Petrogenesis of the Swartruggens and Star Group II kimberlite dyke swarms, South Africa: Constraints from whole rock geochemistry

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 156, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 627-652

  Coe, Nancy ^a   Roex, Anton ^a   Gurney, John ^a   Pearson, Graham D ^b   Nowell, Geoff ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Continental lithosphere; Group II kimberlite; Kaapvaal craton; Petrogenesis

Indexed keywords

CALC ALKALINE ROCK; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; DIKE SWARM; EMPLACEMENT; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; KIMBERLITE; MANTLE SOURCE; OCEAN ISLAND BASALT; PARTIAL MELTING; PETROGENESIS; PHENOCRYST; PROTEROZOIC; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; TRACE ELEMENT;

AFRICA; KAAPVAAL CRATON; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 51849100394     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-008-0305-1     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Becker M, le Roex AP (2006) Geochemistry of South African on- and off-craton, Group I and Group II kimberlites: Petrogenesis and source region evolution. J Petrol 47:673-703
2. Becker M, le Roex AP, Class C (2008) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of South African isotopically transitional kimberlites located on and off the Kaapvaal Craton. South Afr J Geol 110:631-646
3. Berg GW (1994) Alteration reactions which affect the geochemistry of kimberlites and xenoliths and the search for unaltered mantle minerals. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 300 pp
4. 86Sr ratios in fresh South African kimberlites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 16:27-30
5. Birch GF (1981) The karbonat-bombe; a precise, rapid and cheap instrument to determine calcium carbonate in sediments and rocks. Trans Geol Soc South Afr 84(3):199-203
6. Blundy J, Dalton J (2000) Experimental comparison of trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and melt in carbonate and silicate systems, and implications for mantle metasomatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 139:356-371
7. Bodinier J-L, Merlet C, Bedini RM, Simien F, Remaidi M, Garrido CJ (1996) Distribution of niobium, tantalum, and other highly incompatible trace elements in the lithospheric mantle: The spinel paradox. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:545-550
8. Boyd FR (1989) Compositional distinction between oceanic and cratonic lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 96:15-26
9. Chauvel C, Hofmann AW, Vidal P (1992) HIMU-EM: The French Polynesian connection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 110:99-119
10. Clark TC (1994) An integrated geochemical and isotopic study of the Prieska Province kimberlites from the Republic of South Africa. MSc Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, 237 pp
11. Clement CR (1982) A comparative geological study of some major kimberlite pipes in the Northern Cape and Orange Free State. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 432 pp
12. Clement CR, Skinner EMW, Scott Smith BH (1984) Kimberlite redefined. J Geol 92:223-228
13. Coe N (2004) Petrogenesis of the Swartruggens and Star Group II kimberlite dyke swarms, South Africa. MSc Dissertation, University of Cape Town, 146 pp
14. 2 at 6 GPa. J Petrol 39:1953-1964
15. Dawson JB (1980) Kimberlites and their xenoliths. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 252
16. Dawson JB, Hawthorne JB (1971) Intrusion features of some hypabyssal South African kimberlites. Bull Volcanol 34(3):740-757
17. Dowall DP, Pearson DG, Nowell GM (2003) Chemical pre-concentration procedures for high-precision analysis of Hf-Nd-Sr isotopes in geological materials by plasma ionisation multi-collector mass smectrometry (PIMMS) techniques. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 321-337
18. Erlank AJ, Waters FG, Hawkesworth CJ, Haggerty SE, Allsopp HL, Rickard RS, Menzies M (1987) Evidence for mantle metasomatism in peridotite nodules from the Kimberley pipes, South Africa. In: Menzies M, Hawkesworth CJ (eds) Mantle metasomatism. Academic Press, London, pp 221-309
19. Fesq HW, Kable EJD, Gurney JJ (1975) Aspects of the geochemistry of kimberlites from Premier mine, and other selected South African occurrences, with particular reference to the rare earth elements. Phys Chem Earth Inter 9:687-707
20. Foley SF, Barth MG, Jenner GA (2000) Rutile/melt partition coefficients for trace elements and an assessment of the influence of rutile on the trace element characteristics of subduction zone magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:933-938
21. Fraser KJ, Hawkesworth CJ, Erlank AJ, Mitchell RH, Scott-Smith BH (1985/ 86) Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and minor element geochemistry of lamproites and kimberlites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 76:57-70
