, Sato Y, et al. 2007. Phylogeny and taxonomy of oak powdery mildew Erysiphe alphitoides sensu lato. Mycol. Res. 111:809-26
134. Takamatsu S, Kano Y. 2001. PCR primers useful for nucleotide sequencing of rDNA of the powdery mildew fungi. Mycoscience 42:135-39
135. Takamatsu S, Matsuda S. 2004. Estimation of molecular clocks for ITS and 28S rDNA in Erysiphales. Mycoscience 45:340-44
136. Takamatsu S, Matsuda S, Niinomi S, Havrylenko M. 2006. Molecular phylogeny supports a Northern Hemisphere origin of Golovinomyces (Ascomycota: Erysiphales). Mycol. Res. 110:1093-101
137. Takamatsu S, Niinomi S, Cabrera de Álverez MG, Álverez RE, et al. 2005. Caespitotheca gen. nov., and ancestral genus in the Erysiphales. Mycol. Res. 109:903-11
138. Takamatsu S, Sato Y, Mimuro G, Kom-un S. 2003. Erysiphe wadae: a new species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Japanese beech. Mycoscience 44:165-71
139. Takamatsu S, Shin H-D, Paksiri U, Limkaisang S, Taguchi Y, et al. 2002. Two Erysiphe species associated with recent outbreak of soybean powdery mildew: results of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear rDNA sequences. Mycoscience 43:333-41
140. To-anun C, Kom-un S, Sunawan A, Fangfuk W, Sato Y, et al. 2005. A new subgenus, Microidium, of Oidium (Erysiphaceae) on Phyllanthus spp. Mycoscience 46:1-8
141. Tulasne LR, Tulasne CC. 1861. Selecta Fungorum carpologia I. Paris: Imperial. Typograph. 242 pp.
142. Turechek WW, Mahaffee WE, Ocamb CM. 2001. Development of management strategies for hop powdery mildew in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Prog. http://dx.doi.org 10.1094/PHP-2001-0313-01-RS
143. Turner DM. 1956. Studies on cereal mildew in Britain. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39:495-506
144. Vogel J, Somerville S. 2002. Powdery mildew of Arabidopsis: a model system for host-parasite interactions. See Ref. 10, pp. 161-68
145. Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS. 2006. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. Mycologia 98:1065-75
146. Webster J. 1979. Cleistocarps of Phyllactinia as shuttlecocks. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72: 489-90
147. Webster J. 1980. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 669 pp.
148. Weltzien HC. 1978. Geographical distribution of powdery mildews. See Ref. 129, pp. 39-49
149. Wright AJ, Thomas BJ, Carver TLW. 2002. Early adhesion of Blumeria graminis to plant and artificial surfaces demonstrated by centrifugation. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 61:217-26
150. Wyand RA, Brown JKM. 2003. Genetic and forma specialis diversity in Blumeria graminis of cereals and its implications for host-pathogen coevolution. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4:187-98
151. Yarwood CE. 1936. The diurnal cycle of the powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni. J. Agric. Res. 52:645-57
152. Yarwood CE. 1957. Powdery mildews. Bot. Rev. 13:235-301
153. Yarwood CE. 1973. Pyrenomycetes: Erysiphales. In The Fungi. An Advanced Treatise. Volume IVA. A Taxonomic Review WITH Keys: Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti, ed. GC Ainsworth, FK Sparrow, AS Sussman, pp. 71-86. New York: Academic
154. Yarwood CE. 1978. History and taxonomy of powdery mildews. See Ref. 129, pp. 1-37
155. Zeyen RJ, Carver TLW, Lyngkjaer MF. 2002. Epidermal cell papillae. See Ref. 10, pp. 107-25
156. Zhang Z, Henderson C, Perfect E, Carver TL, Thomas BJ, et al. 2005. Of genes and genomes, needles and haystacks: Blumeria graminis and functionaltity. Mol. Plant Pathol. 6:561-75
157. Zimmermannová-Pastirčáková K, Adamska I, Blaszkowski J, Bolay A, Braun U. 2002. Epidemic spread of Erysiphe flexuosa (North American powdery mildew of horse-chestnut) in Europe. Schlechtendalia 8:39-45
158. Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/Nanies/Names.asp
159. Online database that includes names and synonyms for all fungi, including powdery mildews.
160. LIAS - A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes: http:// www.lias.net/
161. An online database with information on a wide range of fungi, it is an excellent source of information on powdery mildews with extensive descriptions of taxa.
162. New Disease Reports: http://www.bspp.org.uk/ndr/
163. An online publication that specializes in rapid publication of new plant diseases. Published by the British Society for Plant Pathology, it includes color photographs.
164. Pacific Northwest Fungi: http://pnwfungi.org/
165. The venue for publications on powdery mildews resulting from a sustained effort to catalog the fungi of the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
166. Plant Health Progress: http://www.planrmanagementnetwork.org/ php/default.asp
167. An online publication of the American Phytopathological Society, this journal has published dozens of new disease reports and articles, illustrated with color photographs, since it was founded several years ago.
168. US National Fungus Collection Databases: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/ fungaldatabases/ fungushost/fungushost.cfm
169. Excellent collection of databases on fungi, their host associations, and the literature of plant pathology.