Perceptions of discrimination: A multiple needs model perspective

Journal of Management

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 952-977

  Goldman, Barry M ^a   Slaughter, Jerel E ^a   Schmit, Mark J ^b   Wiley, Jack W ^c   Brooks, Scott M ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b APT Inc   (United States)

^c Kenexa Research Institute   (United States)

^d Kenexa   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Justice; Multiple needs model

Indexed keywords

EID: 51849140478     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0149206308318613     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Adams, J.S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press.
2. Allen, N.J., & Meyer, J.P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
3. Allen, N.J., & Meyer, J.P. 1996. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49: 252-276.
4. Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 411-423.
5. Arbuckle, J.L. 2006. Amos 7.0 user's guide. Mount Pleasant, SC: Amos Development Corporation.
6. Baumeister, R.F., & Leary, M.R. 1995. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117: 497-529.
7. Bazerman, M.H., White, S.B., & Lowenstein, G.F. 1995. Perceptions of fairness in interpersonal and individual choice situations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4: 39-42.
8. Bentler, P.M. 1990. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107: 238-246.
9. Bies, R.J. 1987. The predicament of injustice: The management of moral outrage. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 289-319). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
10. Bies, R.J. 2001. Interaction (in)justice: The sacred and the profane. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice (pp. 89-118). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
11. Bies, R.J., & Moag, J.S. 1986. Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 1, pp. 43-55). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
12. Bies, R.J., & Tripp, T.M. 2001. A passion for justice: The rationality and morality of revenge. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace (pp. 197-208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13. Bies, R.J., Tripp, T.M., & Kramer, R.M. 1997. At the breaking point: Cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in organizations (pp. 18-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Bies, R.J., & Tyler, T.R. 1993. The "litigation mentality" in organizations: A test of alternative psychological explanations. Organizational Science, 4: 352-366.
15. Blau, P. 1998. Social exchange. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
16. Browne, M.W., & Cudek, R. 1993. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Colquitt, J.A. 2001. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 386-400.
18. Colquitt, J.A., Conlon, D.E., Wesson, M.J., Porter, C.O.L.H., & Ng, K.Y. 2001. Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 425-445.
19. Colquitt, J.A., Scott, B.A., Judge, T.A., & Shaw, J.C. 2006. Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Organizational Behavior and Human decision Processes, 100: 110-127.
20. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. 2004. Social exchange: The evolutionary design of a neurocognitive system. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), Cognitive neurosciences (3 rd ed., pp. 1295-1308). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
21. Cranny, C.J., Smith, P.C., & Stone, E. 1992. Job satisfaction. New York: Lexington Books.
22. Crocker, J., & Major, B. 1989. Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96 (4): 608-630.
23. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. 1998. Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4 th ed., pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z., Bobocel, D.R., & Rupp, D. 2001. Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58: 164 - 209.
25. Cropanzano, R., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. 2003. Deontic justice: The role of moral principles in workplace fairness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24: 1019-1024.
26. Cropanzano, R., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. 2005. Self-interest: Defining and understanding a human motive. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26: 985-991.
27. Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J. 1997. Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 317-372). New York: John Wiley.
28. Cropanzano, R., Stein, J., & Goldman, B. 2007. Individual aesthetics: Self-interest. In E. H. Kessler & J. Bailey (Eds.), The handbook of organizational and managerial wisdom (Chap. 9, pp. 181-221). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. De Cremer, D. 2002. The self-relevant implications of distribution rules: When self-esteem and acceptance are influenced by violations of the equity rule. Social Justice Research, 15: 327-339.
30. De Cremer, D., & Tyler, T.R. 2005. Am I respected or not? Inclusion and reputation as issues in group membership. Social Justice Research, 18: 121-153.