22. Fraser KL, Hawkesworth CJ (1992) The petrogenesis of group 2 ultrapotassic kimberlite from Finsch mine, South Africa. Lithos 28:327-345
23. Green TH (1995) Significance of Nb/Ta as an indicator of geochemical processes in the crust-mantle system. Chem Geol 120:347-359
24. Greenough JD (1988) Minor phases in the Earth's mantle: Evidence from trace- and minor-element patterns in primitive alkaline magmas. Chem Geol 69:177-192
25. Grégoire M, Bell DR, le Roex AP (2002) Trace element geochemistry of glimmerite and MARID mantle xenoliths: Their relationship to kimberlite and to phlogopite-bearing peridotite revisited. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142:603-625
26. Grégoire M, Bell DR, le Roex AP (2003) Garnet lherzolites from the Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa): Trace element evidence for a metasomatic history. J Petrol 44:629-657
27. Gurney JJ, Kirkley MB (1996) Kimberlite dyke mining in South Africa. Afr Geosci Rev 3(2):191-201
28. Haggerty SE (1983) The mineral chemistry of new titanates from the Jagersfontein kimberlite, South Africa: Implications for metasomatism in the upper mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:1833-1854
29. Hammond AL, Mitchell RH (2002) Accessory mineralogy of orangeite from Swartruggens, South Africa. Mineral Petrol 76:1-19
30. Harris M, le Roex A, Class C (2004) Geochemistry of the Uintjiesberg kimberlite, South Africa: Petrogenesis of an off-craton, group I, kimberlite. Lithos 74:149-165
31. Herzberg C, O'Hara MJ (2002) Plume-associated ultramafic magmas of Phanerozoic age. J Petrol 43:1857-1883
32. Hill E, Wood BJ, Blundy JD (2000) The effect of Ca-Tschermaks component on trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melt. Lithos 53:203-215
33. Hill SJ (1989) A study of the diamonds and xenoliths from the Star kimberlite, Orange Free State, South Africa. MSc Dissertation, University of Cape Town
34. Hofmann AW (1986) Nb in Hawaiian magmas: Constraints on source composition and evolution. Chem Geol 57:17-30
35. Kable EJD, Fesq HW, Gurney JJ (1975) The significance of interelement relationships of some minor and trace elements in South African kimberlites. In: Ahrens LH, Dawson JB, Duncan AR, Erlank AJ (eds) Physics and chemistry of the earth, vol 9. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 709-734
36. Kopylova MG, Matveev S, Raudsepp M (2007) Searching for parental kimberlite melt. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:3616-3629
37. le Roex AP (1985) Geochemistry, mineralogy and magmatic evolution of the basaltic and trachytic lavas from Gough Island, South Atlantic. J Petrol 26(1):149-186
38. le Roex AP (1986) Geochemical correlation between southern African kimberlites and South Atlantic hotspots. Nature 324:243-245
39. le Roex AP, Bell DR, Davis P (2003) Petrogenesis of Group I kimberlites from Kimberley, South Africa: Evidence from bulk-rock geochemistry. J Petrol 44:2261-2286
40. le Roex AP, Cliff RA, Adair BJI (1990) Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: geochemistry and petrogenesis of a basanite-phonolite lava series. J Petrol 31(Part 4):779-812
41. le Roex AP, Erlank AJ (1982) Quantitative evaluation of fractional crystallization in Bouvet Island lavas. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 13:309-338
42. le Roex AP, Erlank AJ, Needham HD (1981) Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for the occurrence of at least three distinct magma types in the 'Famous' region. Contrib Mineral Petrol 77:24-37
43. le Roex AP, Späth A, Zartman RE (2001) Lithospheric thickness beneath the southern Kenya Rift: Implications from basalt geochemistry. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142:86-106
44. McIntyre RM, Dawson JB (1976) Age and significance of some South African kimberlites. In: Abstracts of the 4th European colloquium of geochronology, cosmochronology and isotope geology, Amsterdam, Abstract 66
45. McKenzie D, O'Nions RK (1983) Mantle reservoirs and ocean island basalts. Nature 301:229-231
46. Mitchell R (1995) Kimberlites, orangeites and related rocks. Plenum Press, New York
47. Nowell GM, Pearson DG, Bell DR, Carlson RW, Smith CB, Kempton PD, Noble SR (2004) Hf isotope systematics of kimberlites and their megacrysts: new constraints on their source regions. J Petrol 45:1583-1612
48. Nowell GM, Pearson DG, Kempton PD, Noble SR, Smith CB (1999) Origins of kimberlites: A hafnium perspective. In: Gurney JJ, Gurney JL, Pascoe MD, Richardson SH (eds) Proceedings of the VIIth International Kimberlite Conference, vol 2. Red Roof Design, Cape Town, pp 616-624
49. Pearson DG, Canil D, Shirey SB (2003a) Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: Xenoliths and diamonds. In: Carlson RW (ed) Treatise on geochemistry, vol 2. Elsevier, Oxford