31. De Cremer, D., van Knippenberg, D., van Dijke, M., & Bos, A.E.R. 2004. How self-relevant is fair treatment? Social self-esteem moderates interactional justice effects. Social Justice Research, 17: 407-419.
32. De Waal, F. 1996. Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Donohue, J.J. 1997. Foundations of employment discrimination law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
34. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchinson, S., & Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500-507.
35. Felstiner, W.L.F., Abel, R.L., & Sarat, A. 1980-1981. The emergence and transformation of disputes: Naming, blaming, and claiming. Law and Society Review, 16: 631-644.
36. Folger, R. 1998. Fairness as a moral virtue. In M. Schminke (Ed.), Managerial ethics: Moral management of people and processes (pp. 13-34). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
37. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. 2001. Fairness theory: Justice as accountability. In J. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Advances in organizational justice (pp. 1-55). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
38. Gelfand, M., Raver, J., Nishii, L., & Schneider, B. 2005. Discrimination in organizations: An organizational-level systems perspective. In R. L. Dipboye & A. Colella (Eds.), Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases (Chap. 5, pp. 89-116). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39. Goldberg, L.R. 1999. A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7-28). Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
40. Goldman, B. 2001. Toward an understanding of employment discrimination-claiming: An integration of organizational justice and social information processing theories. Personnel Psychology, 54: 361-386.
41. Goldman, B. 2003. An application of referent cognitions theory to legal-claiming by terminated workers: The role of organizational justice and anger. Journal of Management, 29: 705-728.
42. Goldman, B., Gutek, B., Stein, J., & Lewis, K. 2006. Employment discrimination in organizations: Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Management, 32: 786-830.
43. Goldman, B., Paddock, E.L., & Cropanzano, R. 2004. A transformational model of legal-claiming. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16: 417-441.
44. Groth, M., Goldman, B., Gilliland, S., & Bies, R. 2002. Commitment to legal claiming: Influences of attributions, social guidance, and organizational tenure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 781-788.
45. Hensler, D.R., Marquis, M.S., Abrahamse, A.F., Berry, S.H., Ebener, P.A., Lewis, E.G., Lind, E.A., MacCoun, R.J., Manning, W.G., Rogowski, J.A., & Vaiana, M.E., 1991. Compensation for accidental injuries: Research design and methods. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
46. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. 1990. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6: 1-55.
47. Hymowitz, C. 2007. Best way to save: Analyze why talent is going out the door: "In the lead." The Wall Street Journal, p. B1.
48. Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J.L., & Thaler, R.H. 1986. Fairness and the assumptions of economics. Journal of Business, 59: 285-300.
49. Kohlberg, L. 1984. The psychology of moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
50. Kohlberg, L., & Ryncarz, R.A. 1990. Beyond justice reasoning: Moral development and consideration of a seventh stage. In C. N. Alexander & E. J. Langer (Eds.), Higher stages of human development (pp. 191-207). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Konovsky, M.A., & Pugh, S.D. 1994. Citizenship and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 656-669.
52. LaRocco, J.M., House, J.S., & French, J.R.P., Jr. 1980. Social support, occupational stress, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2: 202-218.
53. Lerner, M.J. 2003. The justice motive: Where social psychologists found it, how they lost it, and why they may not find it again. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7: 388-399.
54. Leventhal, G.S. 1976. The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. In L. Berkowitz & W. Walster (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 91-131). New York: Academic Press.
55. Lind, E.A., Greenberg, J., Scott, K.S., & Welchans, T.D. 2000. The winding road from employee to complaint: Situational and psychological determinants of wrongful-termination claims. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 557-590.
56. Lind, E.A., & Van den Bos, K. 2002. When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24: 181-223.
57. Lu, H., While, A.E., & Barriball, K.L. 2007. A model of satisfaction of nurses: A reflection of nurses' working lives in Mainland China. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58: 468-479.
58. Maruyama, G.M. 1998. Basics of structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
59. Masterson, S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B., & Taylor, S. 2000. Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment of work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 738-748.
60. Mathieu, J.E., Gilson, L.L., & Ruddy, T.M. 2006. Empowerment and team effectiveness: An empirical test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 97-108.