50. Pearson DG, Nowell GM (2004) Re-Os and Lu-Hf isotope constraints on the origin and age of pyroxenites from the Beni Bousera peridotite massif: implications for mixed peridotite-pyroxenite melting models. Journal of Petrology 54(Special Edition: Orogenic lherzolites and Mantle Processes):439-455
51. Pearson DG, Nowell GM (2005) Accuracy and precision in plasma ionisation multi-collector mass spectrometry: Constraints from neodymium and hafnium isotope measurements. In: Holland JG, Bandura DR (eds) Plasma source mass spectrometry, current trends and future developments. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 284-314
52. Pearson DG, Nowell GM, Dowall DP, Kjarsgaard BA, Kopylova MG, Armstrong JA (2003b) The relative roles of lithosphere and convecting mantle in kimberlites from the Slave Province, NWT: Constraints from Re-Os isotopes and olivine population studies. In: VIIIth international kimberlite conference, extended abstracts, Victoria, Canada, 22-27 June 2003
53. Price SE, Russell JK, Kopylova MG (2000) Primitive magma from the Jericho Pipe, N.W.T., Canada: Constraints on primary kimberlite melt chemistry. J Petrol 41(6):789-808
54. Rudnick RL, Fountain DM (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective. Rev Geophys 33(3):267-309
55. Ryerson FJ, Watson EB (1987) Rutile saturation in magmas: Implications for Ti-Nb-Ta depletion in island-arc basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 86:225-239
56. Salters VJM (1996) The generation of mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Hf and Nd isotope perspective. Earth Planet Sci Lett 141:109-123
57. Salters VJM, Hart SR (1991) The mantle sources of ocean ridges, islands and arcs: The Hf-isotope connection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 104:364-380
58. Salters VJM, White WM (1998) Hf isotope constraints on mantle evolution. Chem Geol 145:447-460
59. Shee SR (1985) The petrogenesis of the Wesselton Mine Kimberlite, Kimberley, Cape Province, R.S.A. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town, p 220
60. Simon NSC, Carlson RW, Pearson DG, Davies GR (2002) The Lu-Hf isotope composition of cratonic lithosphere: Disequilibrium between garnet and clinopyroxene in kimberlite xenoliths. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66, 15A, A717
61. Simon NSC, Irvine GJ, Davies GR, Pearson DG, Carlson RW (2003) The origin of garnet and clinopyroxene in "depleted" Kaapvaal peridotites. Lithos 71:289-322
62. Skinner EMW (1976) Star Mine kimberlites. Internal Report
63. Skinner EMW, Scott BH (1979) Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of kimberlite and associated lamprophyre dykes near Swartruggens, Western Transvaal, R.S.A. In: Kimberlite Symposium II, Cambridge, July 1979
64. Smith CB (1983a) Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic evidence for sources of southern African Cretaceous kimberlites. Nature 304:51-54
65. Smith CB (1983b) Rubidium-strontium, uranium-lead and samarium-neodymium isotopic studies of kimberlite and selected mantle-derived xenoliths. PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 436 pp
66. Smith CB, Allsopp HL, Kramers JD, Hutchinson G, Roddick JC (1985a) Emplacement ages of Jurassic-Cretaceous South African kimberlites by the Rb-Sr method on phlogopite and whole-rock samples. Trans Geol Soc South Afr 88:249-266
67. Smith CB, Gurney JJ, Skinner EMW, Clement CR, Ebrahim N (1985b) Geochemical character of the southern African kimberlites: A new approach based on isotopic constraints. Trans Geol Soc South Afr 88:267-280
68. Späth A, le Roex AP, Opiyo-Akech N (2001) Plume-lithosphere interaction and the origin of continental rift-related alkaline volcanism-the Chyulu Hills Volcanic Province, southern Kenya. J Petrol 42:765-787
69. Sun S-s, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magmatism in the ocean basins (special publication no. 42). Geological Society, London, pp 313-345
70. Tainton KM, McKenzie D (1994) The generation of kimberlites, lamproites, and their source rocks. J Petrol 35(3):787-817
71. Ulmer P, Sweeney RJ (2002) Generation and differentiation of group II kimberlites: Constraints from a high-pressure experimental study to 10 GPa. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:2139-2153
72. Vervoort JD, Blichert-Toft J (1999) Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence from juvenile rocks through time. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:533-556
73. Wass SY, Rogers NW (1980) Mantle metasomatism-precursor to continental alkaline volcanism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:1811-1823
74. Waters FG, Erlank AJ (1988) Assessment of the vertical extent and distribution of mantle metasomatism below Kimberley, South Africa. J Petrol (Special Lithosphere Issue):185-204
75. Willis JP (1999) Instrumental parameters and data quality for routine major and trace element determinations by WDXRFS. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 11 pp