61. Medsker, J.G., Williams, L.J., & Holahan, P.J. 1994. A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research. Journal of Management, 20: 439-464.
62. Meindl, J., & Lerner, M.J. 1983. The heroic motive in interpersonal relations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19: 1-20.
63. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. 2002. Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61: 20-52.
64. National Academy of Sciences. 1999. The changing nature of work: Implications for occupational analysis. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
65. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 879-903.
66. Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, T., & Boulian, P.V. 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59: 603-609.
67. Rapoport, A., Stein, W.E., Parco, J.E., & Nicolas, T.E. 2003. Equilibrium play and adaptive learning in a three-person centipede game. Games and Economic Behavior, 43: 239-265.
68. Rawls, J. 1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
69. Reb, J., Goldman, B., Kray, L., & Cropanzano, R. 2006. Different wrongs, different remedies? Reactions to organizational remedies after procedural and interactional injustice? Personnel Psychology, 59: 31-64.
70. Rokeach, M. 1973. The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
71. Schminke, M., Ambrose, M.L., & Neubaum, D.O. 2005. The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97: 135-151.
72. Schneider, B., Gunnarson, S.K., & Wheeler, J.K. 1992. The role of opportunity in the conceptualization and measurement of job satisfaction. In C. J. Cranny, P. C. Smith, & E. F. Stone (Eds.), Job satisfaction (pp. 195-217). New York: Lexington Books.
73. Sharf, J.C., & Jones, D.P. 2000. Employment risk management. In J. F. Kehoe (Ed.), Managing selection in changing organizations: Human resource strategies (pp. 271- 318). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
74. Singh, V., & Point, S. 2004. Strategic responses by European companies to the diversity challenge: An online comparison. Long Range Planning, 37: 295-318.
75. Skitka, L.J., Bauman, C.W., & Mullen, E. in press. Morality and justice: An expanded theoretical perspective and empirical review. In K. A. Hedgvedt & J. Clay-Warner (Eds.), Advances in group processes.
76. Sourdif, J. 2004. Predictors of nurses' intent to stay at work in a university health center. Nursing and Health Sciences, 6: 59-68.
77. Taunton, R.L., Boyle, D.K., Woods, C.Q., Hansen, H.E., & Bott, M.J. 1997. Manager leadership and retention of hospital staff nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19: 205-226.
78. Thibaut, J.W., & Walker, L. 1975. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. New York: John Wiley.
79. Turillo, C.J., Folger, R., Lavelle, J.J., Umphress, E., & Gee, J. 2002. Is virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89: 839-865.
80. Twenge, J.M., Catanese, K.R., & Baumeister, R.F. 2002. Social exclusion and self-defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 606-615.
81. Tyler, T. 1990. Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
82. Tyler, T., & Lind, E.A. 1992. A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115-191). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
83. Tyler, T.R., Degoey, P., & Smith, H.J. 1996. Understanding why the justice of group procedures matters: A test of the psychological dynamics of the group-value model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 913-930.
84. Tyler, T.R., & Smith, H.J. 1998. Social justice and social movements. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 595-629). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
85. Van den Bos, K. 2001. Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 931-941.
86. Van den Bos, K., & Lind, E.A. 2002. Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34: 1- 60.
87. Wiley, J.W. 1996. Linking survey results to customer satisfaction and business performance. In A. Kraut (Ed.), Organizational surveys: Tools for assessment and change (pp. 330-359). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
88. Wiley, J.W., & Brooks, S.M. 2000. The high performance organizational climate: How workers describe top performing units. In N. M. Ashkansay, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture and climate (pp. 177- 191). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
89. Wiley, J.W., Brooks, S.M., & Hause, E.L. 2003. The impact of corporate downsizing on employee fulfillment and organizational capability. In K. P. De Meuse & M. L. Marks (Eds.), Resizing the organization: Managing layoffs, divestitures, and closings-maximizing gain while minimizing pain (pp. 108-130). Thousand Oaks, CA: Jossey-Bass.
90. Williams, K.D. 1997. Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). New York: Plenum.
91. Zink, D.A., & Gutman, A. 2005. Statistical trends in private sector employment discrimination suits. In F. J. Landy (Ed.), Employment discrimination litigation: Behavioral, quantitative, and legal perspectives (pp. 101-131). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